臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於塑膠成本低、質量輕且具有生物惰性，被廣泛應用於一次性之包裝材料，但在塑膠為生活帶來便利的同時亦產生了塑膠微粒環境污染問題，而環境中的塑膠微粒會吸附重金屬，並進入食物鏈進而對人體健康造成負面影響。近年來，生物可分解塑膠被認為是塑膠污染之解決方案，其產量逐年增加，但許多生物可分解塑膠只能在特定環境下被分解，因此，生物可分解塑膠微粒污染亦會對環境造成負面影響。
本研究以「聚乙烯(Polyethylene, PE)」和「聚乳酸(Polylactide, PLA)」分別代表非生物分解和生物可分解塑膠微粒，進行鉛、銅、鋅和鎳之吸附研究。結果顯示，聚乳酸塑膠微粒「具有含氧官能基」、「較高的比表面積」和「較低的結晶度」，使聚乳酸塑膠微粒對重金屬的吸附量皆高於聚乙烯塑膠微粒，且重金屬吸附量大小為鉛 > 銅 > 鋅 > 鎳。除了鎳以外，塑膠微粒對於重金屬之吸附量隨著pH值增加而增加。「聚乙烯塑膠微粒吸附鉛和銅」及「聚乳酸塑膠微粒吸附鉛」在15 oC的條件下有較低的吸附量，鋅和鎳之吸附量在15至35 oC時受溫度的影響較不顯著。聚乳酸塑膠微粒吸附銅、鋅和鎳較符合Langmuir等溫吸附模式，吸附鉛時則是較符合Freundlich等溫吸附模式；而聚乙烯塑膠微粒吸附鉛和鎳時較符合Langmuir等溫吸附模式，吸附銅和鋅時，則是較符合Freundlich等溫吸附模式。
以先前吸附實驗的結果中，吸附量最大的「鉛」做為脫附實驗所探討之重金屬，將吸附鉛之塑膠微粒放入人工配置水樣中進行脫附。實驗結果顯示：聚乙烯和聚乳酸塑膠微粒在淡水及海水環境中僅有約10 %之脫附率，但在水生生物及恆溫動物的消化道中達到約100 %之脫附率。

Plastics are widely used as disposable packaging materials due to their low cost, lightweight, and biological inertness. However, while plastics bring convenience to life, they also cause environmental pollution problems. Microplastics can adsorb heavy metals in the environment and enter the food chain. In recent years, biodegradable plastics have been considered as a solution to plastic pollution, and their production has been increased. However, many biodegradable plastics can only be decomposed under certain conditions. Therefore, biodegradable microplastics still pose a threat to the environment.
In this study, polyethylene (PE) and polylactide (PLA) represent non-biodegradable and biodegradable microplastics, respectively, for the adsorption of lead, copper, zinc, and nickel. The results show that PLA microplastics have oxygen-containing functional groups and higher specific surface areas so that the amount of heavy metal adsorption onto PLA microplastics is higher than that of polyethylene microplastics. The adsorption capacities onto the microplastics are lead > copper > zinc > nickel. Except for nickel, the adsorption capacity of microplastics for heavy metals increases with the solution pH. The level of adsorption of lead and copper onto PE and that of lead onto PLA were lower at the lower temperature, 15 oC, while those of zinc and nickel were less affected by the temperature from 15 oC to 35 oC. The adsorption of copper, zinc, and nickel by the PLA microplastics fits the Langmuir isotherm well; while the adsorption of lead fits the Freundlich isotherm well. For the PE microplastics the adsorption of lead and nickel fits the Langmuir isotherm; while adsorption of copper and zinc is more in line with the Freundlich isotherm.
Comparison to the other metals, lead onto the microplastic shows a higher risk and conducted the desorption investigation. The results show that PE and PLA microplastics have a desorption rate of only about 10% in freshwater and seawater, but almost 100% in the digestive tracts of aquatic organisms and warm-blooded animals.

口試委員審定書I
致謝II
摘要III
目錄VI
圖目錄IX
表目錄XII
第一章、前言1
1-1研究緣起1
1-2研究目的2
第二章、文獻回顧3
2-1塑膠微粒3
2-1-1塑膠微粒污染現況3
2-1-2塑膠微粒特性與危害6
2-2聚乙烯與聚乳酸7
2-2-1聚乙烯7
2-2-2聚乳酸9
2-3重金屬11
2-3-1重金屬污染現況11
2-3-2重金屬特性與危害12
2-4吸附與脫附14
2-4-1塑膠微粒吸附重金屬機制14
2-4-2吸附動力模式15
2-4-3等溫吸附模式16
2-4-4塑膠微粒吸附與脫附重金屬對環境之影響17
第三章、材料與方法21
3-1實驗內容與架構21
3-2實驗藥品與設備22
3-2-1實驗藥品22
3-2-2實驗設備23
3-3實驗方法30
3-3-1塑膠微粒前處理與物化分析30
3-3-2吸附實驗30
3-3-3脫附實驗30
3-4數據分析31
3-5品質管制34
第四章、結果與討論37
4-1塑膠微粒物化特性分析37
4-1-1傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜分析37
4-1-2掃描式電子顯微鏡分析42
4-1-3界達電位分析44
4-1-4比表面積分析45
4-1-5熱重量分析與示差掃描熱量分46
4-2動力吸附模式48
4-2-1pH值對重金屬吸附之影響49
4-2-2溫度對重金屬吸附之影響61
4-3等溫吸附平衡模式70
4-4重金屬於不同環境之脫附實驗74
4-5塑膠微粒吸附重金屬機制探討76
第五章、結論與建議78
5-1結論78
5-2建議79
參考文獻80
附錄92

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