臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，公共空間中增設了許多「聽覺標誌」，不僅可以用於增進公共場域與人的感官互動，而且可以使人們通過使用聽覺感官獲取外界資訊。台灣衛生福利部2019年數據顯示，台灣視障者人數正迅速攀升，而在公共空間中行動困難，早已被認為是視障者獨立生活的主要障礙之一。由於視力的缺損，視障者更善於利用聽覺獲取資訊。因此，在例如大眾捷運公共空間中設置有效的聽覺標誌來幫助視障者在此空間中順暢移動，是一個值得探討的議題。本研究針對視力正常者與視覺障礙者關於臺北捷運公共空間中現設聽覺標誌的感知差異進行探討。因子分析結果提取出「象徵」「緊張」「定位」「訊息」「確認」5個因子，在表示「通知功能」聽覺標誌中提取出「象徵」「緊張」因子；在表示「引導功能」聽覺標誌中，提取出「訊息」因子；在表示「警示功能」聽覺標誌中，提取出「緊張」「定位」因子。依實驗所得設計條件進行再設計，設計提案檢證結果表示：在視力正常受測者中，有4個新版本聲音得分高於舊版聲音；在視障者中，有5個新版本聲音得分高於舊版聲音，進而歸納出不同族群對聽覺標誌之偏好，以作為後續研究之參考。

In recent years, many "auditory signs" have been added to public spaces, which not only can be used to enhance the sensory interaction between public spaces and people but also enable people to obtain external information through the use of auditory senses. According to data from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan in 2019, the number of visually impaired people in Taiwan is rising rapidly, and the difficulty of moving in public spaces has long been regarded as one of the main obstacles to the independent life of the visually impaired. Due to visual impairment, the visually impaired are better at using hearing to obtain information. Therefore, setting up effective auditory signs in public spaces such as the Mass Rapid Transit to help the visually impaired move smoothly in this space is a topic worthy of discussion. This study explores the perception differences between the visually impaired and the visually impaired about the existing auditory signs in the public space of the Taipei MRT. According to the result of factor analysis, five factors of "symbol", "tension", "positioning", "message" and "confirmation" are extracted, and the "symbol" and "positioning" factors are extracted from the auditory signs that indicate the "notification function"; In the signs, the "message" and "positioning" factors are extracted; in the auditory signs that indicate the "warning function", the "tension" and "positioning" factors are extracted. Redesign according to the design conditions obtained from the experiment. The verification result of the design proposal indicated that among the subjects with normal vision, 4 new versions had higher sound scores than the old ones; among the visually impaired, 5 new versions had sound scores It is higher than the old version of the sound and then summarizes the preferences of different ethnic groups for auditory signs, which can be used as a reference for subsequent research.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌 謝 iii
目 錄 v
表 目 錄 ix
圖 目 錄 xiii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景與動機 1
1.2研究目標與目的 2
1.3研究架構與流程 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
2.1 聽覺相關文獻探討 4
2.1.1 聽覺定義 4
2.1.2 聽覺識別與聽覺記憶 5
2.1.3 心理聲學 7
2.2 聽覺標誌文獻探討 8
2.2.1 聽覺標誌 8
2.2.2 各國地下鐵聽覺標誌探討 8
2.2.3 臺北捷運聽覺標誌探討 10
2.3 視覺障礙者文獻探討 11
2.3.1 視覺障礙者定義 11
2.3.2 視覺障礙者特性 12
2.3.3 視覺障礙者之空間認知 13
2.3.4 視覺障礙者在公共空間中的行動能力 14
2.4 視覺障礙者與視力正常者之聽覺感知差異 16
2.5 本章小結 17
第三章 研究方法與步驟 18
3.1 臺北捷運系統聽覺標誌調查 20
3.1.1 實驗前訪談 27
3.2 實驗一：聽覺標誌功能感知現況調查 29
3.2.1 步驟一：基本資料問卷填寫 30
3.2.2 步驟二：聽覺標誌感知差異調查 31
3.2.3 步驟三：感知差異訪談 34
3.3 實驗二：新版捷運聽覺標誌設計實作與評估 35
3.3.1 步驟一：基本資料問卷填寫 36
3.3.2 步驟二：新版聽覺標誌依類配對比較 37
3.3.3 步驟三：檢票閘口聽覺標誌等級排序 39
第四章 實驗一結果與討論 40
4.1 受測者基本資料整理 40
4.2 聽覺標誌辨識正確率結果與討論 42
4.2.1 視力正常者辨識正確率 42
4.2.2 視覺障礙者辨識正確率 45
4.2.3 受測者平均辨識正確率 49
4.2.4 個人差異與辨識正確率相關性分析 51
4.3 因子分析結果與討論 53
4.4 聽覺標誌辨識訪談整理 57
4.5 實驗一結果與討論 65
第五章 設計條件彙整與提案 66
5.1 設計條件 66
5.2 設計提案 70
第六章 實驗二設計檢證與討論 78
6.1 受測者基本資料整理 78
6.2 配對比較結果分析 81
6.3 個人差異與聽覺標誌偏好分析 95
6.4 排序結果分析 112
6.5 本章小結 114
第七章 結論與建議 115
7.1 研究成果與結論 115
7.1.1 使用者經驗 115
7.1.2 視力正常者與視覺障礙者差異 116
7.1.3 臺北捷運不同類別聽覺標誌對應音特徵 117
7.1.4 新版聽覺標誌設計總結 117
7.2 未來研究建議 120
參考文獻 122
附錄 127
A. 視力正常者基本資料問卷 127
B. 視覺障礙者基本資料問卷 128
C. 實驗一受測者基本資料 129
D. 實驗一語意差異量表 130
E. 實驗一語意差異評價平均值 131
F. 實驗二受測者基本資料 132
G. 實驗二配對比較答題卡 133

學位論文
[1] 呂依婷，氣味刺激對設計概念發想之影響——以文具設計為例，碩士學位論文，國立臺北科技大學創新研究所，臺北，2012。
[2] 謝燕芬，都市中聽覺與視覺對景觀偏好與情緒體驗之影響，碩士學位論文，逢甲大學景觀與遊憩碩士學程，臺中，2009。
[3] 王嬿如，視障成人搭乘臺北捷運使用狀況及滿意度之研究，碩士學位論文，國立臺南大學，臺南，2018。
[4] 蘇怡帆，黃國晏，畢恆達，視障者在臺北市空間中的移動經驗，碩士學位論文，國立彰化師範大學，2012。

期刊論文
[5] 楊炫叡，堀田明裕，「鉄道駅における視聴覚サインの機能特性——首都圏の鉄道駅を中心に」，千葉大學，2004。
[6] 楊炫叡，堀田明裕，「報知機能を想定した音に関する印象評価実験」，千葉大學，デザイン學研究，BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol.52 No.4，2005。
[7] 安倍幸治，小澤賢司，鈴木陽一，曾根敏夫，「音色表現語，感情表現語及び音情報関連語による環境音評価」，日本音響学会誌54巻5号，1998，pp.343-350。
[8] 山内勝也，高田正幸，岩宮眞一郎，「サイン音の機能イメージと擬音語表現」，日本音響学会誌59巻4号，(2003)，pp. 192-202。
[9] 黃耀榮，蔡再相，視障者特性、定向行動及引導研究，國立雲林科技大學，空間設計系暨研究所，2008。
[10] 邢馨月，聽覺文化研究的理論溯源及發展軌跡，長春師範大學學報，第38卷第1期，2019。
[11] 林敏哲，臺灣地區導盲系統建立之研究，中國工商學報，第二十期，1998，pp.319-335。
[12] 呂昀諺，視覺障礙者對於公共空間設施使用需求調查與觸覺符碼之人因評估，朝陽科技大學工業工程與管理系，2002。
[13] 范文良，如何協助指導視障生定向行動，特殊教育季刊，第四十七期，1993,pp.1-4
[14] Acun V and Yilmazer S. A grounded theory approach to investigate the perceived soundscape of open plan offices. App Acoust 2017; 131: 28–37.
[15] Brodey, W. (1960-1964) Perception Study Group Reports. (unpub.). (1962) A Topical Exposition: The Pilot School Story, Part III. (unpub.).
[16] Barsalou LW. Deriving categories to achieve goals. Psychol Learn Motiv 1991;27.
[17] Chen, Q., Zhang, M., & Zhou, X. Spatial and nonspatial peripheral auditory processing in congenitally blind people.(2006). Neuroreport, 17(13), 1449–1452.
[18] Cox，Penny R.，Dykes，Mary K.，2001，Effective Classroom Adaptations for Students with Visual Impairments，Teaching Exceptional Children Vol.33 no6 p.68-74.
[19] Deborah A. Hall, Amy Irwin, Mark Edmondson-Jones, Scott Phillips, John E.W. Poxon, An exploratory evaluation of perceptual, psychoacoustic and acoustical properties of urban soundscapes. Applied Acoustics 74 (2013) 248–254.
[20] DeCasper, A.J., Fifer, W.P., 1980. Of human bonding: newborns prefer their mothers' voices. Science 208 (4448), 1174–1176.
[21] Denise Humble, Stefan R. Schweinberger, Christian Dobel, Romi Zäske, Voices to remember: Comparing neural signatures of intentional and nonintentional voice learning and recognition. Brain Research 1711(2019) 214-225.
[22] Espinosa, M. A., & Ochaita, E. (1998). Using tactile maps to improve the practical spatial knowledge of adults who are blind. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 92, 338–345.
[23] Fastl H, Zwicker E, Psychoacoustics: Facts and models, 2007. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68888-4.
[24] Fox, Elaine, Emotion Science: An Integration of Cognitive and Neuroscientific Approaches. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 2008: 16–17. ISBN 0230005179.
[25] Gaver WW. What in the world do we hear? An ecological approach to auditory event perception. Ecol Psychol 1993;5:1–29.
[26] Gaver WW. How do we hear in the world? Explorations in ecological acoustics. Ecol Psychol 1993;5:285–313.
[27] Gougoux,F.,Lepore,F.,Lassonde,M.,Voss,P.,Zatorre,R.J.,&Belin,P.(2004). Neuropsychology: pitch discrimination in the early blind. Nature, 430, 309.
[28] Golledge, R.G. (1993) Geography and the disabled: a survey with special reference to vision impaired and blind populations, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 18, 63-85.
[29] Hellbrück J, Ellermeier W, Hören. Physiologie, Psychologie und Pathologie (2. Auflage), 2004.
[30] H. Fastl Psycho-acoustics and sound quality Commun Acoustics (2005), pp. 139-162, 10.1007/3-540-27437-5-6
[31] Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
[32] Jacobson，R.D. Spatial Cognition Through Tactile Mapping, Swansea Geographer，vol.29，pp.79-88.
[33] Julien Tardieu, Patrick Susini, Franck Poisson，Pauline Lazareff，Stephen McAdams，Perceptual study of soundscapes in train stations. Applied Acoustics 69 (2008) 1224–1239.
[34] Jörg Lewald , Vertical sound localization in blind humans. (2002). Neuropsychologia 40 1868–1872.
[35] Lewald, J., Foltys,H., & T¨opper, R.(2002).Role of the posterior parietal cortex in spatial hearing. Journal ofNeuroscience, 22(RC207), 1–5.
[36] Latini Corazzini, L., Tinti, C., Schmidt, S., Mirandola, C., & Cornoldi, C. (2010). Developing spatial knowledge in the absence of vision: Allocentric and egocentric representations generated by blind people when supported by auditory cues. Psychologica Belgica, 50(3&4), 327–334.
[37] M.Southworth, The Sonic Environment of Cities. Volume: 1 issue: 1, page(s): 49-70 Issue published: June 1, 1969.
[38] Noordzij, M. L., Zuidhoek, S., & Postma, A. (2006). The influence of visual experience on the ability to form spatial mental models based on route and survey descriptions. Cognition, 100(2), 321–342.
[39] Rosch E, Lloyd BB. Principles of categorization. Cognition Categorization，1978:27–47.
[40] Romi Zäske, Gregor Volberg, Gyula Kovács, Stefan Robert Schweinberger，Electrophysiological Correlates of Voice Learning and Recognition. Journal of Neuroscience 13 August 2014, 34 (33) 10821-10831.
[41] Solomon, R. L. (1980). The opponent-process theory of motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. American Psychologist, 35, 691-712.
[42] Spencer，C.，Blades，M. & Morsely，K. (1989). The child in the physical environment: The development of spatial knowledge and cognition. ChichesterEngland: John Wiley & Sons.
[43] Swobodzinski, M., & Raubal, M. (2009). An indoor routing algorithm for the blind: Development and comparison to a routing algorithm for the sighted. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23, 1315–1343.
[44] Schmidt, S., Tinti, C., Fantino, M., Mammarella, I. C., & Cornoldi, C. (2013). Spatial representations in blind people: The role of strategies and mobility skills. Acta Psychologica, 142, 43–50.
[45] Semiha Yilmazer, Zeynep Bora, Understanding the indoor soundscape in public transport spaces: A case study in Akk Öprü metro station, Ankara. Building Acoustics, 2017,Vol. 24(4) 325–339.
[46] Tardieu J，Susini P，Poisson F，et al. Perceptual study of soundscapes in train stations. Appl Acoust，(2008)，69(12): 1224–1239.
[47] Tijus C. Introduction la psychologie cognitive. Nathan; 2001.
[48] Velten, M. C. C., Ugrinowitsch, H., Portes, L. L., Hermann, T., & Bläsing, B. (2016). Auditory spatial concepts in blind football experts. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 218–228.
[49] Vincent Isnard，Véronique Chastres，Isabelle Viaud-Delmon，Clara Suied，(2019). The time course of auditory recognition measured with rapid sequences of short natural sounds.
[50] Wagner, M. J. (1975). Effects of music and biofeed-back on alpha brainwave rhythm and attentiveness. Journal of Research in Music Education. 23, 3-13.
[51] Wiener W.R.，1987，Training for Travel in Rapid Rail，The Visually Impaired Traveler in Mass Transit Conference: Issues in Orientation and Mobility.
[52] Yongju Kim, Anne Marie Porter, Paula Goolkasian, Conceptual priming with pictures and environmental sounds. Acta Psychologica 146(2014)73-83.
[53] Yang M and Kang J. Psychoacoustical evaluation of natural and urban sounds in soundscapes. J Acoust Soc Am 2013; 134(1): 840–851.
[54] Zwiers, M.P.,Van Opstal,A.J., & Cruysberg,J.R.M.(2001a).A spatial hearing deficit in early-blind humans. Journal ofNeuroscience, 21(RC142), 1–5.

書籍
[55] 日本サインデザイン協会： 音による新しいサインデザイン活動領域形成のための調査研究事業報告書，(1998) p.6.
[56] 楊國樞，張春興，文崇一，社會及行為科學研究法。東華書局，2001。
[57] 周文欽，社會與行為科學研究法。學富文化，2018。