臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

我國自海峽兩岸經濟合作架構協議（Cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement，簡稱ECFA）之談判開始，是否有必要在貿易協定中納入人權條款一事，在公民社會間引發諸多討論。近期，我國政府更積極尋求與美國、歐盟與日本等理念相近國家，建立雙邊經貿關係。然而，在此等貿易協定中，政策思考上是否亦應納入人權條款？抑或，該人權條款之規範模式應如何進行設計，以因應不同的政策需求？此等重要議題，當前國內學界尚無法給予較明確之政策上指引。

基此，本文從比較研究的角度切入，處理此等議題。其中，歐盟與美國作為在貿易協定中納入人權條款之引領者，成為本文主要的考察與比較對象。具體研究方法上，本文首先爬梳與歸納三種貿易與人權之理論基礎，分別為「相互促進論」、「相互衝突論」及「相互協調論」，以提供後續進行比較與觀察的理論分析視角。繼而，本文從「形成脈絡」、「基礎論辯」、「規範模式」及「實踐評析」等四個面向，切入觀察與比較分析美國與歐盟對外貿易協定中人權條款之規範途徑。藉此，本文試圖釐清不同脈絡下，基於不同的思想基礎，所形成的不同人權條款規範趨勢，在當代實踐上所面臨的不同挑戰及可能之相應解方。

透過前開比較研究，本文發現貿易協定中之人權條款在政策思考上，可以建構出兩種規範途徑之典範，分別為「轉型模式」與「常態模式」。此兩種模式間在規範特徵、功能及其所面臨之挑戰與相應之解方等面向上，皆呈現出截然不同的圖像。希冀透過本文對貿易協定中的兩種人權條款規範途徑典範之建構，得以在未來提供我國決策者進行相關決策時，擁有較為清晰的政策指引。

In Taiwan, whether to include human rights clauses in bilateral trade agreements has been a controversial issue since the negotiation of Cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA). The significance of the issue is reinforced nowadays by the Taiwanese government’s intention to negotiate bilateral trade agreements with some like-minded countries, such as the United States (hereinafter “U.S.”), Japan and European Union (hereinafter “E.U.”). Therefore, it is extremely important for policymakers in Taiwan to know how to draft human rights clauses in trade agreements, which are able to serve diverse and adequate functions in different contexts.

This thesis addresses the issue through the approach of “comparative study of law for policy purposes”. Since the United States and European Union play leading roles in including human rights clauses in their trade agreements, comparing the regulatory approaches of their respective human rights clauses in trade agreements would be the focus of this study. This thesis firstly divides the theories of “trade and human rights” issue into three categories, “mutual facilitationism”, “mutual contradictionism” and “mutual reconciliationism”, in order to analyze the remaining parts of the thesis from a theoretical perspective. Secondly, the regulatory approaches of human rights clauses in E.U. and U.S. trade agreements are compared and analyzed in the following four dimensions, contexts of their formation, their normative bases, forms of the clauses and comments on their practices. By doing so, the thesis is able to clarify their respective contexts, ideologies and even the challenges confronting them in the contemporary era.

Finally, this thesis finds that two theoretical models of human rights clauses in trade agreements can be constructed for different policy purposes, “transitional model” and “ordinary model”. They have totally different characteristics, functions, challenges and solutions. With the construction of these two models, this thesis wishes to provide a clear guideline for the policymakers in Taiwan when drafting human rights clauses in the coming trade agreements.

第一章 緒論 1
1.1 問題意識 1
1.2 文獻回顧 4
1.2.1 貿易與人權關聯性之理論基礎研究 4
1.2.2 歐盟與美國貿易協定之人權條款研究 5
1.3 名詞定義 7
1.3.1 貿易協定 7
1.3.2 貿易人權條款 8
1.3.3 規範途徑 10
1.4 研究方法 10
1.5 研究架構 11
第二章 貿易與人權之理論基礎 13
2.1 相互促進論 13
2.1.1 人權保障促進自由貿易與經濟發展 15
2.1.2 自由貿易與經濟發展促進人權保障 16
2.2 相互衝突論 18
2.2.1 人權保障阻礙自由貿易與經濟發展 19
2.2.2 自由貿易與國際經貿秩序抑制人權保障 20
2.3 相互協調論 21
2.3.1 貿易與人權領域組織制度的隔離 23
2.3.2 貿易與人權領域思想基礎的分歧 25
2.3.3 貿易與人權領域之整合嘗試 27
2.4 本文觀點 31
第三章 歐盟貿易人權條款之規範途徑 33
3.1 規範途徑之形成與變遷 33
3.1.1 政治導向時期 34
3.1.2 市場導向時期 57
3.2 規範途徑之分析 62
3.2.1 規範形成脈絡 62
3.2.2 規範基礎論辯 63
3.2.3 基本規範模式 65
3.2.4 規範實踐與評析 79
3.3 小結 86
第四章 美國貿易人權條款之規範途徑 89
4.1 規範途徑之形成與變遷 90
4.1.1 萌芽時期 91
4.1.2 穩定發展時期 107
4.2 規範途徑之分析 121
4.2.1 規範形成脈絡 121
4.2.2 規範基礎論辯 122
4.2.3 基本規範模式 125
4.2.4 規範實踐與評析 135
4.3 小結 141
第五章 規範途徑之比較分析 143
5.1 歐盟與美國規範途徑之比較 143
5.1.1 形成脈絡分析 143
5.1.2 基礎論辯分析 145
5.1.3 規範模式分析 147
5.1.4 規範實踐分析 149
5.2 轉型模式與常態模式之建構 151
5.2.1 貿易人權條款典範之釐清 152
5.2.2 轉型模式 153
5.2.3 常態模式 160
5.3 小結 165
第六章 結論 167
6.1 主要研究發現 167
6.2 對我國之反思 168
6.3 研究限制 170
參考文獻 173

壹、中文文獻
一、專書
林彩瑜（2011），《WTO制度與實務》，臺北：元照。
葉俊榮（2000），《珍惜憲法時刻》，臺北：元照。
羅昌發（2010），《國際貿易法》，2版，臺北：元照。
Samuel P. Huntington（著），劉軍寧（譯）（1994），《第3波：二十世紀末的民主化浪潮》，臺北：五南。

二、書之篇章
林佳和（2014），〈工作權、團結權〉，廖福特（編），《聯合國人權兩公約》，頁369-92，臺北：臺灣新世紀文教基金會。
吳建輝（2013），〈歐盟對外經貿協定的多重面向與治理模型〉，李貴英（等編），《歐債陰影下歐洲聯盟新財經政策》，頁145-93，臺北：臺大。
吳建輝（2014），〈認真對待憲法：如何開始思考對外經貿政策──國際經貿法之憲法化〉，楊光華（編），《第14屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集》，頁95-120，臺北：政大。
陳瑤華（2014），〈監督機制〉，廖福特（編），《聯合國人權兩公約》，頁23-56，臺北：臺灣新世紀文教基金會。
焦興鎧（2006），〈國際勞工組織重要公約及核心勞動基準之研究〉，氏著，《國際勞動基準之建構》，頁45-107，臺北：新學林。
焦興鎧（2006），〈美國利用國際經貿活動推展勞動人權之研究〉，氏著，《國際勞動基準之建構》，頁489-557，臺北：新學林。
葉俊榮（1999），〈全球環境議題的規範化與實效化〉，氏著，《全球環境議題：臺灣觀點》，頁43-57，臺北：巨流。
廖福特（2014），〈兩公約之歷史發展及台灣參與〉，廖福特（編），《聯合國人權兩公約》，頁1-22，臺北：臺灣新世紀文教基金會。

三、期刊論文
吳建輝（2012），〈歐盟對外經貿法之發展：法律與政策變遷〉，《歐美研究》，42卷4期，頁753-839。
洪德欽（2004），〈歐盟對外貿易與發展協定之人權條款──規定與實踐〉，《歐美研究》，34卷1期，頁143-202。
洪德欽（2012），〈歐盟新一代自由貿易協定政策之研究〉，《歐美研究》，42卷4期，頁673-752。
胡婉玲（2000），〈歐洲議會職權形成與變遷〉，《新世紀智庫論壇》，11期，頁111-18。
徐揮彥（2002），〈世界貿易組織法律架構與人權保障理念之接軌：一般例外條款運用法理之探討〉，《政大法學評論》，71期，頁237-301。
張文貞（2007），〈跨國憲政主義的合縱與連橫──歐洲人權法院及內國憲法法院關係初探〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，151期，頁57-70。
張文貞（2016），〈超越繼受、立足臺灣、邁向國際的法學研究前景〉，《人文與社會科學簡訊》，17卷3期，頁97-100。
張文貞、呂尚雲（2011），〈兩公約與環境人權的主張〉，《台灣人權學刊》，1卷1期，頁69-102。
郭銘松（1999），〈從財產權的思想典範論現代憲法功能的變遷──以美國聯邦最高法院Lochner v. New York與Goldberg v. Kelly判決為例〉，《歐美研究》，29卷3期，頁143-80。
楊智傑、何千亦（2014），〈兩岸協議國會監督機制與美國快速審查機制比較研究〉，《財產法暨經濟法》，40期，頁29-60。
葉俊榮（2002），〈從「轉型法院」到「常態法院」：論大法官釋字第二六一號與第四九九號解釋的解釋風格與轉型脈絡〉，《臺大法學論叢》，31卷2期，頁59-96。

四、學位論文
朱文繡（2003），《論人權附條件——以歐體對外貿易與發展合作關係為核心》，國立中正大學法律研究所碩士論文（未出版），嘉義。
李保儀（2008），《論人權與國際貿易：以衝突鑽石為例證》，天主教輔仁大學財經法律研究所碩士論文（未出版），臺北。
段奇琬（2011），《連結貿易與勞工人權之國際規範研究》，國立交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文（未出版），新竹。
徐輝彥（2005），《從多哈發展議程之擬定論世界貿易組織中貿易與人權之互動關係》，東吳大學法學院法律學系博士論文（未出版），臺北。
許思涵（2016），《歐盟對外政策之貿易與人權條款研究》，國立政治大學法律科際整合研究所碩士論文（未出版），臺北。

五、網路文獻
中央社（09/05/2013），〈服貿協議 民團盼政府說明〉，中時電子報網站，https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20130905003358-260407?chdtv（最後瀏覽日：09/08/2019）。
中央社（02/20/2019），〈歐盟官員：不排除與台灣洽簽雙邊投資協定〉，工商時報網站，https://ctee.com.tw/news/global/40650.html（最後瀏覽日：09/08/2019）。
中華民國臺灣總統府（提供）（2019），〈總統與華府三智庫：視訊會議〉，Youtube網站，https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnhV34bqmmw&t=1732s（最後瀏覽日：09/06/2019）。
吳柏寬（2016），《自由貿易協定與人權保護——淺談歐盟對外FTA人權規範》，文件編號：WTOepaper509，中華經濟研究院WTO及RTA中心網站，https://web.wtocenter.org.tw/Page.aspx?nid=126&pid=280603（最後瀏覽日：09/09/2019）。
張永泰（09/06/2013），〈台灣民間團體要求兩岸服貿協議納入人權條款〉，美國之音網站，https://www.voacantonese.com/a/taiwan-human-rights-china-20130905/1743912.html（最後瀏覽日：09/08/2019）。
張烽益，〈ECFA、FTA都是勞工的毒藥〉，台灣勞工陣線網站，https://labor.ngo.tw/follow-topics/93-ecfa-labor/347-ecfa03（最後瀏覽日：09/08/2019）。
崔慈悌（06/13/2019），〈蔡英文：全力推動與美日簽FTA〉，中時電子報網站，https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20190613001866-260407?chdtv（最後瀏覽日：09/08/2019）。
曹添旺（2018），〈美中貿易戰陰影下的台灣〉，風傳媒網站，https://www.storm.mg/article/532154?srcid=gAAAAABcsEa8eMfT0UqQoqqXvYSXgWKI4hoimFc265W4c6-qO8R1Bz-U0yf1XyEHe9K168JSvmVgd-f7Rc-ON77sMWV6nJxdwpH8HR0xILLlYm8Ytg4dVaQ%253D（最後瀏覽日：09/06/2019）。
覃玉蓉（09/05/2013），〈「民主陣線本週三問」記者會婦女新知基金會發言稿〉，反黑箱服貿民主陣線網站，https://dfactsa.wordpress.com/tag/%e8%a6%83%e7%8e%89%e8%93%89/（最後瀏覽日：09/08/2019）。
黎家維（06/18/2010），〈兩岸協議納入人權條款之分析〉，國政基金會網站，https://www.npf.org.tw/1/7684?County=%25E5%25BD%25B0%25E5%258C%2596%25E7%25B8%25A3&site=（最後瀏覽日：09/08/2019）。
顏厥安、劉靜怡（04/20/2010），〈兩岸經貿的民主程序與人權原則〉，蘋果日報網站，https://tw.appledaily.com/forum/daily/20100420/32450167（最後瀏覽日：09/08/2019）。
顏厥安（07/28/2009），〈ECFA應加人權保留條款〉，苦勞網（轉自中國時報），https://www.coolloud.org.tw/node/43898（最後瀏覽日：09/08/2019）。

六、其他
黃國昌（2013），〈台海協議的民主審議缺失——由美國法看服貿協議的反民主性格〉，發表於《臺大公共政策論壇——兩岸服務貿易協議影響分析座談會》，2013年7月25日，臺北：國立臺灣大學社會科學院公共經濟研究中心。
焦興鎧、黎博文（2016），《全球化下區域貿易協定與勞動人權保障之研究》，勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所，104年度研究計畫，計畫代碼：ILOSH104-R312。
廖福特（2003），〈尚未發展完備之發展權〉，《「人權與民主」學術研討會論文集》，台北：台灣民主基金會、政治大學台灣研究中心。

貳、外文文獻
BOOKS:
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EU DOCUMENTS:
Commission Communication to the Council and Parliament: Human Rights, Democracy and Development Cooperation Policy, SEC (91) 61 final (March 25, 1991).
Commission on Human Rights Res. 5 (XXXV) (March 2, 1979).
Commission Memorandum on the Linking of Economic Aid and Human Rights, COM (78) 47 Final (February 16, 1978).
Commission’s Answer to Written Question E-2037/93, 1994 O.J. (C 596) 23.
Community–Rio Group Ministerial Conference, 12 BULLETIN OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 193 (1990), http://aei.pitt.edu/65704/1/BUL352.pdf.
Council’s Answer to Written Question E-1964/93, 1994 O.J. (C 25) 57.
Council Conclusions on Human Rights Clauses in Community Agreements with Nonmember Countries, 5 BULLETIN OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ¶ 1.2.3 (1995), http://aei.pitt.edu/83937/1/BUL376.pdf.
Council Regulation (EEC) No 1608/93 of 24 June 1993, 1993 O.J. (L 155) 2.
Council Regulation (EEC) No 3300/91 of 11 November 1991, 1991 O.J. (L 315) 1.
Council Regulation (EEC) No 3302/91 of 11 November 1991, 1991 O.J. (L 315) 46.
Council Regulation (EEC) No 3301/91 of 11 November 1991, 1991 O.J. (L 315) 3.
Council Statement on Respect for Democratic Principles, Human Rights and the Principles of the Market Economy, 5 BULLETIN OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ¶ 1.2.13 (1992), http://aei.pitt.edu/65260/1/BUL366.pdf.
Declaration on Human Rights, 6 BULLETIN OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ¶ 1.45 (1991), http://aei.pitt.edu/65140/1/BUL338.pdf.
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR TRADE, EUROPEAN COMMISSION, GUIDELINES ON THE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IMPACTS IN IMPACT ASSESSMENTS FOR TRADE-RELATED POLICY INITIATIVES (2015), https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/july/tradoc_153591.pdf.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, TRADE FOR ALL: TOWARDS A MORE RESPONSIBLE TRADE AND INVESTMENT POLICY (2015), http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2015/october/tradoc_153846.pdf.
European Parliament Resolution of 11 May 2011 on the State of Play in the EU-India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations, EUR. PARL. DOC. P7_TA (2011) 0224.
European Parliament Resolution on the Protection and Defence of Human Rights, 1977 O.J. (C 133) 30.
European Parliament Resolution on Human Rights in the World, 1983 O.J. (C 161) 58.
Europe 2020: A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth, COM (2010) 2020 final (March 3, 2010).
Global Europe: Competing in the World. A Contribution to the EU’s Growth and Jobs Strategy, COM (2006) 567 final (October 4, 2006).
Lomé Convention: Situation in Uganda, 6 BULLETIN OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 77 (1977), http://aei.pitt.edu/57738/1/BUL136.pdf.
On the Inclusion of Respect for Democratic Principles and Human Rights in Agreements Between the Community and Third Countries, COM (95) 216 Final (May 23, 1995).
Proposal for a Council Decision on the Conclusion, on Behalf of the European Union, of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement Between the European Union and Its Member States, of the One Part, and the Republic of Singapore, of the Other Part, COM (2018) 784 final (December 4, 2018).
Question No. H-1159/91 by Mr. Hindley Concerning Haiti (91/445), 7 EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION DOCUMENTATION BULLETIN 741 (1991), http://aei.pitt.edu/36871/1/A2880.pdf.
Resolution of the Council and of the Member States Meeting in the Council on Human Rights, Democracy and Development, 11 BULLETIN OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ¶ 2.3.1 (1991), http://aei.pitt.edu/65691/1/BUL341.pdf.
Statement by an Informal Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs Concerning Yugoslavia (91/296), 7 EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION DOCUMENTATION BULLETIN 476 (1991), http://aei.pitt.edu/36871/1/A2880.pdf.
The European Union’s Role in Promoting Human Rights and Democratisation in Third Countries, COM (2001) 252 final (May 8, 2001).
Trade, Growth and World Affairs: Trade Policy as a Core Component of the EU’s 2020 Strategy, COM (2010) 612 final (November 9, 2010).
91/588/ECSC: Decision of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, Meeting Within the Council of 11 November 1991, 1991 O.J. (L 315) 49.
91/589/ECSC: Decision of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, Meeting Within the Council of 11 November 1991, 1991 O.J. (L 315) 50.
91/586/ECSC, EEC: Decision of the Council and the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, Meeting Within the Council of 11 November 1991, 1991 O.J. (L 315) 47.
91/587/ECSC: Decision of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, Meeting Within the Council of 11 November 1991, 1991 O.J. (L 315) 48.
91/602/EEC: Council Decision of 25 November 1991, 1991 O.J. (L 325) 23.

EU TRADE AGREEMENTS:
Association Agreement Between the European Union and Its Member States, of the One Part, and Ukraine, of the Other Part, March 1, 2014, 2014 O.J. (L 161) 3.
Association Agreement Between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and Their Member States, of the One Part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the Other Part, November 28, 2014, 2014 O.J. (L 260) 4.
Association Agreement Between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and Their Member States, of the One Part, and Georgia, of the Other Part, June 27, 2014, 2014 O.J. (L 261) 4.
ACP-EEC Convention of Lomé, February 28, 1975, 1976 O.J. (L 25) 2.
Agreement Between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Estonia on Trade and Commercial and Economic Cooperation, May 11, 1992, 1992 O.J. (L 403) 2.
Agreement Between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Latvia on Trade and Commercial and Economic Cooperation, May 11, 1992, 1992 O.J. (L 403) 11.
Agreement Between the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the One Part, and the Republic of Lithuania, of the Other Part, on Trade and Commercial and Economic Cooperation, May 11, 1992, 1992 O.J. (L 403) 20.
Agreement Between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Albania, on Trade and Commercial and Economic Cooperation, May 11, 1992, 1992 O.J. (L 343) 2.
Agreement Between the Member States of the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Coal and Steel Community of the one part, and the Republic of Slovenia, of the Other Part, April 5, 1993, 1993 O.J. (L 287) 2.
Agreement for Trade and Cooperation Between the European Economic Community and Macao, June 15, 1992, 1992 O.J. (L 404) 17.
Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation Establishing a Partnership Between the European Communities and their Member States, of One Part, and the Russian Federation, of the Other Part, June 24, 1994, 1997 O.J. (L 327) 3.
Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation Between the European Economic Community and Mongolia, June 16, 1992, 1993 O.J. (L 41) 46.
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Between Canada, of the One Part, and the European Union and Its Member States, of the Other Part, October 30, 2016, 2017 O.J. (L 11) 23.
Cooperation Agreement Between the European Economic Community, of the One Part, and the Countries Parties to the General Treaty on Central American Economic Integration (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua) and Panama, of the Other Part, November 12, 1985, 1986 O.J. (L 172) 2.
Cooperation Agreement Between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Slovenia, April 5, 1993, 1993 O.J. (L 189) 2.
Economic Partnership Agreement Between the CARIFORUM States, of the One Part, and the European Community and Its Member States, of the Other Part, October 15, 2008, 2008 O.J. (L 289) 3.
Economic Partnership Agreement Between the European Union and Japan, July 17, 2018, EUROPEAN COMMISSION (last updated January 25, 2019), http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=1684.
Europe Agreement Establishing an Association Between the European Communities and Their Member States, of the One Part, and the Republic of Hungary, of the Other Part, December 16, 1991, 1993 O.J. (L 347) 2.
Europe Agreement Establishing an Association Between the European Communities and Their Member States, of the One Part, and the Republic of Poland, of the Other Part, December 16, 1991, 1993 O.J. (L 348) 2.
Europe Agreement Establishing an Association Between the European Economic Communities and Their Member States, of the One Part, and Romania, of the Other Part, February 1, 1993, 1994 O.J. (L 357) 2.
Europe Agreement Establishing an Association Between the European Communities and Their Member States, of the One Part, and the Republic of Bulgaria, of the Other Part, March 8, 1993, 1994 O.J. (L 358) 2.
Europe Agreement Establishing an Association Between the European Communities and Their Member States, of the One Part, and the Slovak Republic, of the Other Part, October 4, 1993, 1994 O.J. (L 359) 2.
Europe Agreement Establishing an Association Between the European Communities and Their Member States, of the One Part, and the Czech Republic, of the Other Part, October 4, 1993, 1994 O.J. (L 360) 2.
Fourth ACP-EEC Convention, December 15, 1989, 1989 O.J. (L 229) 1.
Framework Agreement Between the European Union and Its Member States, on the One Part, and the Republic of Korea, on the Other Part, May 10, 2010, 2013 O.J. (L 20) 23.
Framework Agreement for Cooperation Between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Chile, December 20, 1990, 1991 O.J. (L 79) 2.
Framework Agreement for Trade and Economic Cooperation Between the European Economic Community and the Argentine Republic, April 2, 1990, 1990 O.J. (L 295) 67.
Framework Agreement for Cooperation Between the European Economic Community and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay, November 4, 1991, 1992 O.J. (L 94) 2.
Framework Agreement for Cooperation Between the European Economic Community and the Republic of Paraguay, February 3, 1992, 1992 O.J. (L 313) 72.
Framework Agreement for Cooperation Between the European Economic Community and the Federative Republic of Brazil, June 29, 1992, 1995 O.J. (L262) 54.
Framework Agreement for Cooperation Between the European Economic Community and the United Mexican States, June 26, 1991, 1991 O.J. (L 340) 2.
Framework Agreement between the European Union and Its Member States, of the One Part, and Australia, of the Other Part, August 7, 2017, 2017 O.J. (L 237) 7.
Free Trade Agreement Between the European Union and Its Member States, of the One Part, and the Republic of Korea, of the Other Part, October 6, 2010, 2011 O.J. (L 127) 6.
Free Trade Agreement Between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore, October 19, 2018, EUROPEAN COMMISSION (updated July 2019), https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7972-2018-REV-1/en/pdf#page=3.
Interim Agreement on Trade and Trade-related Matters Between the European Economic Community and the European Coal and Steel Community, of the One Part, and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, of the Other Part, December 16, 1991, 1992 O.J. (L 115) 2.
Partnership Agreement Between the Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of the One Part, and the European Community and Its Member States, of the Other Part, June 23, 2000, 2000 O.J. (L 317) 3.
Partnership Agreement on Relations and Cooperation Between the European Union and Its Member States, of the One Part, and New Zealand, of the Other Part, October 5, 2016, 2016 O.J. (L 321) 3.
Second ACP-EEC Convention Signed at Lomé, October 31, 1979, 1980 O.J. (L 347) 2.
Strategic Partnership Agreement Between the European Union and Its Member States, of the One Part, and Canada, of the Other Part, October 30, 2016, 2016 O.J. (L 329) 45.
Strategic Partnership Agreement Between the European Union and Its Member States, of the One Part, and Japan, of the Other Part, July 17, 2018, 2018 O.J. (L 216) 4.
Third ACP-EEC Convention Signed at Lomé, December 8, 1984, 1986 O.J. (L 86) 3.
Trade Agreement Between the European Union and Its Member States, of the One Part, and Colombia and Peru, of the Other Part, June 26, 2012, 2012 O.J. (L 354) 3.

US TPA LEGISLATIONS:
Trade Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-618, 88 Stat. 1978 (1975).
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Pub. L. No. 100-418, 102 Stat. 1107 (1988).
Bipartisan Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-210, 116 Stat. 993 (to be codified at 19 U.S.C. § 3801).
Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities and Accountability Act of 2015, Pub. L. No. 114-26, 129 Stat. 319 (to be codified at 19 U.S.C. § 4201).

US TRADE AGREEMENTS:
Agreement Between the United States of America and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area, October 24, 2000, 41 I.L.M. 63 (entered into force December 17, 2001).
Agreement Between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada, November 30, 2018, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/agreement-between.
Central America-Dominican Republic—United States Free Trade Agreement, U.S.-Dom. Rep.-Cent. Am., May 28, 2004, 43 I.L.M. 517, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/cafta-dr-dominican-republic-central-america-fta/final-text.
Free Trade Agreement Between Canada and the United States of America, January 2, 1988, 27 I.L.M. 281 (entered into force 1989).
North American Free Trade Agreement, Can.-Mex.-U.S., December 17, 1992, 32 I.L.M. 289 (1993).
North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, U.S.-Can.-Mex., September 14, 1993, 32 I.L.M. 1480 (1993).
North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, Can.-Mex.-U.S., opened for signature September 8, 1993, 32 I.L.M. 1499 (entered into force January 1, 1994).
United States—Singapore Free Trade Agreement, U.S.-Sing., May 6, 2003, 42 I.L.M. 1026, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/singapore-fta/final-text.
United States—Chile Free Trade Agreement. U.S.-Chile, June 6, 2003 (entered into force January 1, 2004), https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/chile-fta/final-text.
United States—Australia Free Trade Agreement, U.S.-Austl., May 18, 2004, 43 I.L.M. 1248, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/australian-fta/final-text.
United States—Morocco Free Trade Agreement, U.S.-Morocco, June 15, 2004, 44 I.L.M. 544, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/morocco-fta/final-text.
United States—Bahrain Free Trade Agreement, U.S.-Bahr., September 14, 2004, 44 I.L.M. 544, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/bahrain-fta/final-text.
United States—Oman Free Trade Agreement, U.S.-Oman, January 19, 2006, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/oman-fta/final-text.
United States—Peru Trade Promotion Agreement, U.S.-Peru, April 12, 2006, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/peru-tpa/final-text.
United States—Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement, U.S.-Colom., November 22, 2006, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/colombia-fta/final-text.
United States—Panama Trade Promotion Agreement, U.S.-Pan., June 28, 2007, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/panama-tpa/final-text.
Free Trade Agreement Between the United States and the Republic of Korea, U.S.-S. Korea, June 30, 2007, https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/korus-fta/final-text.

INTERNET SOURCES:
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Bhagwati, Jagdish (April 9, 2007), America’s Bipartisan Battle Against Free Trade, FINANCIAL TIMES, https://www.ft.com/content/0dae9606-e5e9-11db-9fcf-000b5df10621.
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CASES:
Appellate Body Report, European Communities—Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WTO Doc. WT/DS246/AB/R (adopted April 20, 2004).
Case C-2/94, Opinion 2/94, 1996 E.C.R. I-01759.
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Case C-162/96, Racke v. Hauptzollamt Mainz, 1998 E.C.R I-3655.
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Report of the Panel, United States—Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, DS21/R (September 3, 1991), GATT BISD (39th Supp.).

OTHER SOURCES
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