臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣每年非雨季期間之民生、農業、水力與工業用水幾乎全都仰賴水庫供應，水庫水量水質是否安全與穩定，是影響社會民生與經濟發展的重要因素。水庫優養化是營養物質與沉積物長期累積，使浮游植物過量生長並導致各種民生用水水質問題的主要成因。目前水庫水質管理單位透過透明度、葉綠素、營養鹽與濁度等物化水質參數之長期、定點監測，建立指標評估多座水庫優養狀態，再篩選出時-空分佈上較具風險之水庫蓄水區域，進行深入的污染調查與擬定營養負荷削減策略。現行監測雖能提供準確的實驗室水質檢測成果，不過，花費甚多卻僅能提供低頻度、低點數、時-空分佈極為有限的資訊。
近年陸續升空執行任務之地球資源衛星，包括2013年升空的Landsat-8 (簡稱L-8)及2015年升空的Sentinel-2AB (簡稱S-2)，不僅可提供10m解析度、再訪率5-9天的高品質中尺度陸地資源研究資料，其參考水色衛星所設定之可見光、近紅外與短波紅外波段非常適合用以偵測薄雲、移除大氣干擾並解析水色。本研究利用2017-2019年非雨季期間(水質穩定期)無雲之L8及S2的影像，共有449天的影像，選用海洋水色學界常用之嚴謹大氣校正方法及水質演算法分析全台18座蓄水面積達60 ha以上民生水庫(每座水庫平均25幅)。經文獻彙整後本研究選用Dogliotti、海洋水色半解析模式與NASA的OC3遙測水質方法分別推估水庫表層濁度(TB)、沙奇盤透明度(ZSD)與葉綠素-a (Chl-a)等3項與優養相關之水質參數，並產製18座水庫水質分布圖。
本研究收集2017-2019年環保署實測水質資料，並由18座水庫水質分布影像提取可與實測值匹配之遙測水質，以實測與遙測日期差距5天內及排除遙測濁度80 FNU為準則，建立共466對遙測與實測匹配水質資料庫，匹配結果顯示TB相關性最佳(R=0.6)但均為高估，因此Dogliotti法應用於台灣水庫需乘0.3-0.5倍；海洋水色半解析ZSD模式推估值與實測值相比互有高低，但特別適用於透明度時空變異(以實測ZSD變異係數表示，CVSD)中等的13座水庫，其相關性可達0.57，若CVSD>35%或CVSD<20%則相關性變差。本研究發現Chl-a匹配相關性最差，有10座水庫的OC3遙測值較接近實測(R=0.32)，其他8座水庫誤差較大且共同特徵為TB值>3.1 FNU，顯示高濁水庫較不適合使用OC3推估Chl-a，亦驗證應用於海洋之演算法僅能適用於低TB水庫之Chl-a推估。根據匹配水質資料庫分析結果，本研究以簡線性回歸模式修正Dogliotti、海洋水色半解析模式與OC3演算法，針對不同水庫群建立修正係數，使遙測水質濃度較為接近實測水質。
本研究將修正後的三年逐幅水質分佈圖以中位數整合，分析18座台灣主要民生水庫於枯水期的「透明度與濁度」與「葉綠素」空間分佈特性，發現遙測水質呈現之空間變化遠優於點測站所計算之變異係數，小型離槽水庫之TB與ZSD空間變化較為明顯，大型在槽水庫則有較顯著的Chl-a空間變化，研判影響水庫上下游水質空間變化的重要因子有操作型態、規模或水力停留時間、水庫幾何形狀及水深。本研究提出的TB、ZSD與Chl-a空間分佈型態交互分類準則，建立藻類生長限制因子研判指標，大多數水庫分類結果顯示上游或越域引水匯入處資訊不足(因OC3在濁度高時誤判)、中游為光限制、下游為水質相對較佳處且光照為影響藻類是否能持續生長的重要條件；較為特別者為翡翠、德基、明德及阿公店水庫，其上游可能受營養鹽控制。
本研究評估海洋水色演算法推估中尺度水庫水質時空分布之適用性，提出修正方法並分析台灣18座水庫在枯水期的水質空間分佈與藻類生長限制因子，能提供「具有空間分佈特性之決策支援訊息」，協助管理機關精進水庫優養化改善策略。

Eutrophication is one of the problems of reservoirs in Taiwan. However, the traditional ship sampling for several measuring stations can not represent the water quality of the overall water reservoir. Remote sensing of water quality has the advantages of time-space distribution and has been widely used.The main purpose of this study is to analyze the applicability of remote sensing of water quality, establish correction formula through simple linear regression models for different reservoir groups, let the remote sensing of water quality close to water quality measurement.Through integrated images analyze the spatial distribution of water quality of reservoir in dry seasons and determine limiting factors of algal growth.We use images from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2. The study area is 18 water major supply reservoirs in Taiwan. The time of images are the dry season from 2017 to 2019. There are totally 449 days images, compared with the observed values of the EPA in Taiwan. The results show that, the correlation of TB is the best, all telemetry TB is greater than the actual measurement TB.When applying the algorithm, the telemetry TB need to multiply 0.3-0.5. ZSD is the second place.Chl-a has the worst correlation simultaneous show the algorithm suitable for low TB reservoirs. It is found that the spatial distribution of the remote sensing of water quality is superior to the variation calculated by the point measurement station. Most of the upstream reservoirs misjudged when the turbidity is high due to the algorithm, the middle reaches are limited by light, the downstream water quality is relatively good, and light is an important condition that affects the growth of algae.

摘要 I
致謝 VI
目錄 VIII
表目錄 XI
圖目錄 XIII
第 1 章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 論文架構 2
第 2 章 文獻回顧 4
2.1 衛星影像遙測水庫水質技術 4
2.1.1 衛星遙測水質原理 4
2.1.2 遙測監測與傳統船採監測水庫水質的優缺點 5
2.2 水庫優養化的原因 6
2.2.1 水庫的藻類生長限制因子 6
2.2.2 水庫周圍的可能人為影響 8
2.3 台灣水庫水質監測與水質指標 9
2.3.1 台灣水庫水質監測現況與水庫優養化指標 9
2.3.2 遙測應用於台灣水庫水質監測 12
2.4 水庫水質測繪圖之分析與應用 15
第 3 章 研究材料與方法 17
3.1 研究區域 17
3.2 中尺度地球資源衛星 23
3.2.1 Landsat8衛星 23
3.2.2 Sentinel2衛星 27
3.2.3 衛星影像資料取得 29
3.3 衛星影像處理 36
3.3.1 大氣校正方法 36
3.3.2 水庫的衛星影像資料庫建立 41
3.3.3 水質演算法與水色產品 45
3.3.4 水庫水質分布圖之製作 51
3.3.5 地真資料之收集 53
3.3.6 影像水質之提取 56
第 4 章 結果與討論 59
4.1 建立地真與遙測水質匹配資料庫 59
4.1.1 環保署的實測水質枯水期數據統計分析 59
4.1.2 影像水質篩選與水質匹配資料庫建立 64
4.2 遙測水質產品的驗證與修正 74
4.2.1 遙測水質與實測水質之比較 74
4.2.1.1 18個水庫分析 74
4.2.1.2 各別水質分析 93
4.2.2 建立適用於台灣水庫之遙測水質產品修正公式與誤差分析 99
4.2.2.1 修正公式 99
4.2.2.2 誤差分析 104
4.3 台灣水庫枯水期水質空間分佈特性之討論 107
4.3.1 多期水質分佈圖整合 107
4.3.2 藻類生長限制因子研判指標 109
4.3.3 水質空間分佈特性之討論 111
4.3.4 空間分布結論 156
第 5 章 結論與建議 165
5.1 結論 165
5.2 建議 168
第 6 章 參考文獻 169
附錄 177
附錄一 下載衛星影像的日期 177
附錄二 衛星影像資料庫 179
附錄三 實測原始數據統計分析 195
附錄四 遙測原始數據統計分析 198
附錄五 水質匹配資料庫 201
附錄六 盒鬚圖與統計分析 214

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