臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

這篇博士論文中，研究了台北市和新北市導入社會租賃住宅政策的成因。運用論述分析於政府官員、政治家和社會運動者對可負擔住房的看法，以及該論述在政策文件和社會住宅計畫中的具體化，以確定主導的論述。社會住宅的主流說法是：政府興建社會住宅，作為買不起房的年輕人的暫時解決方案，讓他們可以儲蓄購屋或在私人市場租房。接著，透過應用 Young (2011) 和 Fraser (1998) 的社會正義理論，討論了這些計畫對住宅正義的貢獻。此外，還進行了與私人租賃市場可負擔能力分析和比較。可以得出結論，社會住宅政策不是旨在提高弱勢公民地位的社會政策，而是提高中產階級「青年」在住房市場中的地位。社會住宅政策正在解決代間財富差異，而不是代內差異。此外，當前關於住宅的敘事並沒有透過政策而改變。
對台北和新北市議員候選人選舉公報的詳細研究中，發現都市政治舞台上對「好的」都市發展的共識，重點是都市經濟的經濟成長和攀升國際的全球城市排名。政黨內部的高度變異性和政黨之間的共識存在，這與後政治城市的定義產生了共鳴，其中治理被視為管理主義和新自由主義思想在政策制定中盛行。這一結論獲得對都市發展政策文件的分析、以及對市議員、地方政府代表和社會運動者的訪談所支持。
社會政策的導入和民主化是西方文獻中相互聯結的概念。然而，東亞國家的民主化走的是不同的路徑，社會政策導入則是選舉競爭的結果。本研究關於導入新的社會租賃住宅政策的研究顯示，當代表下層階級利益的政黨缺席時，透過選舉政治導入「社會」政策的侷限性。為了對抗新自由主義的都市發展，都市政治舞台必須聚焦都市問題，並避開持續存在的社會分裂，即再統合—民主化。

In this PhD-dissertation the reasons behind the introduction of the social rental housing policy in Taipei and New Taipei City are examined. Discourse analysis is applied on the perception on affordable housing of government officials, politicians and social movements and the materialisations of this discourse in policy documents and social housing projects to determine the dominant discourse. The dominant discourse on social housing presents as: Social housing build by the government as a temporary solution for young people that cannot afford to buy a house, so that they can save money for buying a house or renting in the private market. Subsequently, by applying theory on social justice by Young (2011) and Fraser (1998) the contribution of these projects to housing justice are discussed. In addition, an affordability analysis and comparison with the private rental market are conducted. It can be concluded that the social housing policy is not a social policy aiming at improving the position of disadvantaged citizens, but instead improves the position of middle-class ‘youth’ in the housing market. The social housing policy is addressing intergenerational wealth differences instead of intragenerational ones. Furthermore, is the current narrative on housing not transformed through the policy.
In a detailed study of the election programs of candidates for the position of city councillor in Taipei and New Taipei City a consensus on ‘good’ urban development in the urban political arena is found that focusses on economic growth of the cities’ economies and climbing in the international global cities ranking. High variability within parties and consensus between parties are present, which resonates with the definition of a post-political city, where governing is perceived as managing and neoliberal thinking is prevalent in policy development. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of urban development policy documents and interviews with city councillors, local government representatives and social movements.
Social policy introduction and democratisation are linked concepts in western literature. However, democratisation in East Asian countries follows a different path and social policy introduction is a result of electoral competition. This research on the introduction of the new social rental housing policy shows the limits of ‘social’ policy introduction through electoral politics, when a political party representing the interests of the lower class is absent. In order to counteract neoliberal urban development the urban political arena has to focus on urban issues and steer away from the persisting cleavage is society, which is reunification – democratisation.

Table of contents

Acknowledgements i
Chinese abstract ii
English abstract iii
Table of contents iv
List of tables vii
List of figures ix
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Problem statement 2
1.2 Research questions 3
1.3 Aims 4
1.4 Research setting 5
1.4.1 Geographic setting and demography 5
1.4.2 Economic setting 9
1.4.3 Social and cultural setting 10
1.5 Research justification 11
1.6 Thesis structure 11
2. Literature review 13
2.1 Social rental housing 14
2.1.1 Western social housing discourse 14
2.1.2 Taiwan’s history of affordable housing 22
2.1.3 Current housing market and the position of social housing 24
2.1.4 Key points 30
2.2 Housing and social justice 30
2.2.1 Social justice 30
2.2.2 Housing justice 34
2.2.3 Intergenerational justice 37
2.2.4 Key points 41
2.3 Democracy and social policy 41
2.3.1 Western liberal democracy 42
2.3.2 Consensus politics 46
2.3.3 Post-democracy 48
2.3.4 Democratic development in Taiwan 50
2.3.5 Key points 60
2.4 Urban politics and urban development 61
2.4.1 The functions of cities 61
2.4.2 The politics of urban development 62
2.4.3 The Post-Political City 65
2.4.4 Key points 67
3. Research methods 69
3.1 Introduction 70
3.2 Theoretical framework 70
3.3 Conceptual framework 73
3.4 Methodology 76
3.4.1 Discourse 76
3.4.2 Foucauldian-inspired discourse analysis 76
3.5 Research design 78
3.5.1 Language 78
3.5.2 Research ethics 80
3.5.3 Positionality statement 81
3.6 Data collection and processing 84
3.6.1 Interviews 84
3.6.2 Texts 87
3.6.3 Materialities 93
3.6.4 Anticipated problems 94
3.7 Data analysis 95
3.7.1 Application of discourse analysis 95
3.7.2 Analysing materialities 101
3.7.3 Presentation of results 102
3.8 Justification of research method 102
4. Results and discussion 104
4.1 Introduction 105
4.2 Social housing: The construction of a discourse 106
4.2.1 Introduction 106
4.2.2 Social rental housing and elections 106
4.2.3 Target group 111
4.2.4 Implementation 125
4.2.5 Initiative and financialization 140
4.2.6 Discourse construction 152
4.2.7 Conclusion 166
4.3 Social housing, housing justice? 167
4.3.1 Introduction 167
4.3.2 Materialities 168
4.3.3 Transformation of the housing market 193
4.3.4 Conclusion 197
4.4 Neoliberal urban development 199
4.4.1 Introduction 199
4.4.2 The city as growth machine 200
4.4.3 Urban development discourse 210
4.4.4 Implications of consensus for urban development 235
4.4.5 Conclusion 240
4.5 Assemblage and the post-political city 241
4.5.1 Introduction 241
4.5.2 The urban political arena 242
4.5.3 A Post-Political City? 254
4.5.4 Democratic momentum 256
4.5.5 Conclusion 259
4.6 Social housing policy introduction in neoliberal Taiwan 260
4.6.1 Introduction 260
4.6.2 Democratisation: An opportunity for social policy? 260
4.6.3 Social housing: A tool for initiating change? 264
4.6.4 Theory adjustment, universal applications and a word of warning 266
5. Conclusions 270
6. Bibliography 275
7. Appendices 287
7.1 Election statements candidates district 2 Taipei City Neihu/Nangang, 288
7.2 Discourse per political party district 2 Taipei City Neihu/Nangang 302
7.3 Urban policy document excerpts 313
7.4 Election statements comparisons 318
7.5 Comparison social housing units with the private rental market 322

Aspalter, C. (2002). Democratization and Welfare State Development in Taiwan. Routledge.
Beekers, W. P. (2012). Het bewoonbare land: Geschiedenis van de volkshuisvestingsbeweging in Nederland. BOOM.
Bengtsson, B. (2001). Housing as a social right: Implications for welfare state theory. Scandinavian Political Studies, 24(4), 255–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.00056
Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! Populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2–16.
Chan, J., Shin, D. C., & Williams, M. (2016). East Asian Perspectives on Political Legitimacy : Bridging the Empirical-Normative Divide. In East Asian Perspectives on Political Legitimacy : Bridging the Empirical-Normative Divide. (p. 267). Cambridge University Press.
Chang, C.-O., & Chen, S.-M. (2018). Dilemma of Housing Demand in Taiwan. International Real Estate Review, 21(3), 397–418.
Chang, C.-O., & Yuan, S.-M. (2013). Public Housing Policy in Taiwan. In The Future of Public Housing (pp. 85–101). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41622-4_6
Chen, P. F., Chien, M. S., & Lee, C. C. (2011). Dynamic modeling of regional house price diffusion in Taiwan. Journal of Housing Economics, 20(4), 315–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhe.2011.09.002
Chen, Y.-L. (2005). Provision for collective consumption: Housing production under neoliberalism. In Globalizing Taipei: The Political Economy of Spatial Development (pp. 99–119). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203001202
Chen, Y.-L. (2011). New Prospects for Social Rental Housing in Taiwan: The Role of Housing Affordability Crises and the Housing Movement. International Journal of Housing Policy, 11(3), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2011.599133
Chen, Y.-L. (2020). “Housing Prices Never Fall”: The Development of Housing Finance in Taiwan. Housing Policy Debate, 30(4), 623–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2020.1714691
Chen, Y.-L., & Bih, H.-D. (2014). The Pro-market Housing System and Demographic Change in Taiwan. In Housing East Asia (pp. 204–226). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137314529_10
Chiang, M.-H., & Gerbier, B. (2013). Cross-Strait Economic Relations: Recent Development and Implications for Taiwan. Revue de La Régulation, 13(13), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.4000/REGULATION.10177
Chou, Y.-C., & Wang, Y.-Y. (2004). Taiwanese housing policies from authoritarian to democratic: Possible effects of new housing policies. Adequate & Affordable Housing for All, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6622.1989.tb00554.x
Christophers, B. (2018). Intergenerational Inequality? Labour, Capital, and Housing Through the Ages. Antipode, 50(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12339
Chu, Y.-H., Diamond, L., Nathan, A. J., & Shin, D. C. (2008). How East Asians View Democracy. Columbia University Press.
Clapham, D., Kemp, P., & Smith, S. J. (1990). Housing as Social Policy. In Housing and Social Policy (pp. 21–55). Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20676-6_2
Crouch, C. (2004). Post-Democracy. Polity Press Ltd.
Davidson, M., & Iveson, K. (2015). Recovering the politics of the city: From the “post-political city” to a “method of equality” for critical urban geography. Progress in Human Geography, 39(5), 543–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132514535284
Dawkins, C. (2020). The right to housing in an ownership society. Housing and Society, 47(2), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/08882746.2020.1722055
Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1988). A Thousand Plateaus. Bloomsbury.
Financial Information Center [財政資訊中心]. (2020). Comprehensive Income Tax Settlement and Declaration Statistics Collection. http://service.mof.gov.tw/public/Data/statistic/d3.js/demo/tax02/index.html
Fleckenstein, T., & Lee, S. (2017). Democratization, post-industrialization, and East Asian welfare capitalism: the politics of welfare state reform in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 33(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1288158
Foucault, M. (1971). Orders of discourse. Social Science Information, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.1177/053901847101000201
Fraser, N. (1998). Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, Participation. http://www.wz-berlin.de
Fuller, C. (2013). Urban politics and the social practices of critique and justification: Conceptual insights from French pragmatism. Progress in Human Geography, 37(5), 639–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512469763
Gao, F. (2011). 台北市出租國宅居住空間使用維護管理之研究 [A Study on Use and Maintenance Management of Public Housing for Rent in Taipei City ]. China University of Technology.
Gary, A., & Holmes, D. (2020). Researcher Positionality-A Consideration of Its Influence and Place in Qualitative Research-A New Researcher Guide. International Journal of Education, 8(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i4.3232
Harvey, D. (2016). The ways of the world. Profile books.
Harvey, David. (1989). From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 71(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/490503
Harvey, David. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
Ho, K., Clarke, H. D., Chen, L. K., & Weng, D. L. C. (2013). Valence politics and electoral choice in a new democracy: The case of Taiwan. Electoral Studies, 32(3), 476–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.05.012
Hochstenbach, C., & Boterman, W. R. (2014). Navigating the field of housing: housing pathways of young people in Amsterdam. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 30, 257–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-014-9405-6
Hook, D. (2001). Discourse, knowledge, materiality, history; Foucault and discourse analysis. Theory and Psychology, 11(4), 521–547.
Hoolachan, J., & McKee, K. (2019). Inter-generational housing inequalities: “Baby Boomers” versus the “Millennials.” Urban Studies, 56(1), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018775363
Hoolachan, J., McKee, K., & Moore, T. (2017). ‘Generation rent’ and the ability to ‘settle down’: economic and geographical variation in young people’s housing transitions. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(1), 63–78.
Housing Justice National Platform. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2021, from https://www.housingjusticeplatform.org/
Hsiao, Y., Cheng, S., & Achen, C. (2017). Political Left and Right in Taiwan. In The Taiwan Voter. University of Michigan Press.
Hu, L.-C., & Chiang, Y.-L. (2021). Having Children in a Time of Lowest-Low Fertility: Value of Children, Sex Preference and Fertility Desire among Taiwanese Young Adults. Child Indicators Research, 14(2), 537–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12187-020-09753-5/TABLES/3
Huntington, S. (1993). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century: University of Oklahoma Press.
Independent group of scientist appointed by the Secretary-General. (2019). Global Sustainable Development Report: The Future Is Now: Science for achieving Sustainable Development.
Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. The Failure of Town Planning. New York. https://doi.org/10.2307/794509
Jacobs, J. M. (2012). Urban geographies I: Still thinking cities relationally. Progress in Human Geography, 36(3), 412–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511421715
Jacobs, K. (2006). Discourse Analysis and its Utility for Urban Policy Research. Urban Policy and Research, 24(1), 39–52.
Jou, S.-C., Hansen, A. L., & Wu, H.-L. (2012). Accumulation by Dispossession and Neoliberal Urban Planning: ‘Landing ’ the Mega-Projects in Taipei. Contradictions of Neoliberal Planning, 102, 151–171.
Kamat, S. (2014). The New Development Architecture and the Post-Political in the Global South. In The Post-Political and Its Discontents (p. 326). Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
La Grange, A., Chang, C.-O., & Yip, N.-M. (2006). Commodification and urban development: A case study of Taiwan. Housing Studies, 21(1), 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030500391114
Lefebvre, H. (1996). The Right to the City. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/henri-lefebvre-right-to-the-city
Liamputtong, P. (2010). Performing qualitative cross-cultural research. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812705
Lima, V. (2021). From housing crisis to housing justice: Towards a radical right to a home. Urban Studies, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098021995128
Lin, P.-S., Chang, C.-O., & Sing, T.-F. (2016). Do housing options affect child birth decisions? Evidence from Taiwan. Urban Studies, 53(16), 3527–3546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015615742
Lin, W.-I. (2003). On Social Housing Policy and Social Care in Taiwan [論我國的社會住宅政策與社會照顧的結合]. National Policy Quarterly, 2(4), 53–82. https://doi.org/10.6407/NPQ.200312.0053
Lin, W.-I. (2006). 台灣的社會福利: 歷史經驗與制度分析[Social Welfare in Taiwan: Historical Experience and Institutional analyse]. Wu Nan Publication.
Lu, H., & Chen, M. (2006). Cultural Norms ? Investigating the High Homeownership Rate in Taiwan. http://proj3.sinica.edu.tw/~econ/activities/past/20060418.pdf
Ma, R., & Kang, E.-T. (2015). Intergenerational effects of parental wealth on children’s housing wealth. Environment and Planning A, 47, 1756–1775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X15597128
MacLeod, G. (2011). Urban politics reconsidered: Growth machine to post-democratic city? Urban Studies, 48(12), 2629–2660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011415715
Mattlin, M. (2011). Politicized Society: The Long Shadow of Taiwan’s One-party Legacy (1st ed.). NIAS Press.
McAllister, I. (2016). Democratic consolidation in Taiwan in comparative perspective. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 1(1), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057891115620683
McCann, E., & Ward, K. (2012). Assembling urbanism: following policies and “studying through” the sites and situations of policy making. Environment and Planning A, 44, 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44178
McFarlane, C. (2011a). Assemblage and critical urbanism. City, 15(2), 204–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2011.568715
McFarlane, C. (2011b). Encountering, describing and transforming urbanism. City, 15(6), 731–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2011.632901
Ministry of the Interior. (2017). Housing Act. https://www.moi.gov.tw/english/english_law/law_detail.aspx?sn=398
Mouffe, C. (2001). The Democratic Paradox. Verso Books.
Mouffe, C. (2007). On the Political (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.2307/2057923
New Taipei City Government. (2016). New Taipei City Year 107 Social Housing Plan.
New Taipei City Government. (2020). 新北市政府109年度施政計畫[New Taipei City Annual Policy Plan].
Papadopoulos, Y. (2002). Populism, the Democratic Question, and Contemporary Governance. In Democracies and the Populist Challenge (First edit, pp. 45–61). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403920072_3
Peck, J. (2011). Geographies of policy: From transfer-diffusion to mobility-mutation. Progress in Human Geography, 35(6), 773–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132510394010
Purcell, M. (2008). Recapturing democracy: Neoliberalization and the struggle for alternative urban futures. In Recapturing Democracy: Neoliberalization and the Struggle for Alternative Urban Futures. Routledge.
Purcell, M. (2013). The right to the city: the struggle for democracy in the urban public realm. Policy & Politics , 43(3), 311–338. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557312X655639
Purcell, M. (2014). Possible worlds: Henri lefebvre and the right to the city. Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(1), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12034
Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition.
Regional Economic Outlook: Asia and Pacific. (2020). https://data.imf.org/?sk=ABFF6C02-73A8-475C-89CC-AD515033E662
Rigger, S. (1999). Politics in Taiwan. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.2307/2672039
Ronald, R. (2018). ‘Generation rent’ and intergenerational relations in the era of housing financialisation. Critical Housing Analysis, 5(2), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.13060/23362839.2018.5.2.439
Rose, R., & Shin, D. C. (2001). Democratization Backwards: The Problem of Third-Wave Democracies. British Journal of Political Science, 31(2), 331–354.
Roy, A., & Ong, A. (2011). Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of being Global. In Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of being Global. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444346800
Said, E. W. (1983). The World, The Text, And The Critic. http://medaad.wordpress.com
Sartre, J.-P. (1948). Existentialism is a Humanism. Methuen.
Shen, M.-Y., & Fu, C.-C. (2015). 台灣「國民」住宅設計與現代住居空間再現 [The “National” Public Housing Design in Taiwan and the Representation of Modernity of Residential Space]. Journal of Housing Studies, 24(1), 55–88.
Social Housing Advocacy Consortium. (2022). Social Housing Advocacy Consortium: Statistics. http://socialhousingtw.blogspot.com/
Stone, M. E. (2006). What is Housing Affordability? The Case for the Residual Income Approach . Housing Policy Debate, 17(1), 151–186.
Swyngedouw, E. (2007). The Post-Political City. In Urban politics now: reflect series. NAI-publishers.
Swyngedouw, E. (2011). Interrogating post-democratization: Reclaiming egalitarian political spaces. Political Geography, 30(7), 370–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.08.001
Terchek, R. J., & Conte, T. C. (2000). Theories of Democracy: A Reader (R. J. Terchek & T. C. Conte (Eds.)). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2021). Democracy Index 2020: In sickness and in health? 75. www.eiu.com
Thompson, M. (2015). Democracy with Asian Characteristics. The Journal of Asian Studies, 74(4), 875–887.
United Nations. (2015). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects.
Van der Lans, J. (2007). Canon Volkshuisvesting. https://www.canonsociaalwerk.eu/nl_vhv/
Waitt, R. (2010). Doing Foucauldian Discourse Analysis - Revealing Social Realities. In Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography (pp. 217–220). Oxford University Press.
Wilson, J., & Swyngedouw, E. (2014). Seeds of Dystopia: Post-Politics and the Return of the Political. In The Post-Political and Its Discontents (p. 326). Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
Wong, J. (2004). The Adaptive Developmental State in East Asia. In Journal of East Asian Studies (Vol. 4, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800006007
Wong, M. T. O. (2019). Intergenerational Family Support for “Generation Rent”: The Family Home for Socially Disengaged Young People. Housing Studies, 34(1), 1–23.
Wu, C. L. (2003). Local factions and the Kuomintang in Taiwan’s electoral politics. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 3(1), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/3.1.89
Wu, Y. (2013). From Identity to Distribution: Paradigm Shift in Taiwan Politics A First Cut. 55th Annual Conference of the American Association for Chinese Studies, 1–20.
Yiftachel, O. (2020). From displacement to displaceability: A southeastern perspective on the new metropolis. City, 24(1–2), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2020.1739933
Yip, N.-M. N., & Chang, C.-O. (2003). Housing in Taiwan: State Intervention in a Market Driven Housing System. Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 2(1), 93–113.
Young, I. M. (2011). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton University Press.
Zizek, S. (2004). The structure of domination today: A Lacanian view. Studies in East European Thought, 56, 383–403.
Zizek, S. (2011). Living in the end times. Verso Books.
Zukin, S. (2011). Is There An Urban Sociology ? Questions on a Field and a Vision. Sociologica, 3, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.2383/36415