本研究之主要目的在於再利用廢牡蠣殼作為氟和硼吸附之吸附劑，並研究熱處理對牡蠣殼基本性質以及氟和硼的去除效率的影響。將乾淨的牡蠣殼廢料樣品分別於500°C下2小時（OS500-2h），700°C下0.5小時（OS700-0.5小時）和2小時（OS700-2h）進行預處理，並使用預處理之牡蠣殼樣品去除氟和硼。我們利用比表面積與孔隙度分析儀(BET)，傅里葉轉換紅外光譜(FTIR)，X射線衍射(XRD)，熱重力分析(TGA)和X-射線光電子光譜(XPS)分析未負載和負載的吸附劑的特徵。
研究結果顯示，以預熱處理使牡蠣殼樣品之純度提高，導致pHIEP向鹼性範圍偏移，而使得牡蠣殼樣品的去除效率提高。對於除氟，實驗符合Langmuir等溫線模型，牡蠣殼OS700-2h表現出最好的吸附性能，具有最大吸附量，Qo ， 6.14 mg/g，並在牡蠣殼表面形成氟化鈣 (CaF2) 沉澱。而對於除硼，牡蠣殼OS700-0.5h觀察到具有最大吸附量0.39 mg/g，並形成硼酸鈣 (Ca2B2O5) 沉澱。在氟化物和硼的吸附程序中，pH 7的去除機制主要是沉澱程序，其中牽涉到預熱處理產生的氧化鈣 (CaO) 的存在。總而言之，廢牡蠣殼具有再利用為低成本吸附劑之可行性，可從水中去除氟化物和硼酸鹽。

This study focused on the utilization of waste oyster shell as adsorbents for fluoride and boron removal. The effects of thermal pretreatment on the properties of oyster shells and on the removal efficiency of fluoride and boron removal were investigated. Waste oyster shell samples were pretreated at 500oC in 2 h (OS500-2h), 700oC in 0.5 h (OS700-0.5 h) and 2 h (OS700-2h). The characterization of unloaded and loaded adsorbents were analyzed by BET, FTIR, XRD, TGA and XPS. The experimental results fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption model. Results showed that thermal pretreatment led to the higher purity of preheated oyster shell samples and the shift of pHIEP to more alkaline range, resulted in the enhancement of the removal efficiency of oyster shell samples. For fluoride removal, the oyster shell OS700-2h showed the best performance, having the maximum adsorption capacity of Qo at 6.14 mg/g. The CaF2 precipitate formed on the oyster shell surfaces. For boron removal, the maximum adsorption capacity of Qo at 0.39 mg/g was observed for oyster shell OS700-0.5h, and the precipitate of calcium borate (Ca2B2O5) formed as well. For both fluoride and boron removal, the main mechanism was precipitation process for ≤ pH 7, which involved the presence of CaO. In general, the waste oyster shell could be a potential low-cost adsorbent for fluoride and borate removal from water.

摘要 I
Abstract II
Acknowledgement III
Contents IV
List of Figures VII
List of Tables XI
CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background 1
1.2. Objectives 2
CHAPTER 2 3
LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1. Fluoride and boron 3
2.2. Impacts of fluoride and boron on human health 4
2.3. Removal technology of fluoride and boron 7
2.4. Reuse of oyster shell as an adsorbent 13
CHAPTER 3 15
MATERIALS AND METHODS 15
3.1. Materials 15
3.2. Instruments 16
3.3. Experimental methods 17
3.3.1. Preparation of oyster shell 17
3.3.2. Adsorption isotherm of fluoride and boron 17
3.3.3. Characterization of oyster shell 18
3.3.3.1. BET surface area 18
3.3.3.2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) 19
3.3.3.3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) 19
3.3.3.4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 19
3.3.3.5. Zeta potential measurement 20
3.3.3.6. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 20
3.3.4. Equilibrium modeling 20
3.4. Experimental flow chart 22
CHAPTER 4 23
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 23
4.1. Characterization of oyster shell and preheated oyster shell 23
4.1.1. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis 23
4.1.2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis 26
4.1.3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) 27
4.1.4. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis 29
4.1.5. Zeta potential 31
4.1.6. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 32
4.2. Removal of fluoride 38
4.2.1. Adsorption isotherm study 38
4.2.2. Characterization of fluoride loaded oyster shell samples 42
4.3. Removal of boron 55
4.3.1. Adsorption isotherm study 55
4.3.2. Characterization of boron loaded oyster shell samples 59
4.4. Comparison with other adsorbents 71
CHAPTER 5 77
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 77
5.1. Conclusions 77
5.2. Recommendations 78
REFERENCES R-1
APPENDIX A A-1
APPENDIX B B-1

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