臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

許多研究顯示雙語優勢，雙語者有較高後設語言覺察、後設認知、注意力控制、問題解決及工作記憶 ⋯ 等認知表現，研究者提出雙語者能透過在日常經驗的語言轉換歷程提升其執行功能（包括抑制、更新及轉換）。但過去研究少探討雙語對思考表現的認知效益，台灣也少有研究探討國語、閩南語的雙語優勢。認知神經科學證據顯示，雙語歷程、執行功能及思考皆涉及前額葉腦區的激發；在台灣閩南人佔 69% 的環境下，國語、閩南語更易達致平衡雙語。本研究即為探討國語、閩南語雙語對執行功能及思考表現是否具有雙語優勢的效果。研究招收 108 位大學生，測量其雙語使用經驗、雙語使用平衡、雙語能力平衡及雙語能力作為雙語指標，執行功能以「改編版 Simon task」測量抑制、更新能力及「數字判斷作業」測量轉換能力，思考表現則以「三段式論證作業」以及「華－葛批判思考量表精簡版」測量；並以社會經濟地位、開放性人格特質及智力表現作為控制變項，分析國語、閩南語雙語指標與執行功能三成份、三段論證及批判思考表現的關係。
研究結果發現在 108 位參與者總樣本的Pearson相關分析中，雙語四指標間呈顯著相關、抑制與更新能力呈顯著正相關、三段論證與批判思考呈顯著正相關，雙語指標、執行功能及三段論證之間無任何顯著相關，批判思考與控制變項中的瑞文氏智力呈邊際顯著相關；而淨相關與Pearson相關分析的相同結果為雙語四指標間呈顯著相關、抑制與更新能力呈顯著正相關、三段論證與批判思考呈顯著正相關，另外發現雙語使用經驗與抑制能力呈邊際顯著相關，然而雙語各項指標與思考表現皆無顯著相關。進一步排除可能受到其它因素而影響雙語使用經驗評估的極端值，以 90 位受試者之次樣本進行Pearson相關分析，結果同前發現雙語四指標間呈顯著相關、抑制與更新能力呈顯著正相關、三段論證與批判思考呈顯著正相關、雙語使用經驗與抑制能力呈邊際顯著相關；但在雙語與思考關係的結果發現，雙語使用經驗、雙語能力與批判思考呈顯著相關、雙語能力平衡與批判思考呈邊際顯著相關、雙語能力與三段論證呈邊際顯著相關；在淨相關中除了與Pearson相關顯示相同結果，額外發現雙語使用經驗與抑制能力由邊際顯著成為顯著相關。進一步以階層迴歸將控制變項納入模式一，以雙語絕對程度指標、雙語平衡指標（標準化雙語使用經驗及雙語能力為雙語絕對程度指標、標準化雙語使用平衡及雙語能力平衡為雙語平衡指標），以及執行功能三成分納入模式二之分析顯示，瑞文氏智力以及雙語絕對程度指標可顯著預測批判性思考表現。本研究結果顯示，國語閩南語雙語某種程度可促進執行功能中的抑制能力以及批判思考的表現，討論中探討可能影響此結果的因素，以作為後續澄清國語閩南語雙語認知優勢之研究方向。

目次
摘要 i
目次 iii
圖目次 v
表目次 vi
緒論 1
文獻回顧 2
雙語優勢 2
雙語認知優勢的可能機制 5
雙語對思考表現的影響 6
雙語、執行功能及思考的關係 8
以國語、閩南語雙語探討對執行功能、思考表現的影響 11
研究目的 14
研究方法 16
研究對象及流程 16
研究工具 16
研究結果 23
總樣本 23
次樣本 31
討論 42
研究限制及貢獻 48
文獻參考 49
中文文獻 49
英文文獻 50
附錄 63
附錄一 語言使用經驗問卷 63
附錄二 語言聽說能力問卷 65
附錄三 三段式論證作業 66
附錄四 知情同意書 68

圖目次
圖一、抑制作業流程 19
圖二、更新作業流程 19
圖三、轉換作業流程 20
圖四、總樣本雙語使用經驗指標分佈 （N = 108） 24
圖五、總樣本雙語使用平衡指標分佈 （N = 108） 24
圖六、總樣本雙語使用能力指標分佈 （N = 108） 24
圖七、總樣本雙語能力指標分佈 （N = 108） 24
圖八、次樣本雙語使用經驗指標分佈 （N = 90） 32
圖九、次樣本雙語使用平衡指標分佈 （N = 90） 32
圖十、次樣本雙語使用能力指標分佈 （N = 90） 32
圖十一、次樣本雙語能力指標分佈 （N = 90） 32

表目次
表一、總樣本執行功能反應時間之操弄檢核 25
表二、總樣本各變項之描述統計 27
表三、總樣本各變項之Pearson相關分析 29
表四、總樣本各變項之淨相關分析 30
表五、次樣本執行功能反應時間之操弄檢核 33
表六、次樣本各變項之描述統計 35
表七、次樣本各變項之Pearson相關分析 37
表九、兩項雙語指標、執行功能三成份對思考表現之階層迴歸分析表 40
表十、與過去雙語研究之比較 45

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