臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

有機氯化合物 (Organochloride) 因其結構的不同有許多的異構物，包括戴奧辛 (Dioxin) 類的2,3,7,8,-TCDD及多氯聯苯 (polychlorinated biphenyl, PCBs) 等，為穩定親脂性的化合物，並具有生物累積及放大的作用，過量蓄積將負面影響動物之生長、代謝與生殖。因此，本研究以豬卵母細胞作為試驗材料，將探討不同濃度之PCB 126及相同毒性當量 (Toxic Equivalency Quantity, TEQ) 條件之PCB 126 (250 ng/mL) 與TCDD (25 ng/mL) 在體外成熟 (in vitro maturation, IVM) 及體外培養 (in vitro culture, IVC) 階段添加對孤雌激活豬胚發育能力及其相關基因表現量之影響。在不同PCB 126濃度之探討結果顯示，於IVM階段添加之PCB 126濃度低於500 ng/mL時均不影響 (P > 0.05) 豬卵母細胞之成熟率 (65.7-74.7%)，但250 ng/mL PCB 126組之囊胚率 (17.1%) 顯著 (P < 0.05) 低於陰性對照組 (29.1%)。在IVC全階段 (培養7天) 添加25-500 ng/mL PCB 126，其孤雌激活豬胚之囊胚率 (16.2-27.2%) 均顯著 (P < 0.05) 低於陽性 (49.3%) 與陰性對照組 (52.2%)。在比較相同TEQ條件之PCB 126 與TCDD之結果顯示，於IVM階段添加PCB 126及TCDD均顯著 (P < 0.05) 降低豬卵母細胞之成熟率及其囊胚率；於在IVC全階段添加相同TEQ之PCB 126 (28.1%) 與TCDD (25.4%)，其孤雌激活豬胚之囊胚率於2處理組別間無顯著 (P > 0.05) 差異，但均顯著 (P < 0.05) 低於陽性對照組 (53.1%)。在IVC階段不同培養時距之探討結果顯示，於胚早期發育階段 (培養開始之前2天) 添加PCB 126 (PCB 126-1-2組，43.0%) 及TCDD (TCDD-1-2組，39.6%) 之囊胚率均分別與胚中期發育階段 (培養開始之第3-4天) 添加PCB 126 (PCB 126-3-4組，43.3%) 及TCDD (TCDD-3-4組，36.5%) 間無顯著 (P > 0.05) 差異。有關在IVM及IVC階段添加PCB 126之基因表現結果顯示，在IVM階段添加PCB 126不致影響 (P > 0.05) 所培養卵丘細胞之Ahr及其卵母細胞之Ahr及Cyp1a1基因相對表現量，但卵丘細胞之Cyp1a1基因相對表現量則顯著 (P < 0.05) 增加。在IVC階段，添加PCB 126組孤雌激活豬胚之Ahr及Cyp1a1基因相對表現量於不同胚期間無顯著差異 (P > 0.05) 。而IVC階段添加PCB 126之相同胚期不同處理組別間Zar1、Npm2及Dppa3等基因之相對表現量均無顯著差異 (P > 0.05)，Nanog、Sox、Bcl2l1等基因之相對表現量及Bcl2l1/Bax比值在PCB 126之NC組 (陰性對照組，Negative control, NC組) 與IVC處理PCB 126組之孤雌激活豬囊胚間均無顯著 (P > 0.05) 差異；但IVC處理PCB 126組孤雌激活豬囊胚之Bax基因相對表現量則顯著高於PCB 126之NC組囊胚。有關在IVM及IVC階段添加TCDD之基因表現結果顯示，在IVM階段添加TCDD (TCDD組) 不致影響 (P > 0.05) 所培養卵丘細胞之Ahr及Cyp1a1基因之相對表現量；但於卵母細胞中添加TCDD其Ahr基因相對表現量顯著 (P < 0.05) 降低，而Cyp1a1基因相對表現量則顯著 (P < 0.05) 增加。在IVC階段，添加TCDD組孤雌激活囊胚之Cyp1a1基因相對表現量顯著 (P < 0.05) 高於TCDD之NC組囊胚。相同胚期孤雌激活豬胚之Zar1、Npm2及Dppa3基因均具有相近 (P > 0.05) 之相對表現量，而孤雌激活豬胚經PCB 126或TCDD培養7天後Nanog基因相對表現量，雖與對照組間無顯著差異，但PCB 126或TCDD添加組則均具有較低之Sox2基因相對表現量。綜合之結果說明，在IVM階段添加PCB 126會顯著提高卵丘細胞Cyp1a1基因相對表現量；添加TCDD則顯著提高卵母細胞Cyp1a1基因相對表現量，進而降低豬卵母細胞之囊胚率；而孤雌激活豬胚在IVC階段添加PCB126及TCDD則導致囊胚之Sox2基因表現降低，因此具有較低之囊胚發育率。

Organochloride has many isomers due to its structure, including dioxin 2,3,7,8,-TCDD and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)...etc. They are stable lipophilic compounds and with bioaccumulations. The excessive accumulations of these compounds negatively affect growth, metabolism and reproduction of animals. Therefore, this study used porcine oocytes to explore the effects of different levels of PCB 126 and in same toxic equivalency quantity (TEQ) conditions of PCB 126 (250 ng/mL) and TCDD (25 ng/mL) on in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro culture (IVC) phases; moreover, to define their toxicities on the development and genes expressions of parthenogenetic porcine embryos. Treatments of different PCB 126 concentrations (25-500 ng/mL ) showed that only 250 ng/mL PCB 126 decreased blastocyst rates (22.1%), but the other concentrations did not affect the oocytes maturation rates (65.7-74.7%) during IVM, but the blastocyst rates of 250 ng/mL of PCB 126 (17.1%) were significantly lower than the negative control (NC) group (29.1%) (P<0.05). After adding 25-500 ng/mL PCB 126 during IVC, the blastocyst rates of PCB 126-treated parthenogenetic embryos (16.2-27.2%) were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the positive control (49.3%) and the negative control (52.2%). Under the same TEQ conditions, oocyte maturation rates and blastocyst rates were both significantly decreased by PCB 126 and TCDD in the IVM stage (P<0.05). By adding the same TEQ of PCB 126 (28.1%) and TCDD (25.4%) during IVC, the blastocyst rate of parthenogenetic embryos was not changed between two groups (P>0.05), however, the blastocyst rates were both significantly (P<0.05) lower than positive control group (53.1%). Different culture time intervals in IVC stage demonstrated that adding PCB 126 (PCB 126-1-2 group, 43.0%)/ TCDD (TCDD-1-2 group, 39.6%) at early embryonic development (2 days before culture), or with PCB 126 (PCB 126-3-4 group, 43.3%)/ TCDD (TCDD-3-4 group, 36.5%) at mid-embryo development (day 3-4 from the start of culture), there were no significantly (P> 0.05) difference in blastocyst rates. The addition of PCB 126 in IVM did not affect (P>0.05) expression levels of Ahr in cultured cumulus cells, or Cyp1a1 in oocytes, but Cyp1a1 expressions in cumulus cells were significantly increased (P<0.05). In IVC, Ahr and Cyp1a1 expressions in the PCB 126-treated parthenogenetic embryos were not affected during different embryonic periods (P>0.05). During IVC, the relative expressions of Zar1, Npm2 and Dppa3 in the PCB 126-treated parthenogenetic embryos were not affected (P>0.05). And relative expression levels of Nanog, Sox2, Bcl2l1 and Bcl2l1/Bax ratio were no significant difference (P>0.05) between the parthenogenetic blastocysts of IVC-treated PCB 126-treated and NC group (negative control) (P>0.05); but the Bax expressions in IVC-treated PCB 126 of parthenogenetic blastocysts were significantly higher than PCB 126 NC group. The TCDD addition in the IVM did not affect (P>0.05) the relative expression levels of Ahr and Cyp1a1 in the cultured cumulus cells; but the Ahr expressions in oocytes were significantly reduced (P<0.05) by TCDD, while Cyp1a1 expressions were significantly increased (P<0.05). At the IVC, Cyp1a1 expressions in TCDD treated-parthenogenetic blastocysts group were significantly (P<0.05) higher than TCDD NC group. With TCDD addition at the IVC, levels of Zar1, Npm2 and Dppa3 in parthenogenetically activated embryos at same embryonic stages all shared similar expression patterns (P>0.05). However, the relative expression level of Nanog of parthenogenetic blastocysts cultured with PCB 126 or TCDD for 7 days was not significantly different from that of the control group, but the Sox2 expression levels were significantly (P<0.05) lower in PCB 126 and TCDD. The results showed that the addition of PCB 126 in the IVM significantly increased Cyp1a1 expressions in cumulus cells; the addition of TCDD also significantly enhanced Cyp1a1 expressions in oocytes, thereby reducing the blastocyst rate of porcine oocytes after activation. On porcine parthenogenetic embryos at the IVC, the additions of PCB 126 and TCDD leaded to a major decrease of the Sox2 expressions in blastocysts, therefore, the lower blastocyst development rates were observed at the end of IVC.

目 錄
中文摘要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 VI
目 錄 VII
圖目錄 IX
表目錄 XI
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻回顧 3
一、戴奧辛與多氯聯苯之產生 3
二、戴奧辛與多氯聯苯化學架構及特性 3
三、毒性當量計算 7
四、戴奧辛之毒理作用 9
五、戴奧辛對卵丘細胞及卵母細胞之影響 11
(一) 卵丘細胞在卵母細胞成熟之作用 11
(二) 戴奧辛對卵丘細胞之影響 11
(三) 戴奧辛對卵母細胞成熟之影響 12
六、戴奧辛對胚發育能力之影響 12
(一) 胚發育之調控 12
(二) 戴奧辛對胚發育能力之影響 14
參、試驗研究 16
一、材料方法 16
(一) 豬卵丘卵母細胞複合體之收集 16
(二) 豬卵母細胞之體外成熟培養 (in vitro maturation, IVM) 17
(三) 豬卵母細胞之孤雌激活 (Parthenogenetic activation) 19
(四) 孤雌激活豬胚之體外培養 (in vitro culture, IVC) 20
(五) 豬孤雌激活囊胚之細胞計數 22
(六) PCB 126試驗之卵丘、卵母細胞及不同細胞期胚之基因表現量分析 23
(七) TCDD試驗卵丘、卵母細胞及不同細胞期胚之表現量分析 25
(八) 基因表現量計算 27
(九) 試驗設計 27
(十) 統計分析 34
二、結果 38
三、討論 70
肆、結論 75
伍、參考文獻 76
陸、作者簡介 89
 
圖目錄
圖 1 PCDDs、PCDFs和PCB之結構。 6
圖 2 戴奧辛毒理作用機制。 10
圖 3 體外成熟階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126對卵丘細胞Ahr (A) 及Cyp1a1 (B) 基因表現之影響。 50
圖 4 體外成熟階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126對卵母細胞Ahr (A) 及Cyp1a1 (B) 基因表現之影響。 51
圖 5 體外培養階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126對孤雌激活豬不同細胞期Ahr基因表現之影響。 52
圖6 體外培養階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126對孤雌激活豬不同細胞期Cyp1a1基因表現之影響。 53
圖 7 體外培養階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126對孤雌激活豬不同細胞期Zar1基因表現之影響。 54
圖 8 體外培養階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126對孤雌激活豬不同細胞期Npm2基因表現之影響。 55
圖 9 體外培養階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126對孤雌激活豬不同細胞期Dppa3基因表現之影響。 56
圖 10 體外培養階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126對孤雌激活囊胚 Nanog (A)及Sox2 (B)基因表現之影響。 57
圖 11體外培養階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126對孤雌激活囊胚Bax (A)、Bcl2l1 (B)及Bcl2l1/Bax (C) 基因表現之影響。 58
圖 12 體外成熟階段添加25 ng/mL TCDD對卵丘細胞Ahr (A) 及CYP1A1 (B) 基因表現之影響。 61
圖 13 體外成熟階段添加25 ng/mL TCDD對卵母細胞Ahr (A) 及CYP1A1 (B) 基因表現之影響。 62
圖 14 體外培養階段添加25 ng/mL TCDD對孤雌激活豬不同細胞期Ahr基因表現之影響。 63
圖15 體外培養階段添加25 ng/mL TCDD對孤雌激活豬不同細胞期Cyp1a1基因表現之影響。 64
圖 16 體外培養階段添加25 ng/mL TCDD對孤雌激活豬不同細胞期Zar1基因表現之影響。 65
圖 17 體外培養階段添加25 ng/mL TCDD對孤雌激活豬不同細胞期Npm2基因表現之影響。 66
圖 18 體外培養階段添加25 ng/mL TCDD對孤雌激活豬不同細胞期Dppa3基因表現之影響。 67
圖 19 體外培養階段添加25 ng/mL TCDD對孤雌激活豬囊胚之Nanog (A) 及Sox2 (B) 基因表現之影響。 68
圖20 體外培養階段添加25 ng/mL TCDD對孤雌激活豬囊胚之Bax (A)、Bcl2 (B)及Bcl2/Bax (C) 基因表現之影響。 69

 
表目錄
表 1 戴奧辛異構物種類及數量 5
表 2 世界衛生組織所訂戴奧辛及戴奧辛類多氯聯苯毒性當量因子 8
表 3 不同動物於體外培養之阻滯期 15
表 4 豬胚體外培養液 (PZM-3) 成分表 35
表 5 PCB 126即時定量聚合酶連鎖反應所使用之引子對序列 36
表 6 TCDD即時定量聚合酶連鎖反應所使用之引子對序列 37
表 7 體外成熟階段添加不同濃度之PCB 126對孤雌激活豬胚後續發育能力之影響 39
表 8 體外培養階段添加不同濃度之PCB 126對孤雌激活豬胚後續發育能力之影響 40
表 9 體外成熟階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126及25 ng/mL TCDD對孤雌激活豬胚後續發育能力之影響 44
表 10 體外培養前2天階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126及25 ng/mL TCDD對孤雌激活豬胚後續發育能力之影響 45
表 11體外培養不同階段添加250 ng/mL PCB 126及25 ng/mL TCDD對孤雌激活豬胚後續發育能力之影響 46

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