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研究生:吳敏瑞
研究生(外文):Wu, Min-Rui
論文名稱:一個12位元每秒取樣四十萬次之列並行混合式類比數位轉換器使用異步自適應電荷注入單元和單斜坡轉換
論文名稱(外文):A 12-bits 400KS/s Column-Parallel Hybrid Analog-to-Digital Converter Using Asynchronous Self-Adaptive Charge-Injection Cell and Single-Slope Conversion
指導教授:謝志成謝志成引用關係
指導教授(外文):Hsieh, Chih-Cheng
口試委員:陳信樹洪浩喬張順志
口試委員(外文):Chen, Hsin-ShuHong, Hao-ChiaoChang, Soon-Jyh
口試日期:2022-07-14
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立清華大學
系所名稱:電機工程學系
學門:工程學門
學類:電資工程學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2022
畢業學年度:110
語文別:英文
論文頁數:74
中文關鍵詞:類比數位轉換器列並行類比數位轉換器電荷注入混合式類比數位轉換器
外文關鍵詞:ADCColumn-parallelCharge-injectionHybrid ADC
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本文提出一個12位元每秒取樣四十萬次之列並行混合式類比數位轉換器(analog-to-digital converter, ADC) 使用異步自適應電荷注入單元(asynchronous self-adaptive charge-injection cell)和單斜坡(single-slope)轉換。
作為影像感測器之讀出電路,列並行式類比數位轉換器需要在較小的間距寬度達到較高的取樣頻率,因此本論文提出一種可重複使用之電荷注入電路和單斜坡電路組成之混合式架構,以此來降低轉換時間。並提出自適應電荷注入方式,提供了異步操作,使其僅依靠電容和電壓比例,降低由製成、電壓、溫度(Process-Voltage-Temperature, PVT)導致之列與列之間的不匹配問題。此外,電荷注入利用取樣訊號之電荷,而不須額外提供切換能量,因此可以有效降低功耗。
為驗證此架構,本電路之晶片採用40奈米1P9M互補式金氧半導體製程製作,核心電路面積為1250×800〖μm〗^2,且列並行式類比數位轉換器陣列之間距寬度為4μm。在1.5伏特電源電壓及400千赫茲取樣頻率操作下,本晶片可以達到SNDR為58.4dB,對應之ENOB為9.4-bit,其功耗為25.6μW,換算之能源效率指標(Walden figure-of merit, FoMw)為62.5fJ/conversion-step。
A 12-bits 400KS/s column-parallel hybrid analog-to-digital converter (ADC) using asynchronous self-adaptive (SA) charge-injection cell (ci-cell) and single-slope (SS) conversion.
As the readout circuit of the CMOS image sensor (CIS), the column-parallel ADC is required to achieve a high sampling frequency within a small pitch width. Thus, the proposed hybrid ADC uses a reusable ci-cell and a single ramp circuit to reduce conversion time. The proposed self-adaptive charge injection method provides asynchronous operation to reduce the column-to-column mismatch created by process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variation. In addition, the charge injection utilizes the charge of the sampled signal without additional switching energy to achieve energy efficiency.
The prototype was fabricated in 40nm 1P9M CMOS technology with a core area of 1250×8〖μm〗^2, and the pitch width of column-parallel ADCs is 4μm. At 1.5V supply voltage and 400KS/s sampling rate, the ADC achieves SNDR 58.4dB and corresponding ENOB 9.4-bit with consumes 25.6μW power, resulting FoMw 62.5fJ/conversion-step.
Abstract iii
Content iv
List of Figures viii
List of Tables xi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Architecture Selection 1
1.3 Target Specifications 3
Chapter 2 Background of ADC 5
2.1 Performance Metrics of ADC 5
2.1.1 Nyquist Theorem 5
2.1.2 Resolution 5
2.1.3 Quantization Error 6
2.1.4 Offset and Gain Error 8
2.1.5 Differential Nonlinearity 9
2.1.6 Integral Nonlinearity 10
2.1.7 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 10
2.1.8 Signal-to-Quantization-Noise Ratio 10
2.1.9 Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio 11
2.1.10 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range 11
2.1.11 Effective Number of Bits 12
2.1.12 Figure-of Merit 12
2.2 Basic SS ADC 12
2.2.1 Introduction of SS ADC 12
2.2.2 Sample and Hold Circuit 13
2.2.3 Charge Injection Effect 15
2.2.4 Clock Feedthrough 16
2.2.5 kT/C Noise 17
2.2.6 Comparator 18
2.2.7 Input Refferred Offset 19
2.2.8 Counter 20
2.2.9 Double Data Rate 20
Chapter 3 Column ADC Overview 22
3.1 Column-Shared ADC 22
3.1.1 SAR ADC [8] 22
3.1.2 Multi-Stage Cyclic-SAR ADC [9] 23
3.1.3 Analysis of Column-Shared ADC 24
3.2 Column-Parallel ADC 24
3.2.1 Dual-Slope (or two-step) ADC [10] 25
3.2.2 Time-Stretched SS ADC [2] 26
3.2.3 Time-to-Digital Converter SS ADC [3] 28
3.2.4 Charge-Injection SAR ADC 29
3.2.5 Summary 31
Chapter 4 Circuit Design Considerations 32
4.1 Hybrid Architecture 32
4.2 Sample and Hold Circuit 33
4.3 Dual-Mode Comparator 34
4.4 Global Gray Code Counter 35
4.5 Global Ramp Generator 36
4.6 Charge-Injection 37
Chapter 5 Circuit Implementation of Proposed SA CI ADC with SS 38
5.1 Architecture of Proposed SA CI ADC with SS 38
5.2 Architecture and Operation of Proposed Self-Adaptive Charge-Injection 41
5.2.1 Architecture and Operation of SA CI 41
5.2.2 Linearity Range 43
5.2.3 Noise 45
5.3 Single-Slope Conversion 46
5.4 Mixed Matching for Hybrid Architecture 46
5.5 Sample and Hold Circuit 48
5.6 Dual-Mode Comparator 50
5.7 Global Gray Code Counter 51
5.8 Global Ramp Generator 54
5.9 Design of Capacitor Array 57
5.10 Summary 57
Chapter 6 Measurement Results 59
6.1 Pre-Simulation and Post-Simulation 59
6.2 Measurement Environment Setup 61
6.3 Chip Micrograh 61
6.4 Measurement Results 62
6.4.1 Proposed 12-bit ADC 62
6.4.2 Column-Parallel 10-bit ADC w/o CIS 63
6.4.3 Column-Parallel 10-bit ADC w/ CIS 66
6.5 Performance Comparison 67
6.6 Summary 68
Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Work 69
7.1 Conclusion 69
7.2 Future Work 69
Bibliography 71
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