臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Women today constitute a higher proportion of entrepreneurs, and the importance of female entrepreneurs in the economic structure is rising more than ever before in Taiwan, Vietnam and around the world. Among the new companies founded in 2003, female chairpersons or company owners account for 37.57 per cent in Taiwan. This is known to be the best percentage in the nation. According to the 2019 Master Card Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE) report, a female entrepreneurial activity rating of 66.2 per cent was reported in the Taiwan market and this is also remarkable in Vietnam with a fairly strong MIWE score of 63.4 per cent, even though Vietnam is comparatively less wealthy and developed. However, several reports also suggest that female managers face more challenges than male executives. While research literature offers a variety of explanations to understand why women do not hold positions of leadership at the same pace as men, assumptions of stereotypes remain dominantly. Female's leaders in Taiwan say that they face substantial family - to - work disputes. So, Vietnamese woman businessmen are at the forefront of the conflicts among various philosophies, including democratic values, the legacy of Confucianism, liberalism, and industrial capitalism. In this research, we would like to demonstrate that under low gender stereotype threat environment, men and women have the same entrepreneurial intention; gender stereotype threat has a negative impact on subjective norms towards entrepreneurship. Meanwhile, attitude and perceived behavioral control towards entrepreneurship have positive effects on entrepreneurial intention. In other terms, we strive to merge gender stereotype threat with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model as our key study goal, and this can be seen as a very groundbreaking research attempt.

ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background and Motivations 1
1.2 Research Questions and Purposes 2
1.2.1 Research Questions 2
1.2.2 Research Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Gender stereotype threat 4
2.1.1 Stereotype threat 4
2.1.2 Gender stereotype 5
2.1.3 Gender stereotype threat 7
2.2 Vietnam and Taiwan entrepreneurship 8
2.3 Generation Y and entrepreneurship 11
2.4 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) 14
2.4.1 Attitude towards entrepreneurship and gender stereotype threat 16
2.4.2 Subjective norms towards entrepreneurship and gender stereotype threat 19
2.4.3 Perceived behavioral control (PBC) towards entrepreneurship and gender stereotype threat 22
2.4.4 Entrepreneurial intention 25
CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 31
3.1 Research Model 31
3.2 Research Sample and Data Collection Methods 32
3.3 Measurement Definition and Questionnaire Design 33
3.3.1 Gender stereotype threat 33
3.3.2 Attitude towards entrepreneurship 34
3.3.3 Subjective norms towards entrepreneurship 35
3.3.4 Perceived behavioral control (PBC) towards entrepreneurship 36
3.3.5 Entrepreneurial intention 37
3.3.6 Demographic 38
3.4 Data Analysis Methods 39
3.4.1 Descriptive Statistical Analysis 39
3.4.2 Correlation Analysis 39
3.4.3 Reliability Analysis 39
3.4.4 Validity 40
3.4.5 Regression Analysis 40
3.4.6 Independent Samples t-Test 41
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS 44
4.1 Descriptive Statistical Analysis Results 44
4.2 Reliability Analysis Results 46
4.3 Regression analysis and testing of research hypotheses 4, 5, 6, 7 47
4.3.1 Model summary 47
4.3.2 ANOVA analysis 49
4.3.3 Coefficients analysis 49
4.3.4 Excluded variables analysis 50
4.4 Regression analysis and testing of research hypotheses 1, 2, 3 51
4.4.1 Hypothesis 1 51
4.4.2 Hypothesis 2 52
4.4.3 Hypothesis 3 52
4.5 Independent Samples t-Test and testing result of hypothesis 8 54
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS 57
5.1 Research Findings Discussion 57
5.2 Research Contributions 58
5.3 Research Limitations 59
5.4 Future Research Directions 60
REFERENCES 61
APPENDICES 66

Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 30, 595– 622.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888.
Ajzen, I., Cote, N.G. (2008). Attitudes and the prediction of behaviour. In: Crano, W.D., Prislin, R., editors. Attitudes and Attitude Change. New York: Psychology Press. 289–311.
Autio, E., H. Keeley, R., Klofsten, M., Parker, G. C., & Hay, M. (2001). Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA. Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2, 145–160.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26.
Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38(1), 9-44.
Bandura, A., Adams, N. E., Hardy, A. B., & Howells, G. N. (1980). Tests of the generality of self-efficacy theory. Cognitive Theory and Research, 4(1), 39–66.
Baron, R. A., Markman, G. D., & Hirsa, A. (2001). Perceptions of women and men as entrepreneurs: Evidence for differential effects of attributional augmenting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 923–929.
Chang & Chen (2019). Exploring the eWOM influence of beauty vloggers on Purchase Intention—The Extended Framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior within the Context of YouTube Broadcasting.
Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295–316.
Dawes, J. (2008). Do Data Characteristics Change According to the Number of Scale Points Used? An Experiment Using 5-Point, 7-Point and 10-Point Scales. International Journal of Market Research, 50(1), 61–104.
Droms, C.M. & Craciun, G. (2014). The impact of attitudinal ambivalence on weight loss decisions: Consequences and mitigating factors, Journal of Consumer Behavior, 13(4), 303-315.
Flore, P. C., Mulder, J., & Wicherts, J. M. (2019). The influence of gender stereotype threat on mathematics test scores of Dutch high school students: a registered report. Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology, 1–35.
Gupta, V. K., & Bhawe, N. M. (2007). The Influence of Proactive Personality and Stereotype Threat on Women’s Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(4), 73–85.
Gupta, V. K., Goktan, A. B., Gunay, G. (2014) Gender differences in evaluation of new business opportunity: A stereotype threat perspective. Journal of Business Venturing 29(2): 273–288.
Gupta, V. K., Turban, D. B., Wasti, S. A., Sikdar, A. (2009) The role of gender stereotypes in perceptions of entrepreneurs and intentions to become an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33(2): 397–417.
Hively, K., & El-Alayli, A. (2014). “You throw like a girl:” The effect of stereotype threat on women’s athletic performance and gender stereotypes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 48–55.
Kolvereid, L. (1996a). Organizational employment versus self-employment: Reasons for career intentions. Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice, 23(3), 23–31.
Kolvereid, L. (1996b). Prediction of employment status choice intentions, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 21(1), 47–57.
Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21, 866–885.
Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21, 866–885.
Krueger, N. F. (2000). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(3), 5–23. doi:10.1007/978-3-540 -48543-8_9.
Lien, B., & Mclean, G. (2017). The Power of Taiwanese Women in Leadership and Management.
Liñán, F. & Chen, Y. W. (2006). Testing the Entrepreneurial Intention Model on a Two-Country Sample. Departament d'Economia de l'Empresa.
Liñán, F. & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617.
Liñán, F. (2008). Skill and value perceptions: How do they affect entrepreneurial intentions? International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 257–272.
Nguyen, T. V., Bryant, S.E., Rose., J., Tseng. C.-H., & Kapasuwan, S. (2009). Cultural values, market institutions, and entrepreneurship potential: A comparative study of the United States, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 14(01), 21–37.
Oswald, D. L., & Harvey, R. D. (2000). Hostile environments, stereotype threat, and math performance among undergraduate women. Current Psychology, 19(4), 338–356. doi:10.1007/s12144-000-1025-5
Reynolds, R.W., N.A. Rayner, T.M. Smith, D.C. Stokes and W. Wang (2002). An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate, Journal of Climate, 15, 1609–1625
Rhodes, R. E., & Courneya, K. S. (2003). Investigating multiple components of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control: An examination of the theory of planned behaviour in the exercise domain.
Schmader, T. (2002). Gender Identification Moderates Stereotype Threat Effects on Women’s Math Performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(2), 194–201.
Shapiro, J. R., & Williams, A. M. (2011). The Role of Stereotype Threats in Undermining Girls’ and Women’s Performance and Interest in STEM Fields. Sex Roles, 66(3-4), 175–183.
Steele, C.M. & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797-811.
Steele,C.M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identtity and performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35,4-28.
Sweida, G. L., & Reichard, R. J. (2013). Gender stereotyping effects on entrepreneurial self‐efficacy and high‐growth entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise
The Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE) 2019.
Vu, H.T. (2019). Asian women leadership: A cross-national and cross-sector comparison. Female leadership in Vietnam: Traditional gender norms, gender quota policy, and the media. Routledge.
Wang (2005). A Study of Women’s Entrepreneurial Models in Taiwan.
Yee, N. (2008). Maps of digital desires: Exploring the topography of gender and play in online games. In Y. Kafai, C. Heeter, J. Denner & J. Sun (Eds.), Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat: New perspectives on gender and gaming.
Zhao, H., Hills, G.E., & Siebert, S.E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265–1272.