臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要 II
Abstract III
致謝 V
目錄 VI
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 XIII
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻回顧 2
2-1 有機發光二極體發展史 2
2-2 有機發光二極體發光原理 4
2-2-1 OLED基本結構 4
2-2-2 發光機制 6
2-2-3 能量轉移機制 8
2-3 熱活化延遲螢光(TADF)發展與機制 9
2-3-1 熱活化延遲螢光(TADF)分子設計 11
2-3-2以三嗪為電子受體的TADF材料 13
2-3-3 TADF材料製作非摻雜元件 19
2-3-4 研究動機與目的 23
第三章 製程介紹 24
3-1 實驗流程 24
3-2本論文所使用的商用材料 25
第四章 以三嗪為電子受體的熱活化延遲螢光材料製作有機發光元件 27
4-1 材料與實驗介紹 27
4-1-1 材料介紹與光物理特性 27
4-1-2元件製作的流程 33
4-2 以TH-2PTZ為客體製作摻雜與非摻雜的黃綠光元件 34
4-2-1TH-2PTZ摻雜元件之主體測試 34
4-2-2 TH-2PTZ摻雜元件之電洞傳輸層及載子阻擋層測試 39
4-2-3 TH-2PTZ摻雜元件之電洞傳輸層及發光層厚度測試 44
4-2-4 TH-2PTZ元件之客體濃度測試 49
4-3 以TH-2DMAC為客體製作摻雜與非摻雜的藍光元件 54
4-3-1 TH-2DMAC摻雜元件之主體測試 54
4-3-2 TH-2DMAC摻雜元件之階梯式注入與阻擋層測試 59
4-3-3 TH-2DMAC元件之客體濃度測試 64
4-3-4 TH-2DMAC非摻雜元件結構調整測試 69
4-4 以TH-2DPAC為客體製作摻雜與非摻雜的藍光元件 74
4-4-1 TH-2DPAC摻雜元件之主體與阻擋層測試 74
4-4-2 TH-2DPAC元件之濃度測試 79
4-4-3 TH-2DPAC非摻雜元件結構調整測試 84
4-5 實驗結果討論 89
4-6 實驗結果比較 94
第五章 未來與展望 100
參考文獻 104

[1]F. B. Dias, K. N. Bourdakos, V. Jankus, K. C. Moss, K. T. Kamtekar, V. Bhalla, J. Santos, M. R. Bryce and A. P. Monkman, Adv. Mater., 25, 3707 (2013).
[2]C. Adachi, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 53, 060101 (2014).
[3]P. Data, P. Pander, M. Okazaki, Y. Takeda, S. Minakata and A. P. Monkman, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 5739 (2016).
[4]Y. Tao, K. Yuan, T. Chen, P. Xu, H. Li, R. Chen, C. Zheng, L. Zhang and W. Huang, Adv. Mater., 26, 7931 (2014).
[5]X. He, T. Shan, X. Tang, Y. Gao, J. Li, B. Yang and P. Lu, J. Mater. Chem. C, 4, 10205 (2016).
[6]Y. Zou, S. Gong, G. Xie and C. Yang, Adv. Opt. Mater., 6, 1800568 (2018).
[7]M. Popoe, H. P. Kallmann and P. Magnante, J. Chem. Phys., 38, 2042 (1963).
[8]P. S. Vincett, W. A. Barlow, R. A. Hann and G. G. Roberts, Thin Solid Films, 94, 171 (1982).
[9]C. W. Tang and S. A. VanSlyke, Appl. Phys. Lett., 51, 913 (1987).
[10]C. W. Tang, S. A. VanSlyke and C. H. Chen, J. Appl. Phys., 65, 3610 (1989).
[11] K. Sugiyama, D. Yoshimura, T. Miyamae, T. Miyazaki, H. Ishii, Y. Ouchi and K. Seki, J. Appl. Phys., 83, 4928 (1998).
[12]D. F. O’Brien, M. A. Baldo, M. E. Thompson and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 442 (1999).
[13]M. A. Baldo, S. Lamansky, P. E. Burrows, M. E. Thompson and S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 75, 4 (1999).
[14]Y. Kawamura, K. Goushi, J. Brooks, J. J. Brown, H. Sasabe and C Adachi, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 071104 (2005).
[15]T.-C. Lee, J.-Y. Hung, Y. Chi, Y.-M. Cheng, G.-H. Lee, P.-T. Chou, C.-C. Chen, C.‐H. Cheng and C.-C. Wu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 19, 2639 (2009).
[16]A. K. Pal, S. Krotkus, M. Fontani, C. F. R. Mackenzie, D. B. Cordes, A. M. Z. Slawin, I. D. W. Samuel and E. Zysman-Colman, Adv. Mater, 30, 1804231 (2018).
[17]A. Gilbert, “Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry”, Oxford, U. K. (1991).
[18]B. W. D’Andrade and S. R. Forrest, Adv. Mater., 16, 1585 (2016).
[19]D. L. Dexter, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 836 (1953).
[20]E. L. Frankevich, B. Uhlhorn, J. Shinar, Y. Ding, T. J. Barton and J. Partee, Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, 3673 (1999).
[21]S. Sinha and A. P. Monkman, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 4651 (2003).
[22]C.-J. Chiang, A. Kimyonok, M. K. Etherington, G. C. Griffiths, V. Jankus, F. Turksoy and A. P. Monkman, Adv. Funct. Mater., 23, 739 (2013).
[23]H. Uoyama, K. Goushi, K. Shizu, H. Nomura and C. Adachi, Nature, 492, 234 (2012).
[24]A. Endo, M. Ogasawara, A. Takahashi, D. Yokoyama, Y. Kato and C. Adachi, Adv. Mater., 21, 4802 (2009).
[25]P. L. dos Santos, M. K. Etherington and A. P. Monkman, J. Mater. Chem. C, 6, 4842 (2018).
[26]T. J. Penfold, F. B. Dias and A. P. Monkman, Chem. Commun., 54, 3926 (2018).
[27]S. Y. Lee, T. Yasuda, H. Nomura and C. Adachi, Appl. Phys. Lett., 101, 093306 (2012).
[28]A. Endo, K. Sato, K. Yoshimura, T. Kai, A. Kawada, H. Miyazaki and C. Adachi, Appl. Phys. Lett., 98, 083302 (2011).
[29]T. Serevicius, T. Nakagawa, M.-C. Kuo, S.-H. Cheng, K.-T. Wong, C.-H. Chang, R. C. Kwong, S. Xia and C. Adachi, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 15850 (2013).
[30]B. Huang, Z. H. Yin, X. X. Ban, W. Jiang, Y. Dai, J. Y. Zhang, Y. Y. Liu, Y. P. Yang and Y. M. Sun, Dyes Pigm., 117, 141 (2015).
[31]J.-R. Cha, C. W. Lee, J. Y. Lee and M.-S. Gong, Dyes Pigm., 134, 562 (2016).
[32]Y. Xiang, S. Gong, Y. Zhao, X. Yin, J. Luo, K. Wu, Z. Lu and C. Yang, J. Mater. Chem. C, 4, 9998 (2016).
[33]H. Tsujimoto, D.-G. Ha, G. Markopoulos, H. S. Chae, M. A. Baldo and T. M. Swager, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139, 4894 (2017).
[34]H. Tanaka, K. Shizu, H. Nakanotani and C. Adachi, Chem. Mater., 25, 3766 (2013).
[35]T.-A. Lin, T. Chatterjee, W.-L. Tsai, W.-K. Lee, M.-J. Wu, M. Jiao, K.-C. Pan, C.-L. Yi, C.-L. Chung, K.-T. Wong and C.-C. Wu, Adv. Mater., 28, 6976 (2016).
[36]R. Braveenth, H. Lee, S. Kim, K. Raagulan, S. Kim, J. H. Kwon and K. Y. Chai, J. Mater. Chem. C, 7, 7672 (2019).
[37]T. Komino, H. Nomura, T. Koyanagi and C. Adachi, Chem. Mater., 25, 3038 (2013).
[38]H.-G. Kim, K.-H. Kim, C.-K. Moon and J.-J. Kim, Adv. Opt. Mater., 5, 1600749 (2017).
[39]C. Murawski, K. Leo and M. C. Gather, Adv. Mater., 25, 6801 (2013).
[40]K. Masui, H. Nakanotani and C. Adachi, Org. Electron., 14, 2721 (2013).
[41]J. Lee, N. Aizawa, M. Numata, C. Adachi and T. Yasuda, Adv. Mater., 29, 1604856 (2017).
[42]J. Guo, X.-L. Li, H. Nie, W. Luo, R. Hu, A. Qin, Z. Zhao, S.-J. Su and B. Z. Tang, Chem. Mater., 29, 3623 (2017).
[43]J. Huang, H. Nie, J. Zeng, Z. Zhuang, S. Gan, Y. Cai, J. Guo, S.-J. Su, Z. Zhao and B. Z. Tang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 56, 12971 (2017).
[44]X.-L. Chen, J.-H. Jia, R. Yu, J.-Z. Liao, M.-X. Yang and C.-Z. Lu, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 56, 15006 (2017).
[45]Q. Zhang, S. Sun, W. Liu, P. Leng, X. Lv, Y. Wang, H. Chen, S. Ye, S. Zhuang and L. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. C, 7, 9487 (2019).
[46]Z. Cheng, Z. Li, Y. Xu, J. Liang, C. Lin, J. Wei and Y Wang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11, 28096 (2019).
[47]H. Matsushima, S. Naka, H. Okada and H. Onnagawa, Curr. Appl. Phys., 5, 305 (2005).
[48]H. Matsushima, S. Naka, H. Okada and H. Onnagawa, Curr. Appl. Phys., 5, 305 (2005).
[49]C. Cai, S.-J. Su, T. Chiba, H. Sasabe, Y.-J. Pu, K. Nakayama and J. Kido, Org. Electron., 12, 843 (2011).
[50]L. Xiao, Z. Chen, B. Qu, J. Luo, S. Kong, Q. Gong and J. Kido, Adv. Mater., 23, 926 (2011).
[51]R. J. Holmes, S. R. Forrest, Y. J. Tung, R. C. Kwong, J. J. Brown, S. Garon and M. E. Thompson, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 2422 (2003).
[52]T. Tsuboi, S.-W. Liu, M.-F. Wu and C.-T. Chen, Org. Electron., 10 , 1372 (2009).
[53]J. Zhang, D. Ding, Y. Wei and H. Xu, Chem. Sci., 7, 2870 (2016).
[54]L. Xiao, Z. Chen, B. Qu, J. Luo, S. Kong, Q. Gong and J. Kido, Adv. Mater., 23 , 926 (2011).
[55]P. M. Borsenberger, L. Pautmeier, R. Richert and H. Bässler, J. Chem. Phys., 94, 8276 (1991).
[56]S.-H. Eom, Y. Zheng, N. Chopra, J. Lee, F. So and J. Xue, Appl. Phys. Lett., 93, 133309 (2008).
[57]C.-H. Chang, C.-L. Ho, Y.-S. Chang, I.-C. Lien, C.-H. Lin, Y.-W. Yang, J.-L. Liao and Y. Chi, J. Mater. Chem. C, 1, 2639 (2013).
[58]B. Tong, H.-Y. Ku, I.-J. Chen, Y. Chi, H.-C. Kao, C.-C. Yeh, C.-H. Chang, S.-H. Liu, G.-H. Lee and P.-T. Chou, J. Mater. Chem. C, 3, 3460 (2015).
[59]S.-J. Su, T. Chiba, T. Takeda and J. Kido, Adv. Mater., 20, 2125 (2008).
[60]C.-C. Tsai, W.-C. Huang, H.-Y. Chih, Y.-C. Hsh, C.-W. Liao, C.-H. Lin, Y.-X. Kang, C.- H. Chang, Y. J. Chang and C.-W. Lu, Org. Electron., 63, 166 (2018).
[61]Y.-J. Lien, T.-C. Lin, C.-C. Yang, Y.-C. Chiang, C.-H. Chang, S.-H. Liu, Y.-T. Chen, G.-H. Lee, P.-T. Chou, C.-W. Lu and Y. Chi, ACS Appl. Mater. Interface, 9, 27090 (2017).
[62]M. Mauro, C.‐H. Yang, C.‐Y. Shin, M. Panigati, C.‐H. Chang, G. D'Alfonso and L. De Cola, Adv. Mater., 24, 2054 (2012).
[63]J.‐L. Liao, Y. Chi, Z.‐T. Sie, C.‐H. Ku, C.‐H. Chang, M. A. Fox, P. J. Low, M.‐R. Tseng and G.‐H. Lee, Inorg. Chem., 54, 10811 (2015).
[64]Z. Wu, L. Wang, G. Lei and Y. Qiu, J. Appl. Phys., 97, 103105 (2005).
[65]V. I. Adamovich, S. R. Cordero, P. I. Djurovich, A. Tamayo, M. E. Thompson, B. W. D’Andrade and S. R. Forrest, Org. Electron., 4, 77 (2003).
[66]L. Pandey and M. Van der Auweraer, J. Appl. Phys., 110, 053712 (2011).
[67]Y. Sun and S. R. Forrest , Appl. Phys. Lett., 91 , 236503 (2007).
[68]C.-H. Tseng, M. A. Fox, J.-L. Liao, C.-H. Ku, Z.-T. Sie, C.-H Chang, J.-Y. Wang, Z.-N. Chen, G.-H. Lee and Y. Chi, J. Mater. Chem. C, 5, 1420 (2017).
[69]Q. Zhang, T. Komino, S. Huang, S. Matsunami, K. Goushi and C. Adachi, Adv. Funct. Mater., 22, 2327 (2012).
[70]M. A. Baldo, C. Adachi and S. R. Forrest, Phys Rev. B, 62, 10967 (2000).
[71]C. Murawski, K. Leo and M. C. Gather, Adv. Mater., 25, 6801 (2013).
[72]C.-W. Liao, Y.-C. Hsu, C.-C. Chu, C.-H. Chang, G. Krucaite, D. Volyniuk, J. V. Grazulevicius and S. Grigalevicius, Org. Electron., 67, 279 (2019).
[73]C. H. Park, Y. S. Shim, C. H. Park, S.-G. Jung, Y. W. Park and B.-K. Ju, Opt. Mater., 86, 233 (2018).
[74]C. H. Chen, C. W. Tang, J. Shi and K. P. Klubeck, Macromol. Symp., 125, 49 (1998).
[75]V. Bulovic, A. Shoustikov, M. A. Baldo, E. Bose, V. G. Kozlov, M. E. Thompson and S. R. Forrest, Chem. Phys. Lett., 287, 455 (1998).
[76]J. Hu, X. Zhang, D. Zhang, X. Cao, T. Jiang, X. Zhang and Y. Tao, Dyes Pigm., 137, 480 (2017).
[77]C.-H. Lin, Y.-Y. Chang, J.-Y. Hung, C.-Y. Lin, Y. Chi, M.-W. Chung, C.-L. Lin, P.-T. Chou, G.-H. Lee, C.-H. Chang and W.-C. Lin, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 50, 3182 (2011).
[78]C.-H. Chang, Y.-S. Ding, P.-W. Hsieh, C.-P. Chang, W.-C. Lin and H.-H. Chang, Thin Solid Films, 519, 7992 (2011).
[79]J.-L. Liao, L. R. Devereux, M. A. Fox, C.-C. Yang, Y.-C. Chiang, C.-H. Chang, G.-H. Lee and Y. Chi, Chem. Eur. J., 24, 624 (2018).
[80]L.-Y. Hsu, D.-G. Chen, S.-H. Liu, T.-Y. Chiu, C.-H. Chang, A. K.-Y. Jen, P.-T. Chou and Y. Chi, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 12, 1084 (2020).
[81]C.-H. Chang, Z.-J. Wu, C.-H. Chiu, Y.-H. Liang, Y.-S. Tsai, J.-L. Liao, Y. Chi, H.-Y. Hsieh, T.-Y. Kuo, G.-H. Lee, G.-H. Pan, P.-T. Chou, J.-S. Lin and M.-R. Tseng, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 5, 7341 (2013).
[82]V. Adamovich, J. Brooks, A. Tamayo, A. M. Alexander, P. I. Djurovich, B. W. D’Andrade, C. Adachi, S. R. Forrest and M. E. Thompson, New J. Chem., 26, 1171 (2002).
[83]H.-C. Yeh, L.-H. Chan, W.-C. Wu, C.-T. Chen, J. Mater. Chem., 14, 1293 (2004).
[84]H.-Y. Chih, Yi.-W. Chen, Y.-C. Hsieh, W.-C. Li, C.-W. Liao, C.-H. Lin, T.-Y. Chiu, W.-W. Tsai, C.-W. Lu and C.-H. Chang, Chem. Eur. J., 25, 16699 (2019).
[85]J. Lee, N. Aizawa and T. Yasuda, Chem. Mater., 29, 8012 (2017).
[86]J. Wang, J. Peng, W. Yao, C. Jiang, C. Liu, C. Zhang, M. He, R. Liu, X. Xia and C. Yao, Org. Electron., 48, 262 (2017).
[87]L. Yu, Z. Wu, G. Xie, W. Zeng, D. Ma and C. Yang, Chem. Sci., 9, 1385 (2018).
[88]H. Liu, J. Zeng, J. Guo, H. Nie, Z. Zhao and B. Z. Tang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 57, 9290 (2018).
[89]Y. Zhao, W. Wang, C. Gui, L. Fang, X. Zhang, S. Wang, S. Chen, H. Shi and B. Z. Tang, J. Mater. Chem. C, 6, 2873 (2018).
[90]I. S. Park, K. Matsuo, N. Aizawa and T. Yasuda, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 1802031 (2018).
[91]X. Tang, Q. Bai, T. Shan, J. Li, Y. Gao, F. Liu, H. Liu, Q. Peng, B. Yang, F. Li and P. Lu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 1705813 (2018).
[92]J. Rao, C. Zhao, Y. Wang, K. Bai, S. Wang, J. Ding and L. Wang, ACS Omega, 4, 1861 (2019).
[93]Y. Xu, X. Liang, X. Zhou, P. Yuan, J. Zhou, C. Wang, B. Li, D. Hu, X. Qiao, X. Jiang, L. Liu, S.-J. Su, D. Ma and Y. Ma, Adv. Mater., 31, 1807388 (2019).
[94]M. Cai, D. Zhang and L. Duan, Chem. Rec., 19, 1611 (2018).
[95]Z. Li, Z. Cheng, J. Lin, N. Xie, C. Li, G. Yang and Y. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. C, 7, 13486 (2019).
[96]H. Sun, X. Tan, S. Sang, Q. Liu, P. Sun, J. Zhang, X.-C. Hang, F. Chen and Z.-K. Chen, Org. Electron, 78, 105610 (2020).