臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

超合金又稱耐熱合金或高溫合金，依據其基底材料可分為:鐵基、鈷基、鎳基三種類，其中以鎳基超合金的應用範圍最為廣泛，目前市售之商用超合金也多以鎳基為主，因其具有良好的高溫性質及抗腐蝕性。
本研究選用MAR-M247鎳基超合金為研究材料，其多應用於渦輪發電機葉片以及部分軍用設備上。實驗方法以添加元素的方式，調整MAR-M247中合金的比例成分，觀察其對MAR-M247超合金之顯微組織及機械性質的影響。
實驗以添加鋁、鈦、鋯三種元素來對合金比例進行調配，總共設計母材、M1、M2、M3、M4共5種樣本。由實驗結果來看，在物理性質方面，鈦元素含量的增加可有效降低合金的整體密度，M3、M4兩樣本之鈦含量皆為1.5wt%，密度分別為7.947及8.019g/cm3，相較母材(8.103g/cm3)，約降低1.9%左右。
接著是顯微組織的部分，隨著鈦鋯元素的含量增加改變了碳化物的形貌，使粗大團聚的文字狀碳化物轉化為細小分散的球狀碳化物；也增加了γ՛相的面積分率，最高為M4的樣本68%，比母材(60%)多了8%；同時也增加了共晶相的面積分率，在M4樣本中為最高的18.786%。
再來是機械性質的部分，由於鋯元素的添加提供晶界強化的效果，鋁鈦元素添加提高γ՛相的比例，因此讓高溫拉伸性質(982oC)有顯著的提升，最高提升9.9%。而在高溫潛變(982oC/200MPa)測試下，除M3以外，其餘實驗樣本(M1、M2、M4)都有比母材更好的潛變壽命，造成M3潛變壽命下降的原因，與其視孔隙率較高有關，超合金在高溫下較容易受到孔洞的影響而降低使用壽命。
最後是各項數據與機械性質的對應關係，從結果可得知，M23C6型碳化物與γ՛相的含量提高對於高溫機械性質是有所幫助的，而由視孔隙率與各項機械性質對應關係來看，孔隙率的提高對於合金性質都有著不良的影響，因此如何減少孔洞的產生也是合金在鑄造時的重要環節，在元素比與潛變性質的關係中可以得知，若是還有考慮以元素添加的方式來改善合金性能，可以添加更多的鋯元素來嘗試。
從上述結果來看，利用透過元素添加改變合金比例的方法，降低了製造成本且成功的提升了MAR-M247的合金性能。

Superalloys are also known as heat-resistant alloys or high-temperature alloys. According to their base materials, they can be divided into three types: iron-based, cobalt-based, and nickel-based. Among them, nickel-based superalloys have the most extensive applications. Now the avalible commercial superalloys are mostly nickel-based, because of its good high-temperature properties and corrosion resistance ability.
In this study, MAR-M247 nickel-based superalloy is picked as the research material, which is usually used in turbine generator blades and some military equipment. The experimental method is to adjust the proportion of the alloy in MAR-M247 by adding elements, and observe its effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of MAR-M247 superalloy.
For experiment, three elements: aluminum, titanium and zirconium are added to adjust the alloy ratio. There are total of 5 samples: base material, M1, M2, M3, and M4 were designed. From the experimental results, in terms of physical properties, titanium content increase can effectively reduce density of the alloy. The titanium content of the M3 and M4 samples is 1.5wt%, and the density is 7.947 and 8.019g/cm3, respectively. Compare with base material (8.103g/cm3) is lower about 1.9% .
Next part is microstructure. As the content of titanium and zirconium increases, the morphology of the carbides is changed, the coarse and focused text-like carbides are transformed into finely dispersed spherical carbides; the area of the γ՛ phase is also increased. The highest γ՛ phase is 68% for the M4 sample, which is 8% more than the base metal (60%); it also increases the area fraction of the eutectic phase, which the highest is 18.786% in the M4 sample.
After that is mechanical properties results. Since the addition of zirconium provides the effect of grain boundary strengthening, the addition of aluminum and titanium increases the proportion of γ՛ phase, so the high temperature tensile properties (982oC) have a significant improvement, the improve rate is about 9.9%. Under the high temperature creep (982oC/200MPa) test, except for M3 sample, the remaining experimental samples (M1, M2, M4) have a better creep life than the base sample. The reason for the decrease in the creep life of M3 is it has higher porosity than other samples. Superalloy will get more influence by porosities then decrease it’s life time at high temperature.
Finally, the corresponding relationship between various data and mechanical properties. From the results, it can be seen that the increase in the content of M23C6 type carbide and γ՛ phase is helpful for high-temperature mechanical properties, and the porosity corresponds to various mechanical properties. In terms of relationships, the increase in porosity has a negative impact on the properties of the alloy, so how to reduce the generation of pores is also an important part of the alloy during casting. From the results of relationship between element ratio and creep properties can know, if it considers to improve alloy property by adding element that can try adding more Zirconium.
From the above results, the method of changing the alloy ratio through element addition reduces the manufacturing cost and successfully improves the alloy performance of MAR-M247.

目 錄

摘 要 i
ABSTRACT iii
誌 謝 vi
目 錄 vii
表目錄 x
圖目錄 xi
第一章 研究背景 1
1.2 燃氣渦輪機組介紹 2
1.3 研究動機 2
第二章 文獻回顧 6
2.1 鎳基超合金介紹與發展 6
2.2 MAR-M247介紹 8
2.3 鎳基超合金中的組成相 9
2.3.1 γ相 9
2.3.2 γ′相 9
2.3.3 γ-γ′共晶相 10
2.3.4 碳化物 11
第三章 實驗方法及流程 23
3.1 實驗流程 23
3.2 合金設計 24
3.2.1真空感應熔煉 25
3.2.2鑄造法介紹 26
3.3 熱處理 27
3.3.1固溶熱處理 28
3.3.2淬火 28
3.3.3時效熱處理 28
3.4 成分分析 28
3.4.1 Spark OES 29
3.4.2 EDS分析 29
3.5 研磨及拋光 29
3.6 金相腐蝕 30
3.7 顯微組織與結構 30
3.7.1 光學顯微鏡(OM) 30
3.7.2 掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM) 31
3.8 機械性質分析 33
3.8.1 硬度分析 33
3.8.2 拉伸測試 34
3.8.3潛變試驗 34
3.9 物理性質 35
3.9.1密度測試 35
3.10 影像分析 35
第四章 結果與討論 36
4.1 SPARK OES 成分分析 36
4.2光學顯微鏡觀察 37
4.2.1晶粒觀察 37
4.2.2碳化物觀察 38
4.3 SEM觀察與元素分析 42
4.3.1 MC型碳化物 42
4.3.2 M23C6型碳化物 45
4.3.3 γ՛相組織 49
4.3.4 γ-γ՛共晶相組織 54
4.4物理性質 58
4.4.1 密度 58
4.4.2視孔隙率 59
4.5機械性質分析 61
4.5.1 硬度 61
4.5.2高溫拉伸性質(982°C) 62
4.5.3中溫拉伸性質(760°C) 64
4.5.4室溫拉伸性質 68
4.5.5潛變性質(982°C /200 Mpa) 71
4.6各項數據與機械性質相對應關係 75
4.6.1 晶粒大小與機械性質之對應關係 75
4.6.2 碳化物含量與機械性質之關係 77
4.6.3 M23C6碳化物含量與機械性質之關係 79
4.6.4 γ՛相含量與機械性質之關係 82
4.6.5共晶相含量與機械性質之關係 84
4.6.6視孔隙率與機械性質之關係 86
4.6.7 元素比對潛變性質之關係 89
第五章 結論 91
參考文獻 93
附錄 100

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