臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

擴增實境(Augmented Reality, AR)透過特定技術之組合，在實景之基礎上額外整合呈現用戶需求之虛擬資訊內容，以在真實環境之合適位置提供虛實融合之註解或展示效果，進而達到直觀與簡化之人機操作介面。虛實內容能夠準確結合展示之關鍵取決於擴增實境系統對真實環境之掌握程度，而三維地理資訊系統(Three-Dimensional Geographic Information System, 3D GIS)基於三維空間位置及物件化觀點，記錄了大量空間現象之資訊內容，所記錄之內容將能透過空間位置因素與AR介面進行整合，一方面豐富AR介面中基於真實現象設計之多元資訊，另一方面則為3D GIS提供創新之視覺化展示可能性，進而使空間資訊躍然於現實環境之中，創造嶄新之運作模式。AR系統之運作將涉及不同之技術及資訊類型，每種可能之組合型態都將會影響應用之特性及建置過程之複雜度，在額外考量與空間資訊整合之因素後，更考驗如何發展有效之設計策略。有鑒於擴增實境及空間資訊整合之討論大多仍侷限於應用導向之特定案例，本研究主要著重於探討AR之基本組成及應用特性，透過系統化之分析架構探討AR 與GIS整合之可能應用及設計策略。
本研究首先基於文獻回顧之討論，自AR之基本組成要素觀點切入，將完整的 AR 體驗定義為實體空間、虛擬內容和用戶等三個要素的組合，並藉由不同之追蹤(Tracking)對象、渲染(Rendering)效果及互動(Interacting)模式，分析這三個要素之間的關係，形成三軸之立方(Cube)設計觀點，並組合為27個獨特之元素(Element)，進而介定實現各元素需要滿足的條件，包括技術需求、軟硬體成本、資料建置品質、專業技術能力、互動模式及應用限制等考量。本研究更基於各元素運作條件之分析及空間資訊實務運作之考量，進一步將立方中之元素歸結為具有相似特性之群組，並設計一系列對應之決策問題，提供AR及GIS整合應用開發之設計決策參考依據，進而簡化應用系統建置與發展之過程。此外，為提供後續實際建置應用之參考，本研究亦基於Web AR技術彙整相關之軟體工具，對應於前述之立方分析架構，並根據前述提出之設計決策問題，實際建置與測試可能之服務介面，突顯兩領域結合可帶來之影響。總結而言，面對AR系統之設計，本研究嘗試以立方觀點勾勒出AR應用之多元面向，進而將特定之面向歸結為滿足特定空間資訊應用之群組，在設計應用前可透過回答特定問題協助篩選出合適之元素群組，判斷所需滿足之建置條件，善用GIS多元資訊之優勢，引導AR及GIS結合之應用設計過程，創造直觀且智慧之三維輔助和決策環境。

Through combining specific technologies and integrating virtual content and real scene on the display devices, Augmented Reality (AR) can provide annotations or effects at appropriate locations in the visual environment to enable the development of an intuitive and simplified human-machine interface. The design strategies of AR system for virtual and real content will depend on the degree that AR system tracks the real environment. On the other hand, the Three-Dimensional Geographic Information System (3D GIS) records a large amount of information about spatial phenomena, which can be integrated with the AR interface from the location and content perspective. In this way, the various types of information of real-world phenomena presented in the AR interface can be enriched, and the use of 3D GIS can be also expanded. In other words, AR can be regarded as a brand-new visualization method which can jump up GIS data into real world and fully integrated in human lives. Dependent on the intended applications, the aforementioned operation modes will involve different types of technologies of AR and different demands of information. Each possible combination type will affect the characteristics of the applications and the complexity of the developing processes. After considering the factors of integration with spatial information, the strategic analysis for the application operation and establishment will be even more complex. However, most of the discussions about the integration of GIS and AR so far are still focusing on some successful application-oriented cases. A comprehensive set of design strategies for AR systems that considers how 3D GIS is used is yet to be developed. Therefore, this study mainly focuses on the analysis of composition and application characteristics of AR in order to develop a more systematic strategy for the integration of AR and GIS.
Based on the literature review, this study starts from the perspective of the basic elements of AR. AR is defined as the combination of three major components which form a complete AR experience, including reality, virtual content and user. The relationship between these elements can be further analyzed from three major perspectives, namely, tracking targets, rendering effects and interacting modes. This research proposed to use a three-axis cube to model these three perspectives, which includes 27 unique elements. Each element represents an unique combination of requirements determined from the three chosen perspectives, such as technical requirements, software and hardware costs, data quality, professional skills, interaction modes, limitation and so on. After analyzing the distinguished characteristics of each element, we further categorize the elements into groups with similar characteristics based on the consideration of requirements analysis and practical operation of geospatial information, and propose a series of questions to guide the developers for designing AR/GIS systems that appropriately meet their demands. In order to provide a technical reference for application development, this research examines related Web-AR software tools and link their uses with the elements in the cube. Finally, we use chosen application examples to demonstrate how their requirements can be readily implemented with the aforementioned design decision-making questions, and to show the benefit of integration of GIS and AR. In summary, this study successfully explores the multiple aspects of AR applications and how 3D GIS can be integrated with AR by the proposed cube design perspective, and then summarizes the cube elements into specific groups that meet different spatial information applications. Before developing AR systems, answering specific decision-making questions can help to select suitable groups of elements and to determine the data and technical requirements for the intended applications. Based on the proposed cube, we look forward to providing design references for the AR/GIS application development, and creating a smart three-dimensional assistance and intuitive decision-making environment.

摘要 I
誌謝 X
目錄 XII
表目錄 XVI
圖目錄 XVII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目標 5
1.3 研究流程 7
1.4 論文架構 9
1.5 先期研究 10
第二章 文獻回顧 11
2.1 擴增實境之發展、特性及應用 11
2.1.1 實境體驗之發展 11
2.1.2 擴增實境發展 17
2.1.3 擴增實境特性及應用 20
2.2 三維空間資訊及其視覺化內容 33
2.2.1 三維空間資訊特色 33
2.2.2 三維空間資訊視覺化展示內容 36
2.3 擴增實境與三維空間資訊結合之應用案例 39
2.3.1 無空間概念引入 40
2.3.2 引入空間因素 42
2.3.3 應用趨勢 50
2.4 不同觀點之擴增實境分類方法 52
2.4.1 技術觀點之擴增實境環境構建 52
2.4.2 展示觀點之擴增實境環境體驗 53
2.4.3 結合擴增實境之技術及展示觀點 53
第三章 擴增實境設計立方體架構 56
3.1 擴增實境體驗之特性分析 56
3.1.1 擴增實境基本要素 57
3.1.2 擴增實境基本要素間之關係 59
3.1.3 擴增實境應用型態 62
3.2 擴增實境立方設計觀點 65
3.2.1 追蹤(Tracking)對象 65
3.2.2 渲染(Rendering)效果 71
3.2.3 互動(Interacting)模式 75
3.3 立方體元素之應用特性分析 79
3.3.1 無需掌握實體條件之九元素 81
3.3.2 基於特徵之九元素 84
3.3.3 基於定位之九元素 87
3.3.4 擴增實境各特性組合應用型態之歸納 90
第四章 擴增實境之運作需求及設計策略 92
4.1 技術面設計需求 93
4.1.1 與基本技術及人機互動需求相關之硬體設備 93
4.1.2 與感測及運算處理需求相關之軟體工具 95
4.1.3 技術面之統整 101
4.2 資料面設計需求 102
4.2.1 展示資料類型 102
4.2.2 非用於展示之資料需求 105
4.2.3 資料篩選方式 106
4.2.4 資料面之統整 108
4.3 功能面設計需求 109
4.3.1 視覺化展示 109
4.3.2 主題式服務 109
4.3.3 情境感知服務 109
4.3.4 功能面之統整 110
4.4 基於運作需求及立方中特定面向之討論 111
4.4.1 沿軸向提升 115
4.4.2 面及線分析 116
4.5 面向空間資訊應用之擴增實境設計策略 127
4.5.1 基於空間相關度之分群 127
4.5.2 擴增實境視覺化技術選擇及設計 131
第五章 基於立方設計觀點之應用開發及測試 136
5.1 整體開發環境 136
5.1.1 應用環境架構 136
5.1.2 開發工具介紹 137
5.1.3 開發工具及立方設計觀點之對應 142
5.1.4 實作開發說明及基礎測試 149
5.2 空間數據展示與規劃討論之應用場合 160
5.2.1 應用情境之設計說明 160
5.2.2 對應元素之分析 161
5.2.3 建置方法及成果 163
5.3 系館內部簡介及相關活動之應用場合 167
5.3.1 應用情境之設計說明 167
5.3.2 對應元素之分析 169
5.3.3 建置方法及成果 171
5.4 設施管理之應用場合 175
5.4.1 應用情境之設計說明 175
5.4.2 對應元素之分析 178
5.4.3 建置方法及成果 180
5.5 實作之總結討論 186
5.5.1 可能影響內容展示位置誤差之因素 186
5.5.2 實作成果之效益 188
第六章 結論與建議 189
參考文獻 193

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