臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

阿里宇宙微波背景輻射極化望遠鏡（AliCPT-1）位於西藏高原的阿里地區， 由地面觀測宇宙微波背景輻射的大尺度偏振。精密的偏振量測可用於探測宇宙暴脹時產生的原初重力波，對宇宙學和基礎物理學皆有重要意義。此論文探討 AliCPT-1 望遠鏡觀測設計的兩個面向，包括掃描策略和探測器的響應校準。
論文的第一部分討論 AliCPT-1 的觀測位址、儀器設計及觀測方法，並特別側 重於與系統誤差控制有關的考量。我們提出一個初步的掃描策略，均勻地覆蓋了百分之十五低前景污染的天區。在論文的第二部份，我們首先討論大氣對 AliCPT-1 觀測的影響，發現若成對探測器的相對響應未能被精確校準，水汽所引發的大氣擾動可能成為觀測中極大的雜訊來源。接著，我們提出一個使用共模訊號校準相對響應的方式，並以模擬檢驗其在 AliCPT-1 的可行性。

Ali CMB Polarization Telescope (AliCPT-1) is a ground-based experiment designed to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) at degree angular scales. Such measurements provide invaluable insight into cosmology and fundamental physics. This thesis is dedicated to the optimization of AliCPT-1 observing strategy, including the scan strategy and detector gain calibration.
The first part of this work discusses the site, the instrument design, and the observation of AliCPT-1. We highlight the parts most relevant to the mitigation of instrumental systematics. We present a prototype scan strategy that provides uniform coverage of low-foreground emission region amount of 15% sky. Next, we discuss the impact of the atmosphere on AliCPT-1 observation, identifying the issue of sky brightness temperature fluctuations coupled to differential detector response. To mitigate the systematic error, we propose a methodology of calibrating relative detector gain using the unpolarized common-mode fluctuations. The proposed calibration scheme is assessed by realistic simulations, in which we find the approach shows initial promises.

Acknowledgements i
Abstract iii
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Expanding Universe 1
1.2 Inflation 3
1.2.1 Scalar Perturbations 3
1.2.2 Tensor Perturbations 5
1.3 Cosmic Microwave Background 6
1.3.1 Temperature 6
1.3.2 Polarization 8
1.4 Implications of CMB Polarization 13
1.4.1 Inflation 13
1.4.2 GravitationalLensing 14
1.4.3 Fundamental Physics 15
1.5 Observations 15
1.6 Thesis Outline 17

Chapter 2 Ali CMB Polarization Telescope 19
2.1 Site 19
2.2 Instrument design 21
2.2.1 Mount 22
2.2.2 Optics 23
2.2.3 Cryostat Receiver 23
2.2.4 Detector Module 25
2.3 Observation 26
2.3.1 Observing field 29
2.3.2 Scan strategy 31

Chapter 3 Atmosphere 37
3.1 Absorption and Emission 37
3.2 Impact on AliCPT-1 Observation 39
3.3 Unpolarized Fluctuations 39

Chapter 4 Simulation Pipeline 43
4.1 Overview 44
4.2 Time-ordered Data 45
4.2.1 Instrument Configuration 45
4.2.2 Scan Trajectory 46
4.2.3 Timestream Sample 47
4.2.4 Characteristics 51
4.3 Timestream Filtering 55
4.3.1 Polynomial Filtering 55
4.3.2 Ground Subtraction 56
4.4 Mapmaking 56
4.5 Power Spectrum Estimation 60

Chapter 5 Gain Calibration 67
5.1 Background 67
5.1.1 Detector Gain Calibration 68
5.1.2 Gain Calibration for AliCPT-1 69
5.2 Impact on Observations 70
5.3 Intra-Pair Relative Gain 71
5.3.1 Atmosphere as a Calibration Source 71
5.3.2 Simulations 73
5.3.3 Deriving the Relative Gain 73
5.3.4 Results 78
5.4 Summary and Outlook 84

Chapter 6 Conclusion 87

Appendix A Units of Radio Maps 89
A.1 Specific Intensity 89
A.2 Brightness Temperature 90

Appendix B Simulating a Gaussian Random Field 93

Bibliography 97

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