臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

荔枝椿象 (Tessaratoma papillosa) 自2009年入侵臺灣本島，主要危害無患子科之荔枝(Litchi chinensis)、龍眼 (Dimocarpus longan)、臺灣欒樹 (Koelreuteria henryi) 及無患子 (Sapindus mukorossi)。臺灣欒樹與無患子常作為行道路樹，栽種於道路兩旁或公園廣場等人口密集的都會區域，為都市林組成的一環，亦可能成為荔枝椿象潛在的聚集場域。荔枝椿象於都市林的發生現況應受重視，避免形成農業區防治措施下的缺口。本研究由小尺度至大尺度探討荔枝椿象於臺中市都市林的發生現況，依序以下四點分項論述：一、以半田間網室試驗，檢視荔枝椿象若蟲取食4種不同寄主的生長發育是否有差異；二、由2018年11月至2020年10月定期監測臺中市都市林臺灣欒樹及無患子上的荔枝椿象族群，進行空間分布型分析並探討寄主物候及氣象因子與族群動態之關係；三、探討交通車流擾動對荔枝椿象族群分布的影響；四、荔枝椿象成蟲於臺中市人口密集區域下的發生動態。根據本研究結果，植體營養分在不同樹種與採樣時間具有顯著交互作用，試驗顯示取食臺灣欒樹與無患子的若蟲體長較龍眼與荔枝小，且不同樹種下的齡期發育長短不一。若蟲取食可溶性蛋白質含量較低、可溶醣含量較高的寄主，發育相對較良好，樹種以荔枝、龍眼較佳，臺灣欒樹次之，無患子最差；寄主澱粉含量則對若蟲發育變化無明顯規律。研究期間荔枝椿象於臺中市都市林的空間分布皆為聚集型，族群每年於龍眼及荔枝的發生較早於臺灣欒樹及無患子，族群發生與臺灣欒樹嫩枝生長量呈顯著正相關 (rho = 0.743, p < 0.05)；無患子在花穗發育至幼果期間吸引程度逐漸增加 (rho = 0.313–0.458, p < 0.05)。氣象因子中以降雨量對族群動態有顯著關係 (R2 = 0.301, p < 0.05)。若蟲期的數量分布，明顯受環境交通擾動影響，擾動程度較高的區域若蟲數越少，反映環境擾動程度影響荔枝椿象雌成蟲產卵位置之偏好。全年度於研究區域的發生情況以南屯區、南區、大里區的發生較明顯，推測該區域的地景與植群結構較利於荔枝椿象遷移擴散；東側相鄰荔枝產區的發生狀況，則可能受該年度荔枝、龍眼的生長狀況，及慣行園防治措施之影響。綜合研究結果擬定出臺中市都市林之荔枝椿象防治建議：可著重於南屯區東側、南區及大里區等範圍進行防治，隨時序變化針對不同寄主植物有相應措施，如11–2月進行龍眼及荔枝樹冠修剪；3–6月繁殖期針對交通擾動較低的區域釋放卵寄生性天敵；採用化學防治須謹慎評估並且避開生物防治應用，可於4月中旬針對臺灣欒樹嫩梢施用政府核定之藥劑。根據本研究結果制定合適的防治策略，期望提升都市林荔枝椿象的防治效率。

The litchi stink bug (Tessaratoma papillosa) invaded the main island of Taiwan in 2009. Its hosts in Taiwan are the soap nut tree (Sapindus mukorossi), lychee (Litchi chinensis), longan (Dimocarpus longan), and the flamegold rain tree (Koelreuteria henryi), all of which belong to the Sapindaceae family. Flamegold rain and soap nut trees are used as street trees and are planted on roadsides and in parks in densely populated urban areas. They are part of the urban forest and are potential gathering sites for litchi stink bugs; therefore, these trees are important in pest control considerations and practices. This study examined the occurrence of litchi stink bugs in the urban forests of Taichung City at small and large scales. First, a semi-field experiment in a net house was conducted to investigate the growth differences of nymphs feeding on the four host plants; second, the litchi population in Taichung’s urban forest was monitored and a spatial distribution analysis was performed to understand the relationships between population dynamics, host phenology, and meteorological factors; third, the impact of traffic disturbance on the distribution of litchi stink bugs was evaluated; and fourth, the incidence of adult stink bugs in densely populated areas of Taichung City was measured. The nutrient content of the host plants was significantly influenced by the tree species and sampling time. The results showed that nymphs feeding on flamegold rain and soap nut trees were shorter than nymphs on longan and litchi trees. Litchi and longan trees were favored hosts due to their lower soluble protein content and higher soluble sugar content, followed by flamegold rain and soap nut trees; however, starch content did not significantly affect nymph development. The spatial distribution of litchi stink bugs was clumped, and they appeared earlier in the growing season on longan and lychee trees. Moreover, their occurrence was positively correlated with flamegold rain tree twig-growth (rho = 0.743, p < 0.05), and their occurrence on soap nut trees gradually increased during the flower bud to unripened-fruit stage (rho = 0.313–0.458, p < 0.05). The distribution of nymphs was affected by traffic disturbance. The number of nymphs decreased with greater traffic disturbance due to the effect of this disturbance on the egg-laying preferences of female adults of the species. The incidence of litchi stink bugs was higher in Nantun, South, and Dali districts of Taichung City. We inferred that the landscape and vegetation structures of the urban forest in these areas were more conducive to migration and spread of litchi stink bugs from adjacent lychee agricultural production areas. Migration of the bugs might also be affected by lychee and longan growth status and orchard prevention and pest control practices. This study has formulated recommendations for the control of litchi stink bugs in the urban forests of Taichung City, especially in Nantun, South, and Dali districts. Countermeasures could be taken for different host plants during seasonal transitions. For instance, trimming the crowns of longan and lychee trees in November–February could be beneficial, and releasing egg-parasites (Anastatus sp.) in areas with low disturbance in March–June could decrease bug infestation. Appropriate chemical control could be used in mid-April on the twig-growth of the flamegold rain tree, but biological control should be offset from chemical control. It is hoped that the above strategies for controlling litchi stink bugs will benefit the urban environment.

摘要 i
Abstract iii
目次 v
表目次 vii
圖目次 viii
附錄表目次 ix
附錄圖目次 x
壹、前言 1
貳、前人研究 4
一、荔枝椿象及其寄主之概述 4
(一) 分布與入侵 4
(二) 生物學特性 5
(三) 為害方式與防禦性化學物質 6
(四) 寄主植物分述 7
(五) 寄主植物之親緣關係 10
(六) 荔枝椿象之防治方法 10
二、昆蟲族群動態與空間分布 12
參、材料與方法 14
一、研究流程與架構 14
二、研究區域概述 15
三、研究樣區及材料方法 16
(一) 荔枝椿象若蟲取食4種寄主植物之生長差異試驗 16
(二) 荔枝椿象於都市林之發生動態與空間分布 20
(三) 交通車流擾動對荔枝椿象分布之影響 24
(四) 荔枝椿象於臺中市都市區臺灣欒樹之空間分布 26
肆、研究結果 28
一、荔枝椿象若蟲取食4種寄主植物下之生長差異試驗 28
(一) 存活率及齡期日長 28
(二) 寄主植體營養含量與若蟲之存活數及體長差異 29
二、荔枝椿象於都市林之空間分布 31
(一) 無患子 31
(二) 臺灣欒樹 32
三、荔枝椿象於都市林之族群動態 33
(一) 臺灣欒樹及無患子的荔枝椿象發生動態 33
(二) 寄主物候與荔枝椿象族群動態之關聯 34
(三) 氣象因子與荔枝椿象族群動態之關聯 35
(四) 車流擾動與荔枝椿象族群分布之影響 35
四、荔枝椿象於臺中市都市區環境之空間分布 37
伍、討論 38
一、荔枝椿象若蟲取食4種寄主植物下之生長差異 38
二、荔枝椿象於都市區都市林之空間分布 40
三、影響都市林上荔枝椿象族群動態之因素 42
(一) 昆蟲生命週期 42
(二) 寄主物候 42
(三) 氣象因子 43
(四) 道路車流 45
(五) 天敵寄生與捕食 46
四、荔枝椿象於臺中市都市區環境之空間分布 48
陸、結論 50
柒、引用文獻 52
捌、圖表 65
玖、附錄 83

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