臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

將對環境友善的生物質透過適當的碳化能夠衍生出具有高度多孔性且高比表面積的活性碳，並且作為儲能元件的電極使用。然而一般來說活性碳的孔徑較小，這可能會阻礙其在各種電解質中的廣泛適用性。因此，我們通過將活性碳和硬模板衍生的中孔碳球結合，製備了一種新型的三維碳球插層多孔碳，其結合了各自的優勢。對於活性碳，我們使用阿勃勒種子 (GTs)作為碳前體，將高鐵酸鉀 (K2FeO4)作為活化劑，獲得了具有高比表面積和富有大量微孔 (SBET = 1915 m2·g-1 和Smicro = 794.6 m2·g-1)的阿勃勒多孔碳(GTPC)，其中高鐵酸鉀在高溫下會分解出鐵而因此作為生成石墨化碳的催化劑，因此提升了GTPC的石墨化程度，從而提高了導電度，另外以Stöber方法合成空心中孔碳球 (HMCS)，並以hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)作為界面活化劑將GTPC和HMCS結合，得到具有獨特形貌的三維碳球插層多孔碳 (SC-Y)，其孔徑結構不僅擁有GTPC所貢獻的微孔，還有HMCS所貢獻的中孔。在三電極測量中，SC-Y在0.5 A·g-1的電流密度下呈現137.8 F·g-1，其保留率為68%，表現出顯著的電化學性能。而在組裝成有機電解液體系的超級電容器後，其電位窗口有3 V，在5 mV·s-1的掃描速率下有著69.5 F·g-1的高比電容，並且在功率密度為2500 W·kg-1時，能量密度為14.7 Wh·kg-1，說明SC-Y是作為有機超級電容器電極的最佳選擇。

Activated carbons derived from sustainable biomass for energy storage applications are highly porous and have high surface areas. They are promising materials for the scientific community due to their eco-friendliness, low cost and sustainability. However, biomass derived activated carbons are usually suffered from narrow pore sizes which may hinder their practicability and applicability to various types of electrolytes. In this study, we used golden shower tree seeds (GTs) as the carbon precursors and potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) as the activation agent. Via chemical activation, a golden shower tree porous carbon (GTPC) with high specific surface area and substantial micropores (SBET = 1915 m2·g-1 and Smicro = 794.6 m2·g-1) was obtained. It is noteworthy that during high-temperature process, potassium ferrate transforms to iron, which can be a catalyst for generating graphitized carbon. The graphitization degree of the samples thus can be enhanced, leading to a higher electrical conductivity. Hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCS) were synthesized by standard Stöber method. The three-dimensional carbon sphere-intercalated porous carbon (SC-Y) with unique morphology was obtained by combining GTPC and HMCS with the favor of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as modifier and dispersant. SC-Y rendered 137.8 F·g-1 at the current density of 0.5 A·g-1 in a three-electrode measurement, and its retention was 68%, showing remarkable electrochemical performance. After being assembled into an organic supercapacitor, it had high specific capacitance of 69.5 F·g-1 at scan rate of 5 mV·s-1, and energy density of 14.7 Wh·kg-1 at a power density of 2500 W·kg-1, indicating that SC-Y is the best choice as an electrode for organic supercapacitors.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1前言 1
1.2 研究動機 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2.1 超級電容器 (Supercapacitors)的介紹 4
2.1.1 超級電容器的工作原理 5
2.1.1.1 電雙層電容器儲能機制 5
2.1.1.2 擬電容器儲能機制 8
2.1.2 超級電容器電解質的種類 9
2.1.2.1 水系超級電容器 10
2.1.2.2 有機超級電容器 10
2.1.2.3 固態超級電容器 11
2.2 生物質 (Biomass)衍生碳 14
2.2.1 一維 (1-D)生物質衍生碳 15
2.2.2 二維 (2-D)生物質衍生碳 18
2.2.3 三維 (3-D)生物質衍生碳 20
2.3 活化法 (Activation method) 22
2.3.1 化學活化法 23
2.3.2 物理活化法 24
2.3.3 化學活化法配合物理活化法 24
2.3.4 微波輔助活化法 25
2.4 模板法 (template method) 26
2.4.1 軟模板法 (Soft-templating method) 27
2.4.2 硬模板法 (Hard-templating method) 27
2.4.3軟模板和硬模板組合 27
2.4.4 無模板法 (template-free method) 28
第三章 實驗藥品設備及步驟 29
3.1 實驗藥品 29
3.2 實驗儀器 31
3.2.1 製程儀器 31
3.2.2 物性檢測儀器、原理與參數設定 33
3.2.2.1 場發式電子顯微鏡 (FE-SEM) 33
3.2.2.2 高解析度穿透式電子顯微鏡 (HR-TEM) 35
3.2.2.3 比表面積與孔隙度分析儀 37
3.2.2.4 X光繞射儀 (XRD) 38
3.2.2.5 拉曼光譜儀 (Raman) 39
3.2.2.6 化學分析電子光譜儀 (ESCA) 40
3.2.2.7 奈米粒徑/界面電位分析儀 (Zeta/Nano Particle Analyzer) 41
3.2.3 電化學量測儀器與參數設定 42
3.2.3.1 恆電位/電流/交流阻抗儀 42
3.3 實驗流程和機制 43
3.4 實驗步驟 46
3.4.1 生物質多孔奈米片 (GTPC)的製備 46
3.4.2空心中孔碳球 (HMCSs)的製備 47
3.4.3 三維碳球插層多孔碳 (SCs)的製備 48
3.4.4 三電極量測樣品製備 49
3.4.4.1 活性材料漿料的製備 49
3.4.4.2 三電極系統電極片製備 49
3.5 有機超級電容器的組裝 50
3.6 電化學公式 51
第四章 結果與討論 52
4.1微觀形貌及結構觀察 52
4.1.1 場發式電子顯微鏡 (FE-SEM) 52
4.1.2 穿透式電子顯微鏡 (TEM) 54
4.2 結構與性質分析 55
4.2.1 X射線繞射 (XRD)晶體結構鑑定 55
4.2.2拉曼光譜 (Raman)石墨化程度分析 56
4.2.3 化學分析電子光譜 (ESCA)元素成分分析 58
4.2.4 界面電荷 (Zeta potential) 62
4.3 多孔性質分析 64
4.3.1 氮氣吸脫附測試 (Nitrogen adsorption--desorption isotherm) 64
4.3.2 孔徑分佈圖 (Pore size distribution) 66
4.4 電化學測試 68
4.4.1 三電極系統 (Three-electrode system) 68
4.4.2 有機超級電容器 72
第五章 結論 75
參考文獻 76

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