臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

海洋在約瑟夫·康拉德的人生經歷和作品中無所不在，然而學界鮮少關注海洋與康拉德書寫之間的關係。對於康拉德作品中的海洋，現有研究大多或避而不談，或將其讀為象徵其他事物的符號，掩飾海洋實質的存在和影響。為解決此問題，本論文嘗試建立一個新的研究框架，以探究海洋對於康拉德寫作之影響，並藉由閱讀《吉姆爺》來測試其效力。借鑒托馬斯·里克特（Thomas Rickert）融合修辭傳統和新物質主義，我提出「海洋修辭」（hydro-rhetoric）的概念，以追溯海洋對於語言形成之影響。我將維多利亞晚期的海洋定位為《吉姆爺》修辭情境（rhetorical situation）中的重要成分，並視小說的敘事結構和技巧為康拉德對於此修辭情境之回應。
通過分析敘事手法與海洋之間的交互關係，我認為《吉姆爺》的敘事體現十九世紀晚期人類與海洋的共存狀態。康拉德不僅以敘事技巧捕捉人類與海洋之間的拉扯，更探索海洋如何鬆動真理和身份等概念。第二章著重於《吉姆爺》前半，即巴拿號事件。有別於西方文學傳統中的船難，巴拿號事件並不是個過場，而是故事的主場。我主張康拉德在巴拿號事件的敘述中採用兩個敘事手法：有限知覺和不確定事實。透過有限知覺，康拉德確切地模擬人類在海洋上的體驗。由於海洋缺乏人類熟悉的視覺和聲音標記，因此從人類的感知範圍隱沒。此一現象在維多利亞晚期因海洋探測技術的局限而更加明顯。不確定事實則是出現在主人翁吉姆受審期間的描述。康拉德用事實的不確定來強調海洋如何抵抗人類建立穩固知識的企圖。儘管不同的人對巴拿號事件進行反複檢驗，卻無法達成共識，也沒辦法在海洋上找到具體線索來證實或否定這些猜想。在第三章中，我轉向《吉姆爺》的後半部分，包含吉姆的東行和他在巴都桑的生活。儘管這些事件在陸地上發生，但仍處於水陸並存的印度洋區域，因此屬於探究海洋修辭的範疇中。康拉德在描繪巴都桑時，特別強調了巴都桑與海洋之間的對比。這個對比建築於維多利亞後期海洋世界與吉姆的英雄夢之對立關係；重重難關迫使吉姆必須逃離海洋，來到與海洋完全相反的巴都桑。但是康拉德後來揭示巴都桑不是一個孤立的避風港，而只是海洋網絡中的另一個節點。康拉德利用吉姆的悲劇提出如何與海洋共存的問題，並利用小說中德國商人史坦因的著名言論作為解藥。我也檢視康拉德如何在小說中塑造吉姆的角色。他透過居住在印度洋區域的各種聲音，以及他們提供的訊息片段來建構吉姆。這個敘事手法不僅凸顯當時海洋世界的廣闊和多元，還探討海洋對人類身份的影響。

The ocean has always maintained a ubiquitous existence in Joseph Conrad’s life and works. Despite its prominence in Conrad’s life and milieu, the ocean has attracted surprisingly little attention in Conradian scholarship. Most existing studies on Conrad’s works chose to either gloss over the ocean’s presence or circumvent the real waters by viewing it as a symbol, an abstract sign for something else. In response, this thesis establishes a framework for teasing out the ocean’s presence in Conrad’s writing style, and tests out its analytical capacity in Lord Jim. Drawing on Thomas Rickert’s synthesis of the rhetorical tradition and new materialist concerns, I coin the notion of “hydro-rhetoric” as methodology to trace the oceanic environment’s formative influence on language. Using hydro-rhetoric, I establish the late Victorian ocean as an essential component in the rhetorical situation that produced Lord Jim, and interpret the novel’s narrative structure and techniques as responding to this specific rhetorical situation.
By revealing and analyzing the dynamics between narrative devices and the ocean, I identify the narrative of Lord Jim as symptomatic of human-ocean interactions in the late nineteenth century. Conrad not only stylistically captures the cohabitation, negotiation, and conflicts between humankind and the material ocean, but also explores how the particular oceanic scene subverts pre-established concepts of truth and identity. Chapter Two focuses on the first half of Lord Jim, namely the Patna incident. Conrad diverges from conventional usage of the shipwreck trope by lingering on the Patna and meticulously presenting its process of shipwrecking. I argue that Conrad employs two hydro-rhetorical devices—limited perception and failure of truth—in the narrative of the Patna incident. With limited perception, Conrad simulates human experience on the ocean. The ocean, lacking familiar markers of sight and sound, recedes from the grasp of human perception. This situation is further aggravated by limited technology for probing the ocean in the late Victorian era. Later during Jim’s trial, Conrad uses failure of truth to highlight how the ocean resists human attempts of establishing stable facts. Despite repeated examinations of the Patna incident by different individuals, no consensus emerges, nor can concrete evidence be found on the ocean to validate or negate the conjectures. In Chapter Three, I consider the second half of Lord Jim, which covers Jim’s eastward retreat and his life in Patusan. Although these episodes take place on land, they are still situated in the Indian Ocean region, thus inviting analysis of Conrad’s hydro-rhetoric. In his portrayal of Patusan, Conrad puts particular emphasis on the contrast between Patusan and the ocean. This contrast indicates how material conditions of the late Victorian oceanic world repeatedly deter Jim from realizing his heroic dream, hence his need to escape to Patusan, which is the complete opposite of the ocean. However, Conrad later rhetorically reveals that Patusan is not an isolated haven, but just another node in the oceanic network. Using Jim’s tragedy, Conrad raises the question of how to live with the ocean, and presents a solution with Stein’s famous statement on immersing in the destructive element. I also scrutinize Jim’s characterization. By presenting Jim via snippets of information supplied by diverse voices inhabiting the Indian Ocean region, Conrad foregrounds not only the oceanic world’s expansiveness and plurality, but also its effects on human identity.

Acknowledgements i
English Abstract ii
Chinese Abstract iv

Chapter One: Introduction 1
Chapter Two: The Patna 18
Chapter Three: Patusan 42
Chapter Four: Conclusion 65

Bibliography 68

Adams, David. Colonial Odysseys: Empire and Epic in the Modernist Novel. Cornell UP, 2003.
Allen, Jerry. The Sea Years of Joseph Conrad. Doubleday, 1965.
Armstrong, Paul B. The Challenge of Bewilderment: Understanding and Representation in James, Conrad, and Ford. Cornell UP, 1987.
Ash, Beth Sharon. Writing in Between: Modernity and Psychosocial Dilemma in the Novels of Joseph Conrad. St. Martin’s Press, 1999.
Ballantyne, R. M. The Coral Island. Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1884. Project Gutenberg, 7 June 2007, www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21721. Accessed 1 May 2020.
Baxter, Katherine Isobel. Joseph Conrad and the Swan Song of Romance. Ashgate, 2010.
Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Modern World: 1780-1914. Blackwell, 2004.
Bennett, Jane. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Duke UP, 2010.
Berthoud, Jacques. “Explanatory Notes.” Conrad, Lord Jim pp. 317-329.
---. “Introduction.” Conrad, Lord Jim pp. xiii-xxxi.
Blum, Hester. “The Prospect of Oceanic Studies.” PMLA, vol. 125, no. 3, 2010, pp. 670-77. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25704464.
Bogost, Ian. Alien Phenomenology, or What It’s Like to Be a Thing. U of Minnesota P, 2012.
Bongie, Chris. Exotic Memories: Literature, Colonialism, and the Fin de Siècle. Stanford UP, 1991.
Bose, Sugata. A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire. Harvard UP, 2006.
Burgess, C. F. The Fellowship of the Craft: Conrad on Ships and Seamen and the Sea. Kennikat Press, 1976.
Chambers, Iain. “Maritime Criticism and Theoretical Shipwrecks.” PMLA, vol. 125, no. 3, 2010, pp. 678-84. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25704465.
Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Stone: An Ecology of the Inhuman. U of Minnesota P, 2015. 
Cohen, Margaret. “Literary Studies on the Terraqueous Globe.” PMLA, vol. 125, no. 3, 2010, pp. 657-62. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25704462.
---. The Novel and the Sea. Princeton UP, 2012.
Connery, Christopher. “Sea Power.” PMLA, vol. 125, no. 3, May 2010, pp. 685-92. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25704466.
Conrad, Joseph. Lord Jim. Ed. by Jacques Berthoud. Oxford UP, 2008.
---. The Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad, vol. 2, 1898-1902. Ed. by Frederick R. Karl and Laurence Davis. Cambridge UP, 1986.
---. The Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad, vol. 8, 1923-1924. Ed. by Laurence Davis and Gene M. Moore. Cambridge UP, 2007.
---. The Mirror of the Sea: Memories and Impressions. Doubleday, 1923.
Coole, Diana, and Samantha Frost. “Introducing the New Materialisms.” New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics, ed. by Diana Coole and Samantha Frost, Duke UP, 2010, pp. 1-43.
Coroneos, Con. Space, Conrad, and Modernity. Oxford UP, 2002.
Darras, Jacques. Joseph Conrad and the West: Signs of Empire. Trans. by Anne Luyat and Jacques Darras. Barnes & Noble Books, 1982.
Dryden, Linda. Joseph Conrad and the Imperial Romance. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
Dunn, Richard. “‘Their brains over-taxed’: Ships, Instruments and Users.” Leggett and Dunn pp. 131-56.
Firchow, Peter Edgerly. Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism in Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness.” The UP of Kentucky, 2000.
Foucault, Michel. “Of Other Spaces: Utopias and Heterotopias.” Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory, ed. by Neil Leach, Routledge, 1997, pp. 330-36.
Freedgood, Elaine. The Idea in Things: Fugitive Meaning in the Victorian Novel. The U of Chicago P, 2006.
GoGwilt, Christopher. The Invention of the West: Joseph Conrad and the Double-Mapping of Europe and Empire. Stanford UP, 1995.
Griffith, John W. Joseph Conrad and the Anthropological Dilemma: “Bewildered Traveller.” Clarendon Press, 1995.
Hampson, Robert. Cross-Cultural Encounters in Joseph Conrad’s Malay Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
Harman, Graham. Tool Being: Heidegger and the Metaphysics of Objects. Open Court, 2002.
Harpham, Geoffrey Galt. One of Us: The Mastery of Joseph Conrad. The U of Chicago P, 1996.
Hawthorn, Jeremy. Joseph Conrad: Language and Fictional Self-Consciousness. Edward Arnold, 1979.
---. Joseph Conrad: Narrative Technique and Ideological Commitment. Edward Arnold, 1990
Henricksen, Bruce. Nomadic Voices: Conrad and the Subject of Narrative. U of Illinois P, 1992.
Henthorne, Tom. Conrad’s Trojan Horses: Imperialism, Hybridity, & the Postcolonial Aesthetic. Texas Tech UP, 2008.
Hofmeyr, Isabel. “Universalizing the Indian Ocean.” PMLA, vol. 125, no. 3, 2010, pp. 721-29. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25704470.
Jakobson, Roman. “Linguistics and Poetics.” Style in Language, MIT Press, 1960, pp. 350-77.
Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Cornell UP, 1981.
Jasanoff, Maya. The Dawn Watch: Joseph Conrad in a Global World. William Collins, 2017.
Jones, Michael P. Conrad’s Heroism: A Paradise Lost. UMI Research Press, 1985.
Kaplan, Carola M., Peter Lancelot Mallios, and Andrea White (ed.). Conrad in the Twenty-First Century: Contemporary Approaches and Perspectives. Routledge, 2005.
Kucich, John. “Organic Imperialism: Fictions of Progressive Social Order at the Colonial Periphery.” The Oxford Handbook of Victorian Literary Culture, ed. by Juliet John, Oxford UP, 2016, pp. 251-67.
Larabee, Mark D. “Joseph Conrad and the Maritime Tradition.” Peters pp. 47-76.
Latour, Bruno. Reassembling the Social. Oxford UP, 2005.
Leavis, F. R. The Great Tradition. Doubleday Anchor Books, 1954.
Leggett, Don, and Richard Dunn (ed.). Re-inventing the Ship: Science, Technology and the Maritime World, 1800-1918. Ashgate, 2012.
Levin, Yael. Tracing the Aesthetic Principle in Conrad’s Novels. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
Lothe, Jakob. “Conradian Narrative.” Stape pp. 160-78.
---. Conrad’s Narrative Method. Clarendon Press, 1989.
MacDuffie, Allen. Victorian Literature, Energy, and the Ecological Imagination. Cambridge UP, 2014.
Manley, Lawrence (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of London. Cambridge UP, 2011.
Marryat, Frederick. Masterman Ready. 1841. Project Gutenberg, August 1998, www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1412. Accessed 1 May 2020.
Mathieson, Charlotte (ed.). Sea Narratives: Cultural Responses to the Sea, 1600-Present. Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
McClure, John A. Kipling & Conrad: The Colonial Fiction. Harvard UP, 1981.
Mentz, Steve, and Martha Elena Rojas (ed.). The Sea and Nineteenth-Century Anglophone Literary Culture. Routledge, 2017.
Miller, J. Hillis. Fiction and Repetition: Seven English Novels. Harvard UP, 1982.
---. “Foreword.” Kaplan, Mallios, and White pp. 1-14.
Najder, Zdzislaw. Joseph Conrad: A Chronicle. Trans. by Halina Carroll-Najder. Cambridge UP, 1983.
Newell, Kenneth B. Conrad’s Destructive Element: The Metaphysical World-View Unifying Lord Jim. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011.
Panichas, George A. Joseph Conrad: His Moral Vision. Mercer UP, 2005.
Parry, Benita. Conrad and Imperialism: Ideological Boundaries and Visionary Frontiers. Macmillan, 1983.
Pearson, Michael. The Indian Ocean. Routledge, 2003.
Peck, John. Maritime Fiction: Sailors and the Sea in British and American Novels, 1719-1917. Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
Peters, John G. (ed.). A Historical Guide to Joseph Conrad. Oxford UP, 2010.
---. Conrad and Impressionism. Cambridge UP, 2001.
---. Joseph Conrad’s Critical Reception. Cambridge UP, 2013.
Reidy, Michael S., and Helen M. Rozwadowski. “The Spaces In Between: Science, Ocean, Empire.” Isis, vol. 105, no. 2, 2014, pp. 338-51. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676571.
“Rhetoric.” The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Inc., www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rhetoric. Accessed 15 January 2020.
Rickert, Thomas. Ambient Rhetoric: The Attunements of Rhetorical Being. U of Pittsburgh P, 2013.
Rohlf, Michael. “Immanuel Kant.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 25 January 2016, plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/#TraIde.
Ross, Stephen. Conrad and Empire. U of Missouri P, 2004.
Rozwadowski, Helen M. Fathoming the Ocean: The Discovery and Exploration of the Deep Sea. The Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 2005.
Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.
Schmitt, Cannon. “Tidal Conrad (Literally).” Victorian Studies, vol. 55, no. 1, 2012, pp. 7-29. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/victorianstudies.55.1.7.
Sherry Norman. Conrad’s Eastern World. Cambridge UP, 1966.
--- (ed.). Conrad: The Critical Heritage. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1973.
Stape, J. H. “Lord Jim.” Stape pp. 63-80.
--- (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. Cambridge UP, 1996.
“Submarine Communications Cable.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable. Accessed 21 June 2020.
Taylor, Miles (ed.). The Victorian Empire and Britain’s Maritime World, 1837-1901. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Van Ghent, Dorothy. The English Novel, Form and Function. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1953.
Van Marle, Hans, and Pierre Lefranc. “Ashore and Afloat: New Perspectives on Topography and Geography in Lord Jim.” Conradiana, vol. 20, no. 2, 1988, pp. 109-35. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24634585.
Watt, Ian. Conrad in the Nineteenth Century. U of California P, 1979.
Wexler, Joyce Piell. “Conrad and the Literary Market.” Peters pp. 77-103.
White, Andrea. Joseph Conrad and the Adventure Tradition: Constructing and Deconstructing the Imperial Subject. Cambridge UP, 1993.
Yeow, Agnes S. K. Conrad’s Eastern Vision: A Vain and Floating Appearance. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.