臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

對於新冠疫情前的歐洲，2010年的歐債危機與2015年敘利亞難民危機都在歐盟引起民粹的軒然大波。相比諸多成員因歐債與民粹主義焦頭爛額，德國內部社會安定、經濟強勢且低失業率。外界將其譽為「德國的經濟奇蹟」，並歸功於2005年實施的新自由主義勞動市場改革「哈茲改革」(Hartz Reform)。然而經濟奇蹟並非毫無缺點，本研究透過文獻回顧與訪談法發現，哈茲改革後，勞動市場二元化加深、低額救濟金也無法幫助受助者脫離貧窮，使改革後階級對立、貧富差距拉大，對德國極左、極右民粹主義政黨發展都有直接或間接影響。

哈茲改革背後的新自由主義思想衝擊德國原先秩序自由主義主張的「公平」價值觀，政府與資方獲得市場彈性與獲利，與之同時勞方權力、失業福利被大幅削減，使極左民粹政黨，左黨(Die Linke)透過反改革獲得選票。改革後，德國勞動市場長期處於低薪高工時的狀態，加上主流政黨又忽略歐債危機的反紓困民意，社會瀰漫一股廣泛的不滿並無處宣洩，極右民粹德國另類選擇黨(Alternative für Deutschland，AfD)因此出世。受訪者認為，社會長年充斥著廣泛不公平，以及特定民意長期缺乏抒發管道，才是極端民粹主義得以在德國成長茁壯的原因。

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the European debt crisis in 2010 and the Syrian refugee crisis in 2015 caused a populist uproar in the EU. Compared with other EU members, Germany has a stable society, strong economy, and low unemployment rate. This success was hailed as "Germany's economic miracle" and attributed to the implementation of neoliberal labor market reform "Hartz Reform" in 2005.

However, the economic miracle still has shortcomings. Through literature review and interviews, this study found that the dualization of the German labor market has deepened after the Hartz Reform. Low welfare payments also failed to help recipients escape poverty, which led to class confrontation and a widening gap between the rich and the poor after the reform. These phenomena had, directly and indirectly, affected the development of extreme left and extreme right populist parties in Germany.

The neoliberal ideology behind the Hartz reforms has impacted the "fairness" value advocated by the original ordoliberalism in Germany. The government and employers gained market flexibility and profits, while labor's power and unemployment benefits were dramatically reduced. The extreme-left-populist party, Die Linke, gained votes through anti-reform. After Hartz Reform, the German labor market remained in a state of low wages and high working hours for a long time, and the mainstream parties ignored the anti-relief public opinion of the European debt crisis. There was no place to vent a widespread discontent in society,thus the extreme-right populist party, Alternative for Germany (Alternative für Deutschland, AfD)gained the votes. The respondents believe that the widespread of long-term social injustice and the chronic lack of outlets for specific public opinion are the reasons why extreme populism has grown and flourished in Germany.

第一章 緒論 p1
第一節 研究動機與目的 p1
第二節 研究問題與價值 p5
第三節 研究方法 p7
第四節 理論回顧：新自由主義(Neoliberalism)與秩序自由主義(Ordoliberalism) p9
第五節 研究架構、範圍與限制 p29
第六節 研究章節安排 p31

第二章 歐債危機與民粹主義 p35
第一節 民粹主義與極端意識型態 p35
第二節 背景：歐債危機與不紓困條款 p41
第三節 歐債危機後：歐盟的民粹主義 p44
第四節 歐債危機後：德國的民粹主義 p48
第五節 第二章小結 p51

第三章 國內經濟與民粹 p57
第一節 改革前的政經背景 p57
第二節 Hartz Reform內容 p61
第三節 Hartz Reform與貧富差距 p73
第四節 政黨、民粹與改革之爭 p83
第五節 第三章小結 p90
 
第四章 國內社會與民粹主義 p97
第一節 背景：德國與2015敘利亞難民危機 p97
第二節 德國的民粹政黨 p100
第三節 移民、難民、經濟與民粹投票 p104
第四節 2017年德國大選後的民粹政黨 p109
第五節 第四章小結 p113

第五章 訪談方法與訪談結果 p117
第一節 經驗研究與訪談方法 p117
第二節 訪談大綱設計 p120
第三節 訪談資料分析(德文版訪綱) p124
第四節 中文版訪談分析 p133
第五節 第五章小結 p145

第六章 結論 p151

附 錄 p159
參考資料 p203

壹、中文文獻

一.書籍

沈有忠，2018，《德國再起──透視德國百年憲政發展》，台北：新學林

二.期刊

沈玄池，2015.10，〈近期歐洲難民問題之根源與發展〉，《全球政治評論》，第52期 ，頁1-10

卓忠宏，2020.01，〈簡析歐洲極端政黨的興起與特色〉，《歐亞研究》，第10期，頁53-58

盛盈仙，2015.10，〈難民問題對歐洲整合影響〉，《全球政治評論》，第52期，頁29-34

盧倩儀，2014.12，〈歐債危機之新自由主義根源〉，《政治學報》，第58期，頁37-72

羅致美，2017.03，〈從德國Hartz改革法案反思後歐債危機的歐盟經濟治理〉，《政治科學論叢》，第71期，頁41-74

三.論文

葉斯聿，2014.06，〈福利制度與觀念變遷之研究：德國統一後之個案分析〉，碩士論文，東海大學政治學系
 
四.網路

公視新聞網，2017.09.25，〈德"另類選擇黨"異軍突起成為第三大黨〉， https://news.pts.org.tw/article/371935，瀏覽日期：2021.09.17

全國法規資料庫，《公民與政治權利國際公約》 https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Y0000039， 瀏覽日期：2021.09.17

張福昌，2016.09.29，〈跌跤的鐵娘子：梅克爾的領導危機〉，轉角國際 udn ，http://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8663/1985411 , 瀏覽日期：2020.11.18

黃哲翰，2016.10.19，〈當圍牆二度倒塌（上）：德國難民危機的關鍵三日〉，udn轉角國際，https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8663/2034674，瀏覽日期：2020.07.14

德國之聲中文網，2019.06.16，〈德國將遣返新一批阿富汗難民〉，https://www.dw.com/zh/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%B0%86%E9%81%A3%E8%BF%94%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%80%E6%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E9%9A%BE%E6%B0%91/a-49225446，瀏覽日期：2020.11.13
 
貳、西文部分

I.Books

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Mair, Peter., 2013, Ruling the void : the hollowing of western democracy, London ; New York : Verso

March, Luke.,2011, Radical Left Parties in Europe. Abingdon: Routledge

Mudde, Cas., 2007, Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Mudde, Cas., 2013, Are populists friends or foes of constitutionalism?. ,Oxford: The Foundation for Law, Justice and Society.

Mudde, Cas., 2016, The populist radical right: A reader., New York: Taylor and Francis

Mudde, Cas. and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. , 2017 , Populism: A Very Short Introduction. ,New York: Oxford University Press

Mureşan, Ştefan Sorin.,2014, Social Market Economy: The Case of Germany, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing

Knuth, Matthias., 2014, Labour market reforms and the "jobs miracle" in Germany, Brussels: EESC
Radke, Detlef., 1995, German Social Market Economy: Option for the Transforming and Developing Countries?—GDI Book Series; No.4., London:Routledge

Steger, Manfred B. and Ravi K. Roy, 2010, Neoliberalism: A Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press

II.Periodicals

Atik, Jeffery .,2016, ” From ‘No Bailout’ to the European Stability Mechanism”, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol.39, Issue 5, pp.1201-1224

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Coffé, Hilde. and Rebecca Plassa., 2010, ”Party policy position of Die Linke: A continuation of the PDS?”, Party Politics, Vol. 16, Issue 6, pp.721-735

Conrad, Maximilian. ,2020, ”From the Eurozone Debt Crisis to the Alternative for Germany”, Frontiers in Political Science, Vol.2, pp.1-10

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Degner, Hanno, and Dirk Leuffen, 2020, “Crises and Responsiveness: Analysing German Preference Formation during the Eurozone Crisis.”, Political Studies Review , Vol 18., Issue 4, pp.491-506

Diermeier, Matthias.,2020 “The AfD’s Winning Formula – No Need for Economic Strategy Blurring in Germany”., Intereconomics., Vol.55, No.1,pp.43-52

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Fischer, Leandros. and Mark Bergfeld ,2017,” Challenges Ahead: Germany's Die Linke in Times of Polarization.” Transform: A Journal of the Radical Left, Vol. 2, pp.71-112

Frieden, Jeffry. and Stefanie Walter., 2017, “Understanding the political economy of the Eurozone Crisis”, Annual Review of Political Science., Vol.20, Issue 1, pp.371-390

Gallas, Alexander., and Moritz Ege. ,2019,“The Exhaustion of Merkelism: A Conjunctural Analysis.” New Formations, Vol. 96, pp.89-131

Gerber, Alan S., Huber, Gregory A., Doherty, David. and Conor M. Dowling, 2012, "Disagreement and the Avoidance of Political Discussion: Aggregate Relationships and Differences across Personality Traits." American Journal of Political Science, Vol.56, Issue 4, pp.849-874.

Hambauer , Verena and Anja Mays, 2018, “Wer wählt die AfD? – Ein Vergleich der Sozialstruktur, politischen Einstellungen und Einstellungen zu Flüchtlingen zwischen AfD-WählerInnen und der WählerInnen der anderen Parteien“, Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, Vol.12, pp.133-154

Hancké, Bob.,2013, “The missing link. Labour unions, central banks and monetary integration in Europe.”, Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research., Vol. 19, Issue 1, pp.89-101

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Jacobi, Lena and Jochen Kluve.,2007,”Before and after the Hartz reforms: The performance of active labour market policy in Germany”, Zeitschrift für Arbeitsmarkt Forschung ,Journal for Labour Market Research, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp.45-54, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg

Arzheimer, Kai and Carl C. Berning, 2019, ” How the Alternative for Germany (AfD) and their voters veered to the radical right, 2013–2017.”, Electoral Studies, Vol.60, 102040, pp.1-10

Krebs, Tom and Martin Scheffel, 2013, “Macroeconomic Evaluation of Labor Market Reform in Germany.” IMF Economic Review, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp.664-701

Lees, Charles.,2018, “The ‘Alternative for Germany’: The rise of right-wing populism at the heart of Europe” , Politics, Vol.38, Issue 3,pp.295-310

Margalit, Yotam., 2019,”Political Responses to Economic Shocks”, Annual Review of Political Science , Vol. 22, pp.277-295

Nandori, Eszter Siposne ., 2014, “Objective and Subjective Poverty. “, In: Michalos, Alex C., eds., Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research , Dordrecht: Springer

Noury, Abdul. and Gerard Roland, 2020, “Identity Politics and Populism in Europe.” Annual Review of Political Science Vol.23, Issue 1, pp.421-439

Otjes, Simon., Ivaldi, Gilles., Ravik Jupskås, Anders., and Oscar Mazzoleni, 2018, “It’s not Economic Interventionism, Stupid! Reassessing the Political Economy of Radical Right-wing Populist Parties”., Swiss Political Science Review., Vol. 24, Issue 3, pp.270-290

Olsen , Jonathan., 2018, “The Left Party and the AfD Populist Competitors in Eastern Germany”, German Politics and Society, Vol.38, Issue 126, No.3 , pp.70-83

Pappas, Takis S.,and Hanspeter Kriesi, 2015, “Populism and crisis : a fuzzy relationship”, in Kriesi ,Hanspeter. and Takis S. Pappas.,eds, European populism in the shadow of the great recession, pp. 303-325, Colchester : ECPR Press

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Rodrik, Dani.,2021, ”Why Does Globalization Fuel Populism? Economics, Culture, and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism.”, Annual Review of Economics., Vol. 13, pp.133-170

Schulte-Cloos, Julia.and Tobias Rüttenauer.,2018, ” A Transformation from Within? Dynamics of Party Activists and the Rise of the German AfD”., in Laffan,Brigid. and Lorenzo Cicchi, eds., 2017: Europe’s Bumper Year of Elections., pp. 207-222, San Domenico di Fiesole: European University Institute

Söllner, Fritz, 2017, “»It’s the Economy, Stupid!«– Bemerkungen zum Abschneiden der AfD bei der Bundestagswahl 2017.”, ifo Schnelldienst, Vol.70, Issue 22, pp.21-24

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Webe. Enzo., 2015,”The Labour Market in Germany: Reforms, Recession and Robustness.”, De Economist, Vol.163, Issue 4, pp. 461-472

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Zainal, Zaidah.,2007, ” Case Study as a Research Method. “Jurnal Kemanusiaan ,Vol. 9, pp.1-6

III.Conference Papers

Ajzenman, Nicolas., Aksoy, Cevat Giray. and Sergei Guriev, 2019, “Exposure to Transit Migration, Public Attitudes, and Entrepreneurship among the Native Population.”EBRD Working Paper, No.236, pp.1-54

Alber, Jens and Heisig, Jan Paul ,2011, “ Do new labour activation policies work? A descriptive analysis of the German Hartz reforms?”., WZB Discussion Paper, No. SP I 2011-211, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), pp.1-58, Berlin

Algan, Yann., Guriev, Sergei., Papaioannou, Elias., and Evgenia Passari, 2017, “The European Trust Crisis and the Rise of Populism.”, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, pp.309-382

Bossler, Mario.and Schank, Thorsten, 2020, “Wage Inequality in Germany after the Minimum Wage Introduction.”, IZA Discussion Paper, No.13003, pp.1-58

Eichhorst, Werner. 2012. “The Unexpected Appearance of a New German Model “IZA Discussion Paper Series, IZA DP No.6625. Bonn: The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).pp.1-26

Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz ,and Monika Köppl-Turyna,2019,” Cushion or catalyst? How welfare state generosity moderates the impact of economic vulnerability on populist radical right support”, Agenda Austria Working Paper, No. 16, Agenda Austria, Wien

Hartung, Benjamin., Jung, Philip.and Moritz. Kuhn, 2018, "What Hides Behind the German Labor Market Miracle? Unemployment Insurance Reforms and Labor Market Dynamics.", CESifo Working Paper Series 7379, CESifo., pp.1-50

Immel, Lea.,2021, "The Impact of Labor Market Reforms on Income Inequality: Evidence from the German Hartz Reforms," ifo Working Paper Series 347, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich

Kellermann, Kim Leonie. and Simon Winter, 2018,” Immigration and anti-immigrant sentiments: evidence from the 2017 German Parliamentary Election.”, CIW Discussion Paper, No. 5/2018, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Centrum für Interdisziplinäre Wirtschaftsforschung (CIW), Münster, pp.1-29
 
Konstantinis, Alvertos M., 2021, “The rise of AfD in Germany: A spatial econometrics approach”, Master thesis, School of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton

Trinh, Nhat An.,2021, “Hartz IV and Educational Attainment: Investigating the Causal Effect of Social Benefit Reform on Intergenerational Inequalities in Germany.” SocArXiv, pp.1-24

Voss, Dustin., 2018, "The Political Economy of European Populism: Labour Market Dualisation and Protest Voting in Germany and Spain," LEQS – LSE Europe in Question' Discussion Paper Series 132, European Institute, LSE.

Walwei, Ulrich ,2019,” Marginal part-time employment in Germany: live or let die?, “In: IAB-Forum 8th of August 2019

IV.Documents

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DG Trésor, 2013, “How have the Hartz reforms shaped the German labour market?” TRÉSOR-ECONOMICS, No. 110, pp.1-7
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Hofbauer, Silvia., Krapfenbauer, Ilse Leidl., Mitter,Gernot., Schweitzer, Tobias.and Josef Wallner,2016,“Die Hartz-Reformen in Deutschland und ihre Folgen“, Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte, pp.1-15, https://www.arbeiterkammer.at/infopool/wien/AK_Hartz_Reformen_Folgen-und-Alternativen_10-2016.pdf

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V.Internet

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AfD Kompakt, 2020.02.05,” Verpflegungskosten in Sachsens Asylheimen deutlich höher als für Hartz-IV“, https://afdkompakt.de/2020/02/05/verpflegungskosten-in-sachsens-asylheimen-deutlich-hoeher-als-fuer-hartz-iv/ Browse date: 2021.06.22

AfD Kompakt, 2020.07.20,” Die Bundesagentur für Arbeit sollte aufgelöst werden“, https://afdkompakt.de/2020/07/27/die-bundesagentur-fuer-arbeit-sollte-aufgeloest-werden/ Browse date: 2021.06.22

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Barysch,Katinka., 2013.04.19, ”Is the euro crisis responsible for populism?”, Centre for European Reform, https://www.cer.org.uk/insights/euro-crisis-responsible-populism ,Browse date: 2021.08.20

Bernanke, Ben S., 2015.04.03, ” Germany’s trade surplus is a problem”, BROOKINGS, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/ben-bernanke/2015/04/03/germanys-trade-surplus-is-a-problem/ ,Browse date: 2021.09.10

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Bussiness-on.de,2019.11.17„Änderungen beim Midijob ab Juli 2019”, https://www.business-on.de/gleitzone-aenderungen-beim-midijob-ab-juli-2019-_id55327.html , Browse date: 2021.08.20

CTV News, 2017.03.13, “Dutch premier wants to turn tide of populism in election” https://www.ctvnews.ca/mobile/world/dutch-premier-wants-to-turn-tide-of-populism-in-election-1.3322592?cache=yes?clipId=89830 ,Browse date: 2020.11.20

Denney, Sam. and Constanze Stelzenmüller, 2020.02.28, “The Thuringia debacle resets the Merkel succession — and proves the AfD is a force to be reckoned with.”, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/02/28/the-thuringia-debacle-resets-the-merkel-succession-and-proves-the-afd-is-a-force-to-be-reckoned-with/ ,Browse date: 2021.09.26

Deutscher Bundestag ,2019.06.07,“Linke und FDP wollen Änderungen bei Hartz IV“, https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2019/kw23-de-hartz-iv-643434 ,Browse date: 2021.06.20

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