臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究利用微氣象中通量方法針對雲林台西地區之可能貢獻來源，使用多泵渦旋累積法 (Multi Pumps Relaxed Eddy Accumulation, MPREA) 監測台西地區不同時期之非甲烷碳氫化合物 (Non-methane hydrocarbons, NMHC) 通量並推估其影響範圍，利用台西光化測站之揮發性有機物 (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs) 監測數據觀察特徵物種比值變化，推測可能貢獻來源，並透過不同統計工具如主成分分析 (Principal components analysis, PCA) 及懷卡托智能環境分析 (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis, WEKA) 分析影響 NMHC 通量排放之可能因子。再者，本研究利用通量概念建立一半開放式隧道進行稻梗露天燃燒之實測，進而建置本研究之稻梗露天燃燒排放係數。
台西地區 NMHC 通量量測結果顯示春夏 (4 及 7 (月)) 兩季之 NMHC 通量較秋冬 (10 及 1 (月)) 兩季低，由影響範圍與台西光化測站 VOCs 數據比較結果推測台西地區於晚間之可能貢獻來源為工業區，而其餘時段可能貢獻來源為 61 快速道路之車流排放，並使用 PCA 及 WEKA 評估影響 NMHC 通量之可能因子結果顯示， NMHC 通量受熱對流影響較大。
本研究之稻梗露天燃燒實測結果顯示，一氧化碳 (Carbon-monoxide, CO)、氮氧化物 (Nitrogen oxides, NOX)、一氧化氮 (Nitric oxide, NO)、硫氧化物 (Sulfur oxide, SOX)、總碳氫化合物 (Total hydrocarbons, THC) 及 NMHC 平均排放係數分別為 53.5 ± 32.8、5.2 ± 0.5、3.0 ± 1.0、2.4 ± 1.4、8.5 ± 3.8 及 5.4 ± 2.7 (g kg-1)。高量採樣分析粒徑 ≤ 10 以及 ≤ 2.5 微米之懸浮微粒 (Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 10 μm, PM10；Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm, PM2.5) 排放係數分別為 28.6 ± 7.4 及 28.2 ± 7.3 (g kg-1)。

　　In this study, we used the Multi Pumps Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (MPREA) method to monitor the fluxes of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in the western part of Taiwan using the micro-meteorological flux method. The monitoring data of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) at the Taishinghua station were used to observe the changes in the ratios of the characteristic species and to predict the possible sources of contribution. In this study, we used different statistical tools such as Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) to analyze the possible factors affecting the fluxes of NMHC emissions. In addition, this study used the flux concept to establish half open tunnels for open burning of rice stalks to develop the emission coefficients for open burning of rice stalks in this study.
　　The results of the NMHC flux measurements in the west of Taiwan showed that the NMHC fluxes in spring and summer (April and July) were lower than those in autumn and winter (October and January), which is presumed to be influenced by the stronger monsoon in autumn and winter, and the pollution sources are stable and have a wider impact. The results of the comparison between the impact area and the VOCs data from the Taisi Kuang-Hwa station suggest that the possible contributors in Taisi are industrial areas in the evening, while the possible contributors in the rest of the year are vehicular emissions from 61 expressways.
　　The results of the open burning of rice stalks in this study showed that Carbon-monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxides (NOX), Nitric oxide (NO), Sulfur oxide (SOX), Total hydrocarbons (THC), and other emissions were significantly influenced by heat convection. The average emission coefficients of 53.5 ± 32.8, 5.2 ± 0.5, 3.0 ± 1.0, 2.4 ± 1.4, 8.5 ± 3.8, and 5.4 ± 2.7 (g kg-1 ) for NOx, Nitric oxide (NO), Sulfur oxide (SOX), Total hydrocarbons (THC), and NMHC, respectively. Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 10 and ≤ 2.5 μm (PM10; Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm, PM2.5) were analyzed in high volume samples. , PM2.5) were 28.6 ± 7.4 and 28.2 ± 7.3 (g kg-1 ), respectively.

摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
目錄 iii
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 viii
第一章、前言 1
1.1、研究動機 1
1.2、研究目的 2
第二章、文獻回顧 3
2.1、微氣象學 3
2.1.1、通量 4
2-2、通量量測方法 4
2.2.1、垂直梯度法 (Vertical Gradient, VG) 5
2.2.2、渦旋共變異法 (Eddy Covariance, EC) 5
2.2.3、渦旋累積法 (Eddy Accumulation, EA) 7
2.2.4、隨意渦旋累積法 (Relaxed Eddy Accumulation, REA) 9
2.2.5、多泵渦旋累積法 (Multi Pumps Relaxed Eddy Accumulation, MPREA) 10
2.2.6、經驗係數 ꞵ 值 12
2.3、大氣邊界層 15
2.3.1、大氣穩定度之判斷 16
2.4、影響範圍 (Effective fetch) 18
2.5、不同排放源之 VOCs 特徵物種比值 21
2.5.1、污染源之 VOCs 特徵物種比值 21
2.6、稻梗露天燃燒 23
2.6.1、露天燃燒之研究及排放係數推估方式 23
2.6.2、露天燃燒排放之污染及危害 24
2.6.3、生物質 (biomass) 燃燒排放之顆粒物特性 24
2.6.4、生物質燃燒排放之氣狀污染物特性 25
2.6.5、國內外稻梗排放係數 26
第三章、研究方法 29
3.1、研究流程 29
3.2、MPREA 通量量測 30
3.2.1、MPREA 通量量測之採樣規劃 30
3.2.2、MPREA 通量量測採樣地點 31
3.2.3、MPREA 通量量測之採樣設備 32
3.2.4、MPREA 通量使用公式及相關參數 34
3.3、露天燃燒排放推估之背景資料 38
3.3.1、露天燃燒排放推估之採樣規劃 39
3.3.2、露天燃燒之採樣設備 43
3.4、數據之統計及分析方式 45
3.4.1、常態分布之解析 (峰度及偏態) 45
3.4.2、主成分分析 (Principle component analysis, PCA) 47
3.4.3、懷卡托智能分析環境 (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis, WEKA) 48
第四章、結果與討論 52
4.1、MPREA 系統測試結果 52
4.1.1、MPREA 系統之垂直風速測試 52
4.1.2、MPREA 系統測試之經驗係數 54
4.2、台西國中通量實測結果 54
4.2.1、不同季節之採樣點經驗係數 55
4.2.2、不同季節之採樣點 NMHC 通量變化 56
4.2.3、不同季節之採樣點動量通量實測結果 57
4.2.4、不同季節之採樣點可感熱通量實測結果 58
4.2.5、不同季節之採樣點影響範圍變化 59
4.2.6、不同季節之採樣點環境參數 66
4.2.7、採樣時段之特徵物種比值及其污染源之判定 69
4.2.8、PCA 解析 NMHC 通量結果 72
4.2.9、影響 NMHC 通量之參數線性迴歸結果解析 74
4.3、露天燃燒之稻梗排放係數 77
4.3.1、國內外稻梗排放係數比較 79
4.3.2、稻梗燃燒之空氣污染物濃度 80
4.3.3、稻梗露天燃燒之數據分群結果解析 85
第五章、結論 87
5.1、台西地區 MPREA 通量量測結果及其可能貢獻來源 87
5.1.1、不同季節採樣點之 NMHC 通量 87
5.1.2、以影響範圍及 VOCs 特徵物種比值解析可能污染來源 88
5.1.3、影響 NMHC 通量之因子解析 88
5.2、不同燃燒條件對稻梗露天燃燒排放之影響 89
5.2.1、稻梗露天燃燒之排放係數 89
5.2.2、不同燃燒條件對露天燃燒之影響 89
參考文獻 90

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