臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

當今的國際貿易和投資情況，在國際競爭率增高之下，為了獲得並提高國家競爭力，其中一個國家採用最為確保的手段，即為透過自由貿易協定所設定的一般規範來促進自由貿易。
跨太平洋夥伴全面進步協定(CPTPP)是跨太平洋國家間的一個具包容性的和進步的協定，包含商品、服務和投資的自由貿易，也為會員國建立了標準規則。它是世界上最大的區域貿易協定之一，包含30個章節，其中一章全面性的規範智慧財產權的保護和執法。該章為跨太平洋地區的智慧財產權保護及執法設立了高的標準。它建立在數個國際智慧財產協定的現存架構之上，如WTO的TRIPS協定和世界智慧財產權組織(WIPO)所施行的某些條約。
在美國退出之後，CPTPP的會員國同意中止原先TPP智慧財產專章的一些條款，以再平衡及反映會員國的利益及優先考慮事項。儘管部分條款受到中止，智慧財產專章依然是考慮加入CPTPP的國家，特別是發展中的國家如泰國，最關心且值得考量的議題之一。
泰國長久以來皆展現加入CPTPP的興趣。因此，泰國必須仔細考慮智慧財產專章的重要性，該章包含一些重要的規定，將使泰國必須從根本上改變其智慧財產法律。本論文主要聚焦在檢視CPTPP智慧財產專章的條款，和在植物品種保護和藥物近用權上對泰國的可能影響；泰國若加入CPTPP協定將須遵從的法律修正，以及某些泰國政府的重要因應措施。

In the current condition of international trade and investment, as competition rate among countries rises higher, one of the most assuring instruments using by states in order to attain and improve their competitiveness efficiency is to promote free trade by setting certain common regulations through Free Trade Agreements.
Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) Agreement is considered an inclusive and progressive Agreement for the Trans-Pacific countries which covers free trade in goods, services and investment as well as creating standard rules for member states. It is one of the world’s biggest regional trade agreements, consisting of 30 chapters, one of which addresses a comprehensive range of intellectual property rights protection and enforcement. The chapter sets high standard for the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights across the Asia-Pacific region. It builds on several existing framework under international intellectual property agreements, such as the WTO’s TRIPS and certain treaties administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
After the withdrawal of the United States, the members of CPTPP agreed on suspending a number of provisions in the original TPP’s intellectual property chapter in order to rebalance and reflect the members’ interests and priorities. Despite the suspension, the intellectual property chapter remains one of the most concerned and worth-considering issues for the countries who are considering a membership to the CPTPP, in particular, a developing country as Thailand.
Thailand has longed showed interest of joining the CPTPP. Therefore, it is necessary to attentively consider the significance of the intellectual property chapter since it contains several significant requirements that Thailand will be bound to fundamentally change its intellectual property laws. The main focus of this paper is to examine the provisions under the intellectual property chapter of the CPTPP, and the possible impacts on Thailand respecting plant variety protection and access to medicines, the legal amendments which Thailand’s will be required to follow in case of joining as the party of the CPTPP Agreement, as well as certain considerable approaches for Thai government.

Acknowledgements i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objective of the Study 1
1.2 Scope and Limitations of the Study 3
1.3 Layout of the Thesis 4
Chapter 2 Overall Review on CPTPP 6
2.1 Historical Background of CPTPP 6
2.2 What distinguishes the CPTPP from other Free Trade Agreements? 10
2.2.1 Outstanding Features of the CPTPP 11
2.2.2 Important Issues to be Settled 13
2.3 Thailand’s Possible Participation and Current Progress 16
Chapter 3 The Importance of CPTPP’s Intellectual Property Chapter 21
3.1 Exploring Significant Features of CPTPP’s Intellectual Property Chapter 21
3.1.1 From TPP to CPTPP: The Suspension of Intellectual Property Provisions 21
3.1.2 Distinctive Remaining Legal Framework Without the Suspended Provisions 27
3.2 Relevant Intellectual Property Rights Protection under the Existing International Agreements 30
3.3 Brief Introduction of the Intellectual Property Chapter Related Issues Facing by Developing Country Members 35
Chapter 4 Thailand’s Concern on Protection of Plant Variety Rights 41
4.1 Features of Plant Variety Protection under CPTPP Intellectual Property Chapter 43
4.1.1 Overview of UPOV 1991 44
4.1.2 Key Differences between UPOV 1978 and UPOV 1991 48
4.1.3 Flexibilities under the UPOV 1991 50
4.2 Protection of Plant Variety Rights in Thailand 52
4.2.1 Existing Thai Intellectual Property Law on Plant Variety Rights 52
4.2.2 Overall Effects of UPOV 1991 on Thailand 58
4.3 Assessing Implementation of UPOV 1991 and Possible Effects on Thailand 60
4.3.1 Possible Issues Thailand would be Facing due to the Participation of CPTPP 60
A. Significant Changes in the Draft of New Plant Variety Protection Act 61
B. Gaps to be Breached from Thailand’s Legislation 65
4.3.2 Possible Implications for Thailand: Plant Variety Protection 69
Chapter 5 Thailand’s Concern on Access to Medicines 74
5.1 Overview on CPTPP and Access to Health Care 74
5.1.1 Main Features Regarding Access to Medicines in CPTPP’s Intellectual Property Chapter 75
5.2 Thailand’s Existing Framework for Patents in Medicines 80
5.2.1 International Framework of Patent in Medicines 81
5.2.2 Domestic Framework of Patent in Medicines 88
5.3 Assessing Future Possible Impacts of CPTPP’s Intellectual Property Chapter on Access to Medicines in Thailand 93
5.3.1 Possible Issues Thailand would be Facing due to the Participation of CPTPP 94
A. Gaps to be Breached from Thailand’s Legislation 94
B. Case Study on Compulsory Licensing and Coronavirus in Thailand 99
5.3.2 Possible Implications for Thailand: Access to Medicines 101
Chapter 6 Outlook for Thailand’s Future Entrance into the CPTPP 109
6.1 Feedbacks on the Concerns in the aspect of Plant Variety Protection 109
6.2 Feedbacks on the Concerns in the aspect of Access to Medicines 111
6.3 Conclusion 112
Bibliography 114

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Health Consumer Protection Program, บทเรียนจากไวรัสโคโรนา ความท้าทายของระบบสิทธิบัตรยา (Learning From Coronavirus, Challences for Drug Patent System) at http://www.thaihealthconsumer.org/news/2019-ncov_patent/.
hfocus team, เภสัชจุฬาฯ เผยผลวิจัย CPTPP ทำค่าใช้จ่ายยาแพงขึ้น (Department of Phamacy, Chulalongkorn University Shows Research on CPTPP Causing Higher Drug Expenses) at https://www.hfocus.org/content/2020/07/19788.
Ministry of Public Health, นโยบายยาชื่อสามัญ: ความสําคัญและความอยู่รอดของประเทศไทย (Generic Name Policies: Significance and Survival of Thailand) at http://dmsc2.dmsc.moph.go.th/webroot/drug/km/others/Generic%20name.pdf.
The Pharmacy Council of Thailand, สภาเภสัชกรรมเรียกร้องกลไกทางวิชาการและการมีส่วนร่วมจากทุกภาคส่วนในการที่ไทยจะยื่นหนังสือแสดงเจตจำนงเข้าร่วม CPTPP (The Pharmacy Council of Thailand Calls for All-Sector-Participation in Submitting Participation Request by Thailand) at https://www.pharmacycouncil.org/index.php?option=content_detail&view=detail&itemid=1696&catid=1
United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights at https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/.
World Health Organization, Health is a fundamental human right at https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/fundamental-human-right/en/.
Kasetkaoklai, “ธนาคารเชื้อพันธุ์พืช” รับฝากเมล็ดพันธุ์และเบิกไปใช้ประโยชน์ได้ (“Genobank” Deposit and Withdraw) at https://www.kasetkaoklai.com/home/2016/03/ธนาคารเชื้อพันธุ์พืช/.
Hilary Wong, The case for compulsory licensing during COVID-19 at http://www.jogh.org/documents/issue202001/jogh-10-010358.htm?fbclid=IwAR2k2GbSxU4NAr15URRtrlC_RHi0AC_oMzzhv_zhdg2i0gv4V1gI6xF6E5A.
Others
Department of Trade Negotiations, ‘พาณิชย์’ เดินหน้าเร่งศึกษาและจัดหารือภาคส่วนที่เกี่ยวข้องเตรียมพร้อมร่วม CPTPP หวังยกระดับมาตรฐานการค้า การลงทุน และความสามารถในการแข่งขัน (Ministry of Commerce Push Fowards for CPTPP, Hope to Upgrade Trade and Investment) (Department of Trade Negotiations 2019).
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Australian Governement, CPTPP suspensions explained (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ed., 2019).
Mohammed K El Said, Public health related TRIPS-plus provisions in bilateral trade agreements (WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 2010).
Phusadee Arunmas, CPTPP discord delays entry, BANGKOK POST, 11 Aug 2020. 2020.