歐姆加熱（Ohmic heating; OH）是以食物的介電性質將電能轉換成熱能，具有加熱均勻與升溫速率快的特點，能夠改善傳統加熱之加熱不均和加熱過度的問題。本實驗分別以30V、60V和90V，60Hz歐姆加熱條件（OH30V、OH60V、OH90V）與水浴加熱（WB）蒸煮凝乳至中心溫度36 ℃並維持20分鐘。進行物化特性、升溫紀錄、凝乳特性、脫水收縮率、微生物、酸鹼值、蛋白質水解、質地和感官品評等分析。結果顯示歐姆加熱組升溫時間少於WB組32%以上，且溫度分布較均勻。隨著蒸煮時間縮短，OH組顯著降低凝乳脫水收縮率而提高產率（p<0.05），且凝乳中保留更多的脂肪和鈣含量，但凝乳含水量顯著低於WB組，而且隨著歐姆加熱條件增強，凝乳顯著降低保水力而造成較嚴重的滴水失重（p<0.05）。乳酸菌生長顯著受歐姆加熱之非熱效應-電穿孔影響（p<0.05），凝乳蒸煮後經發酵6小時，OH組的乳酸菌菌數顯著低於WB組，且在熟成階段OH90V組的乳酸菌顯著最低（p<0.05），微生物的自溶作用顯著提升WB組和OH90V組在熟成初期的蛋白質水解作用。凝乳蒸煮時間較長會促進蛋白質重組和收縮形成更緊密的結構，所以WB組硬度值、內聚力、咀嚼性和回復性都顯著高於OH組，而隨著歐姆加熱條件提升咀嚼性和回復性顯著增加（p<0.05）。隨熟成期間之蛋白質水解作用，乾酪質地顯著變軟（p<0.05）。不論是加鹽前或熟成7天的乾酪在感官品評之外觀、氣味、嚐味和質地都無顯著差異（p>0.05），而且OH60V和OH90V組都有較高的接受度。綜上所論，以歐姆加熱替代水浴蒸煮凝乳不僅可縮短製程時間，亦可提升產率和熟成初期蛋白質水解作用，製作出相似或更好品質的乾酪。

Ohmic heating converses electrical energy into thermal energy through the dielectric properties of food itself. The properties of ohmic heating can improve the uneven and excessive heating problems of conventional heating. In the present study, feta cheese curd was cooked by ohmic heating with the condition of 30V, 60V and 90V, 60Hz (OH30V, OH60V, and OH90V) and water bath (WB), then hold at central temperature 36 ℃ for 20 minutes. The physicochemical property, heating temperature records, curd properties, syneresis, microorganisms, pH value, proteolysis, texture and sensory evaluation were analyzed. The results showed that the OH groups decreased heating-up time than the WB group for 32% above and more uniform temperature distribution. The OH groups significantly reduced syneresis and increased curd yield with more fat and calcium content in curd (p<0.05). Curd moisture in the OH groups was significantly lower than WB group (p<0.05). The OH groups with the higher ohmic heating conditions significantly reduced water holding capacity, and resulted in higher drip loss (p<0.05). The non-thermal effect of ohmic heating-electroporation significantly affected the growth of lactic acid bacteria (p<0.05). After 6 hours of fermentation, the count of lactic acid bacteria in the OH groups was significantly lower than the WB group. Lactic acid bacteria in the OH90V group significantly decreased during aging (p<0.05) although the autolysis of microorganism significantly increased proteolysis in the WB and OH90V group at the early stages of ripening. The longer cooking time promoted protein rearrangement and contraction, resulted in significantly higher hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and resilience in the WB group. When the elevated ohmic heating conditions resulted in the higher chewiness and resilience significantly (p<0.05). During aging, cheese texture significantly became soft with proteolysis (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the appearance, smell, taste and texture of cheese before salting and aging for 7 days (p>0.05). Moreover, the OH60V and OH90V groups had higher acceptance. Base on the results, applying ohmic heating instead of water bath not only shortened cooking time, but also increased yield and proteolysis in the early stages of ripening to produce similar or better cheeses.

壹、中文摘要 1
貳、前言 3
參、文獻探討 5
一、台灣乳羊產業 5
二、山羊乳之營養價值 8
三、台灣乾酪市場現況 11
四、乾酪之簡介與分類 11
五、Feta 乾酪（Feta cheese）14
六、乾酪製程 15
七、新興食品加工技術-歐姆電阻加熱（Ohmic heating）16
八、凝乳脫水收縮（Syneresis）21
(一)凝乳脫水收縮的動力學與機制 21
(二)凝乳脫水收縮的速率與程度 25
(三)影響凝乳脫水收縮因子 25
九、加鹽 38
十、熟成 40
十一、乾酪質地 44
十二、乾酪風味 47
肆、材料與方法 49
一、乾酪製作 49
(一)材料 49
(二)乾酪製程 49
二、分析項目 53
(一)一般成分分析（Proximate analysis）53
(二)導電度（Conductivity）53
(三)溫度紀錄（Temperature recording）53
(四)凝乳脫水收縮（Syneresis）53
(五)游離鈣含量（Content of calcium ion in whey）54
(六)脂肪和蛋白質的回收率（The recovery of fat and protein）54
(七)酸鹼值（pH value）55
(八)產率（cheese yield）55
(九)凝乳含水量（Curd moisture）55
(十)保水力（Water holding capacity; WHC）56
(十一)滴水失重（Drip loss）56
(十二)凝乳之色澤（CIE L* a* b*）56
(十三)儲藏階段乳清排出量 57
(十四)乳酸菌數（The count of lactic acid bacteria, LAB）57
(十五)游離胜肽與胺基酸 57
(十六)質地描述分析實驗（Texture profile analysis） 59
(十七)感官評析（Sensory evaluation）61
三、統計方式 63
伍、結果與討論 64
陸、結論 129
柒、參考文獻 130
捌、英文摘要 145
玖、小傳 147
拾、附錄 148

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