臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

背景：過去幾個世紀，泰國在東南亞移民是重要的匯集處，但是泰國移民議題的延伸在與台灣之間的國際研究合作上稍顯不足。基於保障外國移工在臺的健康狀況，因此本研究探討兩地區工人的健康危險因素與其職業健康之間的關係，以協助了解工作場所之現況與差異。這項研究主要目的是在比較泰國工人在工作壓力、人際社會支持(ISS)與他們在不同環境背景下健康風險行為(HRBs)之間的關係，確定臺灣與泰國工人之間的差異與相關趨勢。

方法：本研究採用橫斷面研究方法比較兩地在工作壓力、社會支持及健康風險行為之相關性與差異。在兩地採用便利性與滾雪球非隨機抽樣，研究收案為自填式問卷，問卷使用標準化且以封閉式問題回答為主，並於2019年10月至2020年10月期間，分別從兩地製造業工廠完成泰國與台灣泰籍工人的收案。

結果：與泰國的本土工人相比，在台灣工作的移工人際社會支持較低，而工作壓力相對較高。就健康風險行為而言，過去一年中，泰國本土工人相對於移工，有較高比例的性行為，但在不安全性行為的比較上沒有差異。另一方面，在抽菸與喝酒的行為上，兩地的盛行率沒顯著差異，但移工在飲酒的頻率上顯著高於泰國本土工人。此外，在高壓力工作的調整模型結果顯示，兩地工人、人際支持與工作支持有統計上顯著。移民從事高壓力工作的風險是本土工人的3.7倍；人際支持差的工人高於人際支持高的1.7倍；而低工作支持的工人也比高工作支持的高2倍。最後，在控制相關混雜因子後，健康風險行為模型中，僅性別與教育達統計上顯著，男性相比女性有38倍的風險健康風險行為較高；而在教育方面，低教育程度工人如高中或國中以下相比大學或以上程度的工人有較高的健康風險行為，其風險分別為3.7與4.5倍。

結論：本研究表明，泰國移工工作壓力相對其在本土國家工人高，主要與環境與社會支持程度相關。然而兩地工人之間在健康風險行為沒有地域上的差異，主要與他們個人的教育程度相關。基於本研究結果，健康風險行為的強調，應著重於工作場所之健康促進計畫，以提升健康風險與行為認知。另外在健康風險行為中菸酒消費稅與不同環境的探討，需要未來的研究針對政府政策做進一步的探討。

Background:
Thailand has been a migration crossroads in South East Asia for centuries, but there are deficiencies between Thailand and Taiwan in international collaboration and research networks involving countries of origin and reception. Based on protecting the health status of migrant workers from foreign countries, the relationship between the health risk factors of workers in both areas and their occupational health was studied to help understand the follow-up health involvement in the workplace. The main objective of this study is to compare Thai workers among work stress, interpersonal social support (ISS), and their health risk behaviors (HRBs) in distinct environments to determine the correlation, differences and trends between Taiwan and Thailand.

Methods:
Cross-sectional study was used to determine the link between workers’ work stress, social support, and health risk behaviors after collecting the self-reported survey. The survey was conducted using a standardized, majority closed-ended questionnaire for the convenience and snowball sampling in Taiwan and Thailand to identify relevant factory workers in the manufacturing industry between October 2019 and October 2020.

Results:
Thai workers employed in Taiwan had lower ISS and relatively higher stress in work than domestic workers in Thailand. In terms of health risk behaviors, results in sexual risk showed that Thai domestic workers have a greater percentage of people who have been sexually active than migrants in the past year, but do not differ in unsafe sex behaviors. On the other hand, health risk behaviors among workers, migrants had higher frequency of alcohol intake than domestic workers, but there was no statistical difference in smoking and drinking behavior. For the forecast adjusted model of high stress, factors among workers, ISS and workplace social support (WSS) showed statistical significance. Migrants were 3.7 times higher risk of having high-stress work than domestic workers; workers with weak ISS were 1.7 times higher than strong-ISS workers; low-WSS workers were 2 times higher than high-WSS workers. Additionally, after controlling confounding factors, the adjusted odds of HRBs were considered statistically significant only for sex and education. Male workers were almost 38 times more likely to have high HRBs than female workers. Likewise, high school and lower level education workers were 3.7 and 4.5 times, respectively, more likely to have high HRBs than bachelor or higher-level workers.

Conclusions:
This study displayed that work stress is relatively high for migrants and is mainly related to the environment and social support, there is no geographical difference in HRBs between workers, but it is linked to their individual characteristics, particularly their education. In the context of health promotion programs in the workplace, suggestions for further research are made and emphasis is placed on the need to the awareness of HRBs. Further studies on excise tax and HRBs in different environments are also worth of discussion through governments policies.

Table of Contents
Abstract ...... I
Acknowledgement ...... III
Table of Contents ...... IV
List of Figures ...... VII
List of Tables ...... VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction ...... 1
1.1 Background ...... 1
1.2 Research questions on the gap between Thai workers ...... 3
1.3 Problem statement ...... 3
1.4 Significance of the study ...... 4
1.5 Objectives ...... 5
Chapter 2 Literature Review ...... 6
2.1 Definition of domestic and migrant workers ...... 6
2.2 Occupational health of migrant workers ...... 7
2.3 Occupational stress models ...... 7
2.4 Health risk behavior ...... 9
2.5 Relationship between work stress and health risk behavior ...... 10
2.6 Conceptual framework ...... 11
Chapter 3 Study Design and Methods ...... 13
3.1 Research design ...... 13
3.2 Study population criteria ...... 13
3.3 Data Collection ...... 14
3.4 Measurement strategies ...... 15
3.4.1 Determining personal social support ...... 15
3.4.2 Determining work stress ...... 16
3.4.3 Determine health risk behaviors ...... 17
3.5 Reliability and Validity ...... 19
3.6 Data analysis ...... 20
3.7 Ethics approval ...... 21
Chapter 4 Result ...... 22
4.1 Participant recruitment ...... 22
4.2 Sample characteristics ...... 23
4.2.1 General characteristics ...... 23
4.2.2 Working conditions ...... 25
4.2.3 Scale scores for the ISS ...... 26
4.3 Work stress and scale scores for the JCQ ...... 27
4.4 Scores of STIs knowledge and sexual risk behaviors ...... 29
4.5.1 STIs knowledge scores ...... 29
4.5.2 Sexual risk behaviors ...... 32
4.5 Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Used ...... 33
4.6 Association between work stress and health risk behavior ...... 34
4.7.1 Model 1: High stress with other factors ...... 36
4.7.2 Model 2: HRBs with other factors ...... 37
Chapter 5 Discussion ...... 39
5.1 Key findings ...... 39
5.2 Mixed factors among Thai workers from different environments ...... 40
5.2.1 Determinants of sample characteristics ...... 40
5.2.2 Determinants of working conditions ...... 40
5.2.3 Determinants of interpersonal social support ...... 42
5.2.4 Determinants of work stress ...... 42
5.2.5 Determinants of health risk behaviors ...... 43
5.3 Factors associated with high-stress work and HRBs ...... 44
5.4 Strengths of our study ...... 46
5.5 Limitations ...... 46
Chapter 6 Conclusions and suggestions ...... 48
Chapter 7 References ...... 49
Appendix ...... 56
Appendix I Survey questionnaire in Thai version ...... 56
Appendix II Information Sheet and Informed Consent Form in Thai version ...... 64
Appendix III Approval of proposal from TMU-JIRB and MU-PHIRB ...... 71
Appendix IV Difference of 22-JCQ core questions between domestic and migrant Thai workers ...... 73

List of Figures
Figure 1. The description of workplace Karasek's Job DC model (1979) ...... 9
Figure 2. A model of stress at work by Cooper et al. (1976) ...... 11
Figure 3. Conceptual framework for this study ...... 12
Figure 4. Flow chart of participants ...... 22
Figure 5. Stressful coping strategies between domestic and migrant ...... 25
Figure 6. Distribution of STIs knowledge scores among domestic and migrant Thai workers ...... 31

List of Tables
Table 1. Calculation formulas and score ranges for the JCQ scores ...... 17
Table 2. Index scoring of health risk behaviors (HRBs) ...... 18
Table 3. General characteristics among domestic and migrant Thai workers by Chi-square analysis ...... 24
Table 4. Working conditions among domestic and migrant workers ...... 26
Table 5. Interpersonal Social Support score among domestic and migrant workers ...... 27
Table 6. Job content questionnaire among domestic and migrant workers ...... 28
Table 7. STIs knowledge among domestic and migrant workers ...... 30
Table 8. Sexual risk behaviors among domestic and migrant workers by Chi-square analysis ...... 32
Table 9. Tobacco smoking and alcohol used among domestic and migrant workers by Chi-square analysis ...... 34
Table 10. Correlation matrix between domestic and migrant Thai workers ...... 35
Table 11. Factors associated with high stress among workers by logistic regression model ...... 36
Table 12. Factors associated with HRBs among workers by logistic regression model ...... 38

1. Al Rifai, R., Nakamura, K., Seino, K., Kizuki, M., & Morita, A. (2015). Unsafe sexual behaviour in domestic and foreign migrant male workers in multinational workplaces in Jordan: occupational-based and behavioural assessment survey. BMJ Open, 5(6), e007703. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007703
2. Babor, T. F., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67205/WHO_MSD_MSB_01.6a.pdf?sequence=1
3. Bosma, H., Peter, R., Siegrist, J., & Marmot, M. (1998). Two alternative job stress models and the risk of coronary heart disease. American journal of public health, 88(1), 68-74. doi:10.2105/ajph.88.1.68
4. Bujang, M. A., Omar, E. D., & Baharum, N. A. (2018). A Review on Sample Size Determination for Cronbach's Alpha Test: A Simple Guide for Researchers. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS, 25(6), 85-99. doi:10.21315/mjms2018.25.6.9
5. Camlin, C. S., Akullian, A., Neilands, T. B., Getahun, M., Eyul, P., Maeri, I., . . . Charlebois, E. D. (2018). Population mobility associated with higher risk sexual behaviour in eastern African communities participating in a Universal Testing and Treatment trial. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21 Suppl 4(Suppl Suppl 4), e25115-e25115. doi:10.1002/jia2.25115
6. Chamratrithirong, A., Boonchalaksi, W., Chamchan, C., Holumyong, C., & Apipornchaisakul, K. (2012). Prevention of HIV/AIDS among migrant worker in Thailand 2 (PHAMIT 2) : the baseline survey 2010 / Aphichat Chamratrithirong ... [et al.]. Nakhon Pathom: Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University.
7. Chaput, J.-P., Dutil, C., & Sampasa-Kanyinga, H. (2018). Sleeping hours: what is the ideal number and how does age impact this? Nature and science of sleep, 10, 421-430. doi:10.2147/NSS.S163071
8. Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive Events and Social Supports as Buffers of Life Change Stress1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 13(2), 99-125. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x
9. Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the Functional Components of Social Support. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social Support: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 73-94). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
10. Cook, R. L., & Clark, D. B. (2005). Is there an association between alcohol consumption and sexually transmitted diseases? A systematic review. Sex Transm Dis, 32(3), 156-164.
11. Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: a review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49(1), 11-28. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1976.tb00325.x
12. Duke, M. R., & Gomez Carpinteiro, F. J. (2009). The Effects of Problem Drinking and Sexual Risk Among Mexican Migrant Workers on Their Community of Origin. Hum Organ, 68(3), 328.
13. Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018). More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 49, 146-169. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001
14. Gerbi, G. B., Habtemariam, T., Tameru, B., Nganwa, D., & Robnett, V. (2009). The correlation between alcohol consumption and risky sexual behaviors among people living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of substance use, 14(2), 90-100. doi:10.1080/14659890802624261
15. Global Adult Tobacco Survey Collaborative Group. (2010). Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): Core Questionnaire with Optional Questions, Version 2.0. Retrieved from Atlanta, GA: https://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/en_tfi_gats_corequestionnairewithoptionalquestions_v2_FINAL_03Nov2010.pdf
16. Guadamuz, T. E., Clatts, M. C., & Goldsamt, L. A. (2018). Heavy Alcohol Use Among Migrant and Non-Migrant Male Sex Workers in Thailand: A Neglected HIV/STI Vulnerability. Subst Use Misuse, 53(11), 1907-1914. doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1436564
17. Hausser, J. A., Mojzisch, A., Niesel, M., & Schulz-Hardt, S. (2010). Ten years on: A review of recent research on the Job Demand-Control (-Support) model and psychological well-being. Work and Stress, 24(1), 1-35. doi:10.1080/02678371003683747
18. Huda, B. Z., Rusli, B. N., Naing, L., Tengku, M. A., Winn, T., & Rampal, K. G. (2004). A study of job strain and dissatisfaction among lecturers in the School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 35(1), 210-218.
19. International Labour Organization. (2010). Domestic workers in Thailand: their situation, challenges and the way forward. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_120274.pdf
20. International Labour Organization. (2018). ILO Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers – Results and Methodology. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_652001/lang--en/index.htm
21. International Labour Organization. (2019). International Labour Standards on Migrant workers. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/migrant-workers/lang--en/index.htm
22. Jerry Huguet, Aphichat Chamratrithirong, & Claudia Natali. (2012). Thailand at a Crossroads: Challenges and Opportunities in Leveraging Migration for Development. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/LeveragingMigration.pdf
23. Jitnarin, N., Kosulwat, V., Rojroongwasinkul, N., Boonpraderm, A., Haddock, C. K., & Poston, W. S. C. (2014). The relationship between smoking, body weight, body mass index, and dietary intake among Thai adults: results of the national Thai Food Consumption Survey. Asia-Pacific journal of public health, 26(5), 481-493. doi:10.1177/1010539511426473
24. Johnson, J. V., & Hall, E. M. (1988). Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population. American journal of public health, 78(10), 1336-1342. doi:10.2105/ajph.78.10.1336
25. Kalsbeek, W. D., Bowling, J. M., Hsia, J., Mirza, S., Palipudi, K. M., & Asma, S. (2010). The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS): sample design and related methods. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Section on Survey Methods, Joint Statistical Meetings. Alexandria: American Statistical Association.
26. Kaplan, S. A., Madden, V. P., Mijanovich, T., & Purcaro, E. (2013). The perception of stress and its impact on health in poor communities. J Community Health, 38(1), 142-149. doi:10.1007/s10900-012-9593-5
27. Karasek, R., Brisson, C., Kawakami, N., Houtman, I., Bongers, P., & Amick, B. (1998). The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): an instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. J Occup Health Psychol, 3(4), 322-355.
28. Karasek, R., & Robert, A. (1979). Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285-308. doi:10.2307/2392498
29. Lau, J. T. F., Cheng, Y., Gu, J., Zhou, R., Yu, C., Holroyd, E., & Yeung, N. C. Y. (2012). Suicides in a mega-size factory in China: poor mental health among young migrant workers in China. 69(7), 526-526. doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100593 %J Occupational and Environmental Medicine
30. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. 1(3), 141-169. doi:10.1002/per.2410010304
31. Lee, H., Ahn, H., Miller, A., Park, C. G., & Kim, S. J. (2012). Acculturative Stress, Work-related Psychosocial Factors and Depression in Korean-Chinese Migrant Workers in Korea. 54(3), 206-214. doi:https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.11-0206-OA
32. Lee, S.-H., Lee, Y.-J., Kim, S.-Y., & Kim, S.-J. (2009). Social Support and Acculturative Stress in Migrant Workers. J Korean Acad Nurs, 39(6), 899-910.
33. Li, W., Sun, F., Li, Y., & Durkin, D. W. (2019). Work Stress and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Migrant Workers: The Moderating Role of Community Factors. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 21(6), 1248-1256. doi:10.1007/s10903-018-0843-1
34. Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., Cohen, R. D., Tuomilehto, J., & Salonen, J. T. (1996). Do cardiovascular risk factors explain the relation between socioeconomic status, risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and acute myocardial infarction? Am J Epidemiol, 144(10), 934-942. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008863
35. McClenahan, C. A., Giles, M. L., & Mallett, J. (2007). The importance of context specificity in work stress research: A test of the Demand-Control-Support model in academics. Work & Stress, 21(1), 85-95. doi:10.1080/02678370701264552
36. Merz, E. L., Roesch, S. C., Malcarne, V. L., Penedo, F. J., Llabre, M. M., Weitzman, O. B., . . . Gallo, L. C. (2014). Validation of Interpersonal Support Evaluation List-12 (ISEL-12) Scores Among English-and Spanish-Speaking Hispanics/Latinos From the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 384-394. doi:10.1037/a0035248
37. Michie, S. (2002). CAUSES AND MANAGEMENT OF STRESS AT WORK. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(1), 67. doi:10.1136/oem.59.1.67
38. Miriam J Stewart, Edward Makwarimba, Morton Beiser, Anne Neufeld RN, Laura Simich, & Denise Spitzer. (2010). Social support and health: immigrants’ and refugees’ perspectives. Diversity & Equality in Health and Care, 7(2).
39. Moyce, S. C., & Schenker, M. (2018). Migrant Workers and Their Occupational Health and Safety. Annu Rev Public Health, 39, 351-365. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013714
40. Mucci, N., Traversini, V., Giorgi, G., Tommasi, E., De Sio, S., & Arcangeli, G. (2020). Migrant Workers and Psychological Health: A Systematic Review. 12(1), 120.
41. Newland, K. (2017). Migration as a factor in development and poverty reduction: the impact of rich countries’ immigration policies on the prospects of the poor. In Impact of Rich Countries' Policies on Poor Countries (pp. 187-213): Routledge.
42. Ng, D. M., & Jeffery, R. W. (2003). Relationships between perceived stress and health behaviors in a sample of working adults. Health Psychol, 22(6), 638-642. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.6.638
43. Norredam, M., & Agyemang, C. (2019). Tackling the health challenges of international migrant workers. The Lancet Global Health, 7(7), e813-e814. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30224-4
44. Pan, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, Q., Zheng, H., Chen, X., Su, J., . . . Wang, N. (2013). Prevalence of HIV, Syphilis, HCV and Their High Risk Behaviors among Migrant Workers in Eastern China. PLOS ONE, 8(2), e57258. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057258
45. Park, C. L., & Iacocca, M. O. (2014). A stress and coping perspective on health behaviors: theoretical and methodological considerations. Anxiety Stress Coping, 27(2), 123-137. doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.860969
46. Per, Ø., SAKSVIK, Carla, D.-J., Sturle, D. T., & Trine, E. E. (2010). Identity, Over-Commitment, Work Environment, and Health Outcomes among Immigrant Workers. Journal of Identity and Migration Studies.
47. Phakthongsuk, P. (2009). Construct validity of the Thai version of the job content questionnaire in a large population of heterogeneous occupations. J Med Assoc Thai, 92(4), 564-572.
48. Phakthongsuk, P., & Apakupakul, N. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Thai version of the 22-item and 45-item Karasek job content questionnaire. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 21(4), 331-344. doi:10.2478/v10001-008-0036-6
49. Ronda Perez, E., Benavides, F. G., Levecque, K., Love, J. G., Felt, E., & Van Rossem, R. (2012). Differences in working conditions and employment arrangements among migrant and non-migrant workers in Europe. Ethn Health, 17(6), 563-577. doi:10.1080/13557858.2012.730606
50. Sakboonyarat, B., Pornpongsawad, C., Sangkool, T., Phanmanas, C., Kesonphaet, N., Tangthongtawi, N., . . . Rangsin, R. (2020). Trends, prevalence and associated factors of obesity among adults in a rural community in Thailand: serial cross-sectional surveys, 2012 and 2018. BMC public health, 20(1), 850. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09004-w
51. Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De La Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption-II. Addiction, 88(6), 791-804. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
52. Sayon-Orea, C., Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A., & Bes-Rastrollo, M. (2011). Alcohol consumption and body weight: a systematic review. Nutrition Reviews, 69(8), 419-431. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00403.x %J Nutrition Reviews
53. Schaufeli, W. B. (2004). The future of occupational health psychology. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(4), 502-517. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00184.x
54. Schnall, P. L., Landsbergis, P. A., & Baker, D. (1994). Job strain and cardiovascular disease. Annu Rev Public Health, 15, 381-411. doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.15.050194.002121
55. Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005). Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annual review of clinical psychology, 1, 607-628. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141
56. Sein, M. M., Howteerakul, N., Suwannapong, N., & Jirachewee, J. (2010). Job Strain among Rubber-Glove-Factory Workers in Central Thailand. Industrial Health, 48(4), 503-510. doi:10.2486/indhealth.MS962
57. Siegrist, J. (1996). Adverse health effects of high-effort/low-reward conditions. J Occup Health Psychol, 1(1), 27-41.
58. Siegrist, J., & Rodel, A. (2006). Work stress and health risk behavior. Scand J Work Environ Health, 32(6), 473-481.
59. Siegrist, J., Starke, S., Chandola, T., Godin, I., Marmot, M., Niedhammer, I., & Peter, R. (2004). The measurement of effort-reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social Science & Medicine, 58(8), 1483-1499. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00351-4
60. Simon, J., Kiss, N., Łaszewska, A., & Mayer., S. (2015). Public health aspects of migrant health: a review of the evidence on health status for labour migrants in the European Region (43). Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/289245/WHO-HEN-Report-A5-1-Labour-rev1.pdf?ua=1
61. Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (2004). Health-related Behaviour: Prevalence and Links with Disease.
62. Sweileh, W. M. (2018). Global output of research on the health of international migrant workers from 2000 to 2017. Globalization and Health, 14(1), 105. doi:10.1186/s12992-018-0419-9
63. Sweileh, W. M., Wickramage, K., Pottie, K., Hui, C., Roberts, B., Sawalha, A. F., & Zyoud, S. H. (2018). Bibliometric analysis of global migration health research in peer-reviewed literature (2000-2016). BMC public health, 18(1), 777-777. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5689-x
64. Takeuchi, D. T., Nicdao, E. G., & Hong, S. (2008). Social support and the use of mental health services among Asian Americans: results from the national Latino and Asian American study. In Care for Major Health Problems and Population Health Concerns: Impacts on Patients, Providers and Policy (Vol. 26, pp. 167-184).
65. Tulloch O, Machingura F, & C, M. (2016). Health, Migration and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. . Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10761.pdf
66. UN General Assembly. (1990). International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CMW.aspx
67. United Nations. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300
68. Van der Doef, M., & Maes, S. (1999). The Job Demand-Control(-Support) model and psychological well-being: a review of 20 years of empirical research. Work and Stress, 13(2), 87-114. doi:10.1080/026783799296084
69. Vanhoutte, B., Loh, V., Nazroo, J., Kendig, H., O’Loughlin, K., & Byles, J. (2019). Selection, adaptation and advantage. Later-life health and wellbeing of English migrants to Australia. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(13), 2489-2507. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1446823
70. Wakabayashi, M., McKetin, R., Banwell, C., Yiengprugsawan, V., Kelly, M., Seubsman, S.-a., . . . Thai Cohort Study, T. (2015). Alcohol consumption patterns in Thailand and their relationship with non-communicable disease. BMC public health, 15(1), 1297. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2662-9
71. Warner, F. R. (2007). Social support and distress among Q'eqchi' refugee women in Maya Tecun, Mexico. Med Anthropol Q, 21(2), 193-217.
72. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. (2000). The Asia-Pacific perspective : redefining obesity and its treatment: Sydney : Health Communications Australia.
73. Workforce Development Agency. Work Qualifications and Rules for Foreign Workers. Workforce Development Agency. Retrieved from https://www.wda.gov.tw/en/NewsFAQ.aspx?n=26470E539B6FA395&sms=0FCDB188C74F69A0
74. Workforce Development Agency of MOL. (2019, April 2019). Foreign Workers in Productive Industries and Social Welfare by Industry and Nationality. Retrieved from https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/212040.htm
75. Zeng, Z., Guo, Y., Lu, L., Han, L., Chen, W., & Ling, L. (2014). Mental health status and work environment among workers in small- and medium-sized enterprises in Guangdong, China-a cross-sectional survey. BMC public health, 14(1), 1162. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1162