臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣農藥的用量逐年增加，政府提出政策改善效果不彰，而除草劑占農藥使用量的一半以上，若需減少農藥用量，先從化學除草劑的減量，以及開發除草劑的替代物最具效益。本研究藉由探討荔枝枝條水萃液(LCBW)及荔枝葉水萃液(LCLW)對雜草的防治效果，期許能對天然植物源除草劑的開發盡一份心力。實驗利用LCBW及LCLW對百慕達草及馬蹄金種子進行發芽檢定，並使用LCLW澆灌於野外採集土壤測試對雜草生長的影響，用DPPH試驗及總多酚試驗粗估有效成分，最終用MTT試驗測試細胞毒性。實驗結果顯示，荔枝葉除草效果比枝條佳，且LCLW濃度200 mg/mL時，對種子發芽抑制率馬蹄金為50.2 ± 7.2 %、百慕達草為52.4 ± 12.3 %，雖然對土中的雜草不能抑制種子發芽，但可以抑制生長。LCLW 對於DPPH自由基清除率IC50為2.5 mg/mL，總多酚含量相較於其他含相剋物質的植物多，且對細胞毒性相較於現有化學除草劑低。因此，LCLW具有開發成天然植物源除草劑的潛力，但同時也須克服現有化學除草劑競爭所處的劣勢。

The use of herbicides in Taiwan has been increasing year by year, and the government's improvement policy is not obvious, and herbicides account for more than half of the use of pesticides. If the use of pesticides needs to be reduced, it is the most beneficial to reduce the amount of chemical herbicides and develop alternatives to herbicides. This study explores weed growth inhibition of water extracts from the branches and leaves of Litchi chinensis (LCBW and LCLW), and hopes to contribute to the development of natural plant-derived herbicides. LCBW and LCLW are used to inhibit the germination of Cynodon dactylon and Dichoondra micrantha Urb., and LCLW irrigates the soil collected in the field to test the effect on the growth of weeds. The antioxidant DPPH assay and total polyphenol test are used to roughly estimate the active ingredients, and finally the MTT assay is used to test the cytotoxicity. The results show that weed growth inhibition of leaves is better than branches, and when the LCLW concentration is 200 mg/mL, the germination inhibition rate of Dichoondra micrantha Urb. is 50.2 ± 7.2%, and Cynodon dactylon is 52.4 ± 12.3%. LCLW cannot inhibit weed germination, but it can inhibit its growth. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate IC50 is 2.5 mg/mL. The total phenolic content is higher than other plants containing allelochemicals, and its cytotoxicity is lower than that of existing chemical herbicides. Therefore, LCLW has the potential to be developed into a natural plant-derived herbicide, but at the same time it must overcome the disadvantages of competition with existing chemical herbicides.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝辭 IV
縮寫表 V
目次 VI
表目次 IX
圖目次 X
第一章 前言 1
第二章 前人研究 3
2.1 雜草的介紹 3
2.2 除草劑的介紹 4
2.3 植物相剋作用 7
2.4 植物相剋物質 9
2.5 植物相剋物質萃取方法 10
2.6 抑制雜草實驗方法 11
2.7 荔枝基本資料 12
2.8 研究目的 14
第三章 研究方法與材料 17
3.1 材料來源 17
3.2 製備萃取液 17
3.3 種子發芽生物測定 17
3.4 土壤發芽法 18
3.5 抗氧化活性分析DPPH試驗 18
3.6 總多酚含量測試 19
3.7 細胞存活率MTT試驗 21
3.8 統計分析 22
第四章 結果 23
4.1 種子發芽生物測定 23
4.2 土壤發芽法 26
4.3 抗氧化活性分析：DPPH試驗 28
4.4 總多酚含量試驗 28
4.5 細胞存活率MTT試驗 29
第五章 討論 30
5.1 種子發芽生物測定 30
5.2 土壤發芽法 33
5.3 抗氧化活性分析：DPPH試驗 34
5.4 總多酚含量試驗 35
5.5 細胞存活率MTT 試驗 37
第六章 結論 39
參考文獻 40
表 51
圖 59
附錄 69

方信秀, 張哲瑋, & 張仁育. (2014). 荔枝品種介紹. In 臺灣熱帶果樹栽培品種專輯: 農業試驗所鳳山分所.
行政院農業委員會. (2020). 農業統計年報（108年）. Retrieved from https://pesticide.baphiq.gov.tw/web/file/opendata/108%e5%b9%b4%e8%be%b2%e8%97%a5%e7%94%a2%e9%8a%b7%e9%87%8f%e5%80%bc.pdf
行政院農業委員會動植物防疫檢疫局. (2003). 植物保護圖鑑系列8水稻保護. Retrieved from https://www.baphiq.gov.tw/Publish/plant_protect_pic_8/rice_index.html
行政院農業委員會動植物防疫檢疫局. (2004). 植物保護圖鑑系列14蓮霧保護. Retrieved from https://www.baphiq.gov.tw/Publish/plant_protect_pic_14/t2_index-1.html
行政院農業委員會動植物防疫檢疫局. (2006). 植物保護圖鑑系列16荔枝保護. Retrieved from https://www.baphiq.gov.tw/publish/plant_protect_pic_16/sweet_index.html
行政院農業委員會動植物防疫檢疫局植物防疫組. (2020). 108年農藥產銷量值. Retrieved from https://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/book/Book.aspx
吳建儒. (2015). 不同逆境處理對木麻黃種子發芽及苗木生長之影響. (碩士論文). 國立嘉義大學, Retrieved from http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0001020098%22.
李光義, 宋玉梅, 張桂花, & 李勤奮. (2009). 假臭草對南方幾種常見雜草化感作用的盆栽試驗研究. 中國農學通報, 25(5), 250-253. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.lib.ncyu.edu.tw/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edscoj&AN=edscoj.zgnxtb200905053&lang=zh-tw&site=eds-live&scope=site
李靜茹. (2007). 柚木相剋作用之生物檢定及其對台灣柚木人工林植群之影響. (碩士論文). 國立嘉義大學, Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/a5d83e
沈馨仙, 郭旻奇, 張思平, 鍾佳玲, & 楊榮季. (2010). 抗氧化劑及常見之抗氧化活性評估方法. 藥學雜誌, 26(2), 132-137. Retrieved from https://www.taiwan-pharma.org.tw/magazine/103/132-137.pdf
亞合美生技股份有限公司. Retrieved from https://www.asusaco.com.tw/product-detail-2304559.html
洪昆源, & 潘富俊. (2006). 森林下層植物之相剋作用與生物量關係及其在林業上之應用. 台灣林業, 32(3), 64-67. Retrieved from https://tpl.ncl.edu.tw//NclService/JournalContentDetail?SysId=A06069799
洪晨書. (2012). 柳杉樹皮乙醇萃取物抑制雜草生長機制之研究 (碩士論文). 國立中興大學, Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/wh92c4
洪淑玲. (2013). 深色蔬果抗氧化能力之探討. (碩士論文). 朝陽科技大學, Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/69fb26
宮鳳秋, 焦爽, 胡力, 張金玲, 苟玉冰, 王藝萌, & 李詩暢. (2020). 荔枝不同部位的化学成分研究. 現代鹽化工 47(1), 30-31. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-880X.2020.01.014
徐玲明, & 蔣慕琰. (1997). 本省的雜草與除草劑介紹. Retrieved from https://kmweb.coa.gov.tw/files/document/13009/18877d5b7691e65724115c2cbc7bfa08_v2.pdf
徐玲明, & 蔣慕琰. (2019). 台灣常見雜草圖鑑. 台灣: 貓頭鷹.
袁秋英. (2016). 植物相剋化合物於雜草管理之應用. 藥毒所專題報導(121), 1. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.lib.ncyu.edu.tw/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsarl&AN=edsarl.10179569.201604.201604260027.201604260027.1.19&lang=zh-tw&site=eds-live&scope=site
袁秋英. (2019). 壬酸除草製劑特性介紹. 藥毒所簡訊, 74. Retrieved from https://www.tactri.gov.tw/Item/Detail/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%A5_74_
高雄區農業改良場. (2015). 農友常使用巴拉刈作為紅豆落葉劑，不知是否有食用安全上的疑慮？. Retrieved from https://www.coa.gov.tw/faq/faq_view.php?id=142
張哲瑋, & 張仁育. (2017). 荔枝產業結構的調整與產期調節研究. 台中區農業改良場特刊 134 號.
張嘉辰. (2013). 荔枝葉之三烯生育醇天然物及其他相生相剋物質研究. (碩士論文). 中國醫藥大學, Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/zp527b
張蕙芬. (2019). 菜市場水果圖鑑 (Vol. 31A): 天下文化
郭華仁. (2004). 種子生態與雜草管理. 中華民國雜草學會會刊, 25(2), 53-68.
陳任芳. (2012). 植物免疫性的應用. 花蓮區農業專訊, 82. Retrieved from https://www.hdares.gov.tw/upload/hdares/files/web_structure/3467/mag82-1.pdf
黃文達. (2015). 有機栽培之雜草管理. Retrieved from https://wendar.wixsite.com/weedecologyfunction/untitled-c229y
黃紹軍. (2005). 荔枝葉化學成分的研究. (碩士論文). 廣西師範大學, Retrieved from https://d-wanfangdata-com-cn.ezproxy.lib.ncyu.edu.tw/thesis/Y785008#
農業藥物毒物試驗所. (2019). 嘉磷塞 (Glyphosate)農藥暴露風險評估報告. Retrieved from https://pesticide.baphiq.gov.tw/web/file/opendata/%E5%98%89%E7%A3%B7%E5%A1%9E(Glyphosate,_108%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E5%86%8D%E8%A9%95%E4%BC%B0).pdf
農藥標示管理辦法第十二條, (2019).
蔣永正. (2011). 除草劑毒性及環境安全性. 中華民國雜草會刊, 32, 117-131.
蔣永正, & 蔣慕琰. (2008). 常用除草劑之特性與應用. In 作物診斷與農藥安使用技術手冊 (pp. 205-226).
黎凱允. (2012). 臺灣赤桉剋他現象之研究. (碩士論文). 國立中興大學, Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/nwp9f8
顏立興. (2010). 荔枝植物之相生相剋作用潛能. (碩士論文). 中國醫藥大學, Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/txramg
嚴振賓. (2006). 無患子木材及果實萃取物之抗菌活性與植物相剋作用 (碩士論文). 國立中興大學, Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/sb38pk
蘇玉和. (2008). 荔枝之植物相剋作用潛能. (碩士論文). 國立屏東科技大學, Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/yuvyva
蘇芳民. (2015). 比較無溶劑微波萃取法與水蒸餾萃取法萃取之黑葉荔枝葉精油的成分及生物活性. (碩士論文). 嘉南藥理大學, Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/dusud8
Abd-ElGawad, A. M., Elshamy, A. I., Al-Rowaily, S. L., & El-Amier, Y. A. (2019). Habitat Affects the Chemical Profile, Allelopathy, and Antioxidant Properties of Essential Oils and Phenolic Enriched Extracts of the Invasive Plant Heliotropium Curassavicum. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 8(11), 482. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8110482
Abdel-Farid, I. B., Massoud, M. S., Al-Enazy, Y., Abdel Latef, A. A. H., Jahangir, M., Gomaa, N. H., Chaves Lobón, N., Alías Gallego, J. C., & Rodrigo, S. (2021). Allelopathic Potential of Haloxylon persicum against Wheat and Black Mustard with Special Reference to Its Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity. Agronomy, 11(2), 244. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020244
Barthelmebs, L., Romdhane, S., Devers-Lamrani, M., Calvayrac, C., Dayan, F., Bertrand, C., Cooper, J., Bonnemoy, F., Batisson, I., & Martin-Laurent, F. (2016). Environmental Fate and Ecotoxicological Impact of Leptospermone a Natural β-triketone Herbicide in Soils. Paper presented at the 26. Annual Meeting SETAC Europe, Nantes, France. https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02797000
Casimiro, G. S., Mansur, E., Pacheco, G., Garcia, R., Leal, I. C. R., & Simas, N. K. (2017). Allelopathic Activity of Extracts from Different Brazilian Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Weed Plants. The Scientific World Journal, 2017, 2796983. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2796983
Choe, E., & Min, D. B. (2009). Mechanisms of antioxidants in the oxidation of foods. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, 8(4), 345-358.
Chung, I., Park, S., Thiruvengadam, M., Lee, J., Kim, S., & Rajakumar, G. (2018). Review of the Biotechnological Applications of Rice Allelopathy in Agricultural Production. Weed Biology & Management, 18(2), 63-74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/wbm.12145
Chung, Ill‐Ming, & Miller, Darrell A. (1995). Natural herbicide potential of alfalfa residue on selected weed species. Agronomy Journal, 87(5), 920-925.
Cree, Ian A. Editor, Meerloo, Johan van, Kaspers, Gertjan J. L., & Cloos, Jacqueline. (2011). Cell Sensitivity Assays: The MTT Assay. In (pp. 237). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Dai, J., & Mumper, R. J. (2010). Plant Phenolics: Extraction, Analysis and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties. Molecules, 15(10), 7313-7352. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15107313
Dumas, E., Giraudo, M., Goujon, E., Halma, M., Knhili, E., Stauffert, M., Batisson, I., Besse-Hoggan, P., Bohatier, J., Bouchard, P., Celle-Jeanton, H., Costa Gomes, M., Delbac, F., Forano, C., Goupil, P., Guix, N., Husson, P., Ledoigt, G., Mallet, C., Mousty, C., Prévot, V., Richard, C., & Sarraute, S. (2017). Fate and Ecotoxicological Impact of New Generation Herbicides from the Triketone Family: An Overview to Assess the Environmental Risks. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 325, 136-156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.059
Farooq, M., Khan, I., Nawaz, A., Cheema, M. A., & Siddique, K. H. M. (2020). Using Sorghum to Suppress Weeds in Autumn Planted Maize. Crop Protection, 133, 105162. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105162
Folin, O., & Denis, W. (1915). A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Phenols (and Phenol Derivatives) in Urine. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 22(2), 305-308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)87648-7
Fumagalli, P., Andolfi, A., Avolio, F., Boari, A., Cimmino, A., & Finizio, A. (2013). Ecotoxicological Characterisation of a Mycoherbicide Mixture Isolated from the Fungus Ascochyta caulina. Pest Manag Sci, 69(7), 850-856. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3447
Gulzar, A., Siddiqui, M. B., & Bi, S. (2016). Phenolic Acid Allelochemicals Induced Morphological, Ultrastructural, and Cytological Modification on Cassia sophera L. and Allium cepa L. Protoplasma: An International Journal of Cell Biology, 253(5), 1211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0862-x
Heisey, R. M. (1990). Evidence for Allelopathy by Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima). J Chem Ecol, 16(6), 2039-2055. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01020515
Heisey, R. M. (1996). Identification of an Allelopathic Compound from Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) and. American Journal of Botany, 83(2), 192. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2445938
Iqbal, N., Khaliq, A., & Cheema, Z. A. (2020). Weed Control through Allelopathic Crop Water Extracts and S-metolachlor in Cotton. Information Processing in Agriculture, 7(1), 165-172. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2019.03.006
Lattanzio, V. (2013). Phenolic Compounds: Introduction. Nat. Prod, 1543-1580. doi:http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_57
Li, Q. K., Liu, P., Tang, Z. H., Zhao, H. J., Wang, J. T., Song, X. Z., Yang, L., & Wan, S. B. (2016). Effects of Two Phenolic Acids on Root Zone Soil Nutrients, Soil Enzyme Activities and Pod Yield of Peanut. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 27(4), 1189-1195. doi:http://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.201604.039
Li, Z. H., Wang, Q., Ruan, X., Pan, C. D., & Jiang, D. A. (2010). Phenolics and Plant Allelopathy. Molecules, 15(12), 8933-8952. doi:http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15128933
Mecina, G. F., Santos, V. H. M., Dokkedal, A. L., Saldanha, L. L., Silva, L. P., & Silva, R. M. G. (2014). Phytotoxicity of Extracts and Fractions of Ouratea spectabilis (Mart. ex Engl.) Engl. (Ochnaceae). South African Journal of Botany, 95, 174-180. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.10.002
Mushtaq, W., Siddiqui, M. B., & Hakeem, K. R. (2020). Allelopathy. Potential for Green Agriculture [eBook]SpringerBriefs in agriculture. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40807-7
Oueslati, O., Ben-Hammouda, M., Ghorbal, M. H., Guezzah, M., & Kremer, R. J. (2005). Barley Autotoxicity as Influenced by Varietal and Seasonal Variation. Journal of Agronomy & Crop Science, 191(4), 249-254. doi:http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2005.00156.x
Quastel, J. H. (1950). 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) as a Selective Herbicide. In AGRICULTURAL CONTROL CHEMICALS (Vol. 1, pp. 244-249): AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY.
Quy, T. N., Xuan, T. D., Andriana, Y., Tran, H. D., Khanh, T. D., & Teschke, R. (2019). Cordycepin Isolated from Cordyceps militaris: Its Newly Discovered Herbicidal Property and Potential Plant-Based Novel Alternative to Glyphosate. Molecules, 24(16). doi:http://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162901
Rice-Evans, C. A., Miller, N. J., Bolwell, P. G., Bramley, P. M., & Pridham, J. B. (1995). The Relative Antioxidant Activities of Plant-drived Polyphenolic Flavonoids. Free radical research, 22(4), 375-383. doi:http://doi.org/10.3109/10715769509145649
Sodaeizadeh, H., Rafieiolhossaini, M., & Van Damme, P. (2010). Herbicidal Activity of a Medicinal Plant, Peganum harmala L., and Decomposition Dynamics of its Phytotoxins in the Soil. Industrial Crops & Products, 31(2), 385-394. doi:http://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.12.006
Stockert, J. C., Horobin, R. W., Colombo, L. L., & Blázquez-Castro, A. (2018). Tetrazolium salts and formazan products in Cell Biology: Viability assessment, fluorescence imaging, and labeling perspectives. Acta Histochemica, 120(3), 159-167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2018.02.005
Weston, L. A., & Mathesius, U. (2013). Flavonoids: Their Structure, Biosynthesis and Role in the Rhizosphere, Including Allelopathy. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 39(2), 283. doi:http://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-013-0248-5
Wu, J., Ma, J. J., Liu, B., Huang, L., Sang, X. Q., & Zhou, L. J. (2017). Herbicidal Spectrum, Absorption and Transportation, and Physiological effect on Bidens pilosa of the Natural Alkaloid Berberine. J Agric Food Chem, 65(30), 6100-6113. doi:http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01259