臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

柑橘是全世界最熱門的水果之一，因此全球每年會產生大量柑橘皮，其果皮有很好經濟價值，但大多數情況下，果皮被作為廢棄物丟棄。在工業進步及城市化快速發展之下，土壤和農產品重金屬污染問題是當前國內外的研究熱點，其中以稻米中重金屬污染特為重要，世界上將近一半的人口都食用稻米，這對消費者構成了食品安全的威脅，為了減少人類對鎘或其他有毒金屬的接觸，特別是通過攝入食米和食米產品，應考慮改變某些植物收穫後的做法，進一步降低重金屬危害，因此本研究係利用日常生活中常見的廢棄果皮，以天然或低成本的簡單加工萃取方式製備不同萃取物移除標的物(食米)中有毒金屬(如鎘等金屬)及提升其生物活性成分，為開發具有吸附重金屬能力同時又具可食性之綠色健康材料，使果皮廢棄物再利用產生循環經濟。

根據研究結果發現，以柑橘皮(Citrus peel, CP)作為不同製備法(water (CPW-ext), ethanol (CPE-ext), cellulase (CPC-ext), pectinase (CPP-ext), cellulase and pectinase (CPC+P-ext))所得的生物吸附劑，在生物活性成分及抗氧化活性方面，在生物吸附劑濃度1 mg/mL下，其類黃酮及花青素含量較高的是CPE-ext，總多酚及總多醣含量較高的分別是酵素處理生物吸附劑(CPC-ext、CPP-ext及CPC+P-ext)及CPW-ext，其中以CPE-ext對螯合亞鐵離子能力、抑制α-澱粉酶活性、清除DPPH自由基及羥基自由基的效果較佳，抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶及脂解酶活性能力最強的是酵素處理生物吸附劑(CPC-ext、CPP-ext及CPC+P-ext)及CPW-ext。在吸附重金屬能力方面，最適條件試驗所得之最適浸泡時間及濃度分別為1小時浸泡及5 mg/mL生物吸附劑濃度其吸附重金屬效果較佳，接著再將最適浸泡條件套用至不同製備法所得生物吸附劑浸泡不同品種的稻米，與原始生米作為陽性對照組，生物吸附劑浸泡生米所移除重金屬的效果比水浸泡較佳，其中移除砷及鎘金屬較好的生物吸附劑是CPE-ext，移除銅效果較好的生物吸附劑是CPW-ext，在水洗及烹煮時，黑米、白米及糙米中砷及重金屬皆有顯著性下降，最後，本研究證實添加柑橘生物吸附劑的效益，以及水洗、浸泡及烹調對重金屬的移除具有顯著性效果。

Citrus is a prevalent fruit around the world, resulting in the production of numerous citrus peels annually. Unfortunately, these peels are typically discarded as waste despite their potential economic value. With the ongoing issue of heavy metal pollution in soil and agricultural products, particularly rice, a staple food for almost half of the world's population, reducing the threat to consumers is vital. To address this, post-harvest practices should be implemented to lessen human exposure to toxic metals such as cadmium. This study focuses on utilizing discarded fruit peels through natural or low-cost processing and extraction methods to remove toxic metals in rice and enhance its biological activity element. This green and healthy approach enables the recycling of fruit peel waste, generating a circular economy. The research revealed that different preparation methods (water, ethanol, cellulase, pectinase, and a combination of cellulase and pectinase) resulted in biosorbents with varying bioactive ingredients and antioxidant activity. The CPE-ext preparation method had the highest flavonoid and anthocyanin content. In contrast, enzyme-treated biosorbents (CPC-ext, CPP-ext, and CPC+P-ext) and CPW-ext had higher total polyphenols and polysaccharides content. CPE-ext could chelate ferrous ions, scavenge DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals, and inhibit α-amylase activity. Enzyme-treated biosorbents (CPC-ext, CPP-ext, and CPC+P-ext) and CPW-ext had the most potent ability to inhibit α-glucosidase and lipolytic enzyme activity.

Regarding the ability to adsorb heavy metals, the optimal soaking time and biosorbent concentration were 1 hour and 5 mg/mL, respectively. The best biosorbent for removing arsenic and cadmium metals was CPE-ext, while CPW-ext had a better copper removal effect. Soaking rice in biosorbents showed a better removal of heavy metals than water soaking, and washing and cooking further decreased the arsenic and heavy metal content in black, white, and brown rice. Overall, this study highlights the effectiveness of citrus biosorbent and emphasizes the importance of washing, soaking, and cooking in removing heavy metals from rice.

誌謝 I
中文摘要 II
ABSTRACT IV
縮寫對照表 VI
目錄 VIII
表目錄 XII
圖目錄 XV
1. 緒論 1
2. 文獻探討 3
2.1. 廢棄果皮及稻米之活性成分與功效 3
2.1.1. 柑橘 6
2.1.2. 稻米 6
2.2. 酵素 7
2.2.1. 纖維素酶 7
2.2.2. 果膠酶 9
2.2.3. α-澱粉酶 10
2.2.4. α-葡萄糖苷酶 10
2.2.5. 脂解酶 11
2.3. 抗氧化與自由基 12
2.4. 酚類化合物 15
2.5. 花青素 16
2.6. 有機酸 17
2.7. 果皮吸附重金屬之機制 18
2.8. 重金屬來源與危害 21
2.9. 稻米中常見的重金屬與微量元素 24
2.9.1. 砷 (Arsenic, As) 24
2.9.2. 鎘 (Cadmium, Cd) 26
2.9.3. 鎂 (Magnesium, Mg) 27
2.9.4. 錳 (Manganese, Mn) 28
2.9.5. 鋅 (Zine, Zn) 28
2.9.6. 鐵 (Iron, Fe) 28
2.9.7. 銅 (Copper, Cu) 29
3. 研究方法 29
3.1. 樣品選擇 29
3.1.1. 稻米 29
3.1.2. 果皮 30
3.2. 材料 32
3.2.1. 試藥級藥品 32
3.2.2. 設備 34
3.3. 生物吸附劑製備 35
3.3.1. 熱水萃取 35
3.3.2. 酒精溶劑萃取 35
3.3.3. 酵素處理萃取 36
3.4. 有機酸含量測定 37
3.5. 生物活性成分測定 38
3.5.1. 總多酚含量分析 38
3.5.2. 類黃酮含量分析 38
3.5.3. 總多醣含量分析 39
3.5.4. 總花青素含量測定 40
3.6. 抗氧化成分評估 40
3.6.1. 清除DPPH自由基能力 40
3.6.2. 亞鐵離子螯合能力 (Ferrous Ion Chelating Assay) 42
3.6.3. 羥基自由基清除能力(去氧核醣測定) 43
3.7. 代謝能力評估 44
3.7.1. 抑制 α-amylase 活性評估 44
3.7.2. 抑制 α-glucosidase 活性評估 44
3.7.3. 抑制 Lipase 活性評估 45
3.8. 稻米製備 45
3.9. 重金屬分析 45
3.9.1. 最佳浸泡條件試驗－時間 46
3.9.2. 最佳浸泡條件試驗－濃度 46
3.9.3. 生物吸附劑對食米中金屬移除能力試驗 46
3.9.4. 重金屬含量測定 47
3.9.5. pH值分析 50
3.10. 統計分析 50
4. 結果與建議 51
4.1. 生物吸附劑之有機酸含量測定 51
4.2. 生物活性成分測定 54
4.2.1. 總多酚 54
4.2.2. 類黃酮 58
4.2.3. 總多醣 61
4.2.4. 總花青素 65
4.3. 抗氧化活性評估 70
4.3.1. 清除DPPH自由基能力評估 70
4.3.2. 螯合亞鐵離子測定 75
4.3.3. 羥基自由基清除能力測定(去氧核醣測定) 78
4.4. 代謝活性能力評估 83
4.4.1. 抑制α-amylase活性能力評估 83
4.4.2. 抑制α-glucosidase活性能力評估 87
4.4.3. 抑制Lipase活性能力評估 91
4.5. 生物吸附劑之金屬含量分析 95
4.6. 稻米中金屬含量分析 97
4.6.1. 不同時間浸泡影響 97
4.6.2. 不同濃度浸泡影響 100
4.6.3. pH分析 103
4.6.4. 生物吸附劑浸泡稻米對米中砷及重金屬移除的影響 105
4.6.5. 生物吸附劑浸泡稻米對米中微量元素的影響 114
4.6.6. 稻米經浸泡處理及烹煮後對米中砷及重金屬移除的影響 121
4.6.7. 稻米經浸泡處理及烹煮後在對米中微量元素的影響 127
4.7. 相關性分析 133
4.7.1. 黑米與抗氧化能力之相關性 133
4.7.2. 白米及糙米與抗氧化能力之相關性 139
5. 結論 145
6. 文獻參考 146

1.孔怡雯。2020。蝶豆花花青素最適化萃取及其抗氧化分析。明新科技大學化學工程與材料科技系碩士在職專班碩士論文。
2.行政院農業委員會。110年農業統計年報。
3.李慧津，楊耀祥。2004。葡萄果皮色素組成份之探討。興大園藝，29(3)，1-12。
4.吳旻霈，黃莉婷，劉嘉琪，駱錫能。2021。桑椹花青素分析及其安定性之探討。宜蘭大學生物資源學刊，17，21-37。
5.沈馨仙，郭旻奇，張思平，鍾佳玲，楊榮季。2010。抗氧化劑及常見之抗氧化活性評估方法。藥學雜誌，26(2)。
6.林傳琦，郭子建，蘇荷婷。2017。國內有色米產業發展現況。行政農委會，298期。
7.施如佳，林麗美，許惠美，傅淑英，周秀冠，鄭守訓，徐錦豐，黃明坤，潘志寬。2011。食米中重金屬(鎘、汞、鉛)含量調查。食品藥物研究年報，2，154-163。
8.食品中污染物和毒素衛生標準(2022)。
9.黃評脩。2005。以再酯化CL-AIS分離商業果膠酵素之果膠解離酶降低黑後葡萄酒中甲醇含量之研究。國立屏東科技大學食品科學系碩士論文。
10.勞工作業場所容許暴露標準(2018)。
11.劉展冏，韓建國，劉冠汝，李嘉展，虞積凱，孫芳明，蘇敏昇，馮惠萍，謝秋蘭，饒家麟，梁弘人，林聖敦，江伯源，李政達，盧更煌，周志輝。2017。食品化學。台北市：華格那。
12.蔡嘉軒。2014。台梗九號(TJ9)發芽米萃取物之抗氧化、抗發炎與抑制酪胺酸酶活性之研究。大葉大學生物產業科技學系碩士班碩士論文。
13.賴映喬。2018。不同萃取條件所得香蕉花及花苞片萃取物之體外生物活性評估及功能性成份分析。中州科技大學保健食品系碩士論文。
14.謝郁萱。2016。萃取方法及條件對稻殼酒精萃取物抑制醣苷酶及抗氧化能力。國立宜蘭大學食品科學系碩士論文。
15.羅淑卿，林木連。2001。認識果膠。農業化學，45，30-33。
16.羅珮文。2001。台灣數種特有水果抗氧化活性及清除自由基能力之評估。輔仁大學食品營養學系碩士論文。
17.Abatal, M., Lima, E. C., Giannakoudakis, D. A., Vargas, J., Anastopoulos, I., Olguin, M. T., et al. 2022. Pitahaya fruit (hylocereus spp.) peels evaluation for removal of Pb (II), Cd (II), Co (II), and Ni (II) from the waters. Sustainability, 14(3):1685.
18.Abdelmoaty, S., Khandaker, M., Badaluddin, N. A., Mohd, K., Abdullahi, U., Mat Shaari, N. 2022. The importance of lemon (Citrus limon) and the future of its cultivation by using bio-fertilizers. Biosci Res, 18(1):889-898.
19.Addoun, N., Boual, Z., Delattre, C., Chouana, T., Gardarin, C., Dubessay, P., et al. 2021. Beneficial health potential of algerian polysaccharides extracted from plantago ciliata desf. (Septentrional Sahara) leaves and seeds. Appl Sci, 11(9):4299.
20.Adedayo, B. C., Adebayo, A. A., Nwanna, E. E., Oboh, G. 2018. Effect of cooking on glycemic index, antioxidant activities, α‐amylase, and α‐glucosidase inhibitory properties of two rice varieties. Food Sci Nutr, 6(8):2301-2307.
21.Ademiluyi, A. O., Aladeselu, O. H., Oboh, G., Boligon, A. A. 2018. Drying alters the phenolic constituents, antioxidant properties, α‐amylase, and α‐glucosidase inhibitory properties of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf. Food Sci Nutr, 6(8):2123-2133.
22.Ades, A. E., Kazantzis, G. 1988. Lung cancer in a non-ferrous smelter: The role of cadmium. Br J Ind Med, 45(7):435-342.
23.Adjimani, J. P., Asare, P. 2015. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of iron chelators. Toxicol Rep, 2:721-728.
24.Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2015. Toxic substances portal－ToxFAQsTM for cadmium.
25.Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2015. Toxic substances portal－ToxFAQsTM for Arsenic.
26.Ahmed, M. U., Thorpe, S. R., Baynes, J. W. 1986. Identification of N epsilon-carboxymethyllysine as a degradation product of fructoselysine in glycated protein. J Biolo Chem, 261(11):4889-94.
27.Akhabue, C., Aisien, F., Ebewele, R., Egadah, O. 2021. The antioxidant properties of citrus peel extracts. J Civil Envin Syst Eng - UNIBEN, 13:97-108.
28.Akinhanmi, T. F., Ofudje, E. A., Adeogun, A. I., Aina, P., Joseph, I. M. 2020. Citrus peel as low-cost adsorbent in the elimination of Cd (II) ion: Kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamic and optimization evaluations. Bioresour Bioprocess, 7(34):1-16.
29.Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S. T., Qureshi, S. R., Wang, M. Q. 2021. Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications. Toxics, 9(3):42.
30.Almulla, A. A., Dahlawi, S., Randhawa, M. A., Zaman, Q. U., Chen, Y., Faraj, T. K. 2022. Toxic metals and metalloids in hassawi brown rice: Fate during cooking and associated health risks. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(19):12125.
31.Alu'datt, M. H., Rababah, T., Alhamad, M. N., Al-Mahasneh, M. A., Ereifej, K., Al-Karaki, G., et al. 2017. Profiles of free and bound phenolics extracted from citrus fruits and their roles in biological systems: Content, and antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive properties. Food Funct, 8(9):3187-3197.
32.Anđelini, M., Major, N., Išić, N., Kovačević, T. K., Ban, D., Palčić, I., et al. 2023. Sugar and organic acid content is dependent on tomato (Solanum Lycoperiscum L.) peel color. Horticulturae, 9(3):313.
33.Annadural, G., Juang, R. S., Lee, D. J. 2003. Adsorption of heavy metals from water using banana and citrus peels. Water Scie Technol, 47(1):185-90.
34.Anson, M. L. 1945. Protein denaturation and the properties of protein groups. Adv Protein Chem, 2:361-386.
35.Anticona, M., Lopez-Malo, D., Frigola, A., Esteve, M. J., Blesa, J. 2022. Comprehensive analysis of polyphenols from hybrid Mandarin peels by SPE and HPLC-UV. Lebensm Wiss Technol, 165(1):113770.
36.Ao, M., Chai, G. Q., Fan, C. G., Liu G. H., Qin, S., Wang, P. 2019. Evaluation of potential pollution risk and source analysis of heavy metals in paddy soil and rice. Trans Chinese Soc Agric Eng, 35(6):198-205.
37.Apam, J. Y., Herrera-González, A., Uscanga, A. D., Guerrero-Analco, J. A., Monribot-Villanueva, J. L., Fragoso-Medina, J. A., et al. 2023. Effect of the enzymatic treatment of phenolic-rich pigments from purple corn (Zea mays L.): Evaluation of thermal stability and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Food Bioproc Technol, 1-15.
38.Arena, M. E., Povilonis, I. S., Borroni, V., Pérez, E., Pellegrino, N., Cacciatore, C., et al. 2023. Changes in carbohydrates, organic acids, and minerals at different development stages of hexachlamys edulis fruit, a wild south american species with horticultural potential. Horticulturae, 9(3):314.
39.Aryal, S., Baniya, M. K., Danekhu, K., Kunwar, P., Gurung, R., Koirala, N. 2019. Total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of wild vegetables from western nepal. Plants, 8(4):96.
40.Arsenic in food and dietary supplements (2023).
41.Asuquo, E. D., Martin, A. D., Nzerem, P. 2018. Evaluation of Cd (II) ion removal from aqueous solution by a low-cost adsorbent prepared from white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) waste using batch sorption. Chem Eng, 2(3):35.
42.Ayangbenro, A. S., Babalola, O. O. 2017. A new strategy for heavy metal polluted environments: A review of microbial biosorbents. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14(1):94.
43.Ayangbenro, A. S., Babalola, O. O. 2017. A New Strategy for Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review of Microbial Biosorbents. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14(1):94.
44.Bakhiet, S. 2018. Optimization of factors influencing cellulase production by some indigenous isolated fungal species. Jordan J Biol Sci, 11:31-36.
45.Baliyan, S., Mukherjee, R., Priyadarshini, A., Vibhuti, A., Gupta, A., Pandey, R. P., et al. 2022. Determination of antioxidants by DPPH radical scavenging activity and quantitative phytochemical analysis of ficus religiosa. Molecules, 27(4):1326.
46.Baptiste, P. 2000. OSHA compliance issues arsenic exposures during burning activities in battery assembly. App Occ Environ Hygiene, 15(9):664-666.
47.Barathikannan, K., Tyagi, A., Shan, L., Kim, N. H., Lee, D. S., Park, J. S., et al. 2023. Antiobesity and antioxidative effect of fermented brown rice using in vitro with In vivo caenorhabditis elegans model. Life, 13(2):374.
48.Barkar, N., Abdennouri, M., El-Makhfouk, M., Qourzal, S. 2013. Biosorption characteristics of cadmium and lead onto eco-friendly dried cactus (opuntia ficus indica) cladodes. J Environ Chem Eng, 1(1):144-149.
49.Barros, H. R. D. M., Ferreira, T. A. P. D. C., Genovese, M. I. 2012. Antioxidant capacity and mineral content of pulp and peel from commercial cultivars of citrus from brazil. Food Chem, 134(4):1892-1898.
50.Basnet, P., Amarasiriwardena, D., Wu, F., Fu, Z., Zhang, T. 2014. Elemental bioimaging of tissue level trace metal distributions in rice seeds (oryza sativa L.) from a mining area in China. Environ Pollut, 195:148-156.
51.Basnet, P. Amarasiriwardena, D., Wu, F., Fu, Z., Zhang, T. 2016. Investigation of tissue level distribution of functional groups and associated trace metals in rice seeds (oryza sativa L.) using FTIR and LA-ICP/MS. Microchem J, 127:152-159.
52.Batubara, I., Maharni, M., Sadiah, S. 2017. The potency of white rice (oryza sativa), black rice (oryza sativa L. indica), and red rice (oryza nivara) as antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor. J Phys Conf Ser, 824(1):012017.
53.Benavente-García, O., Castillo, J. 2008. Update on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. J Agric Food Chem, 56(15):6185-205.
54.Bhardwaj, K., Raju, A., Rajasekharan, R. 2001. Identification, purification, and characterization of a thermally stable lipase from rice bran. A new member of the (phospho) lipase family. Plant Physiol, 127(4):1728-1738.
55.Bhat, M. A., Mukhtar, F., Chisti, H., Shah, S. A. 2014. Removal of heavy metal ions from waste water by using oxalic acid: An alternative method. Int J Late Res Sci Technol, 3(3):61-64.
56.Bhawamai, S., Lin, S. H., Hou, Y. Y. Chen, Y. H. 2016. Thermal cooking changes the profile of phenolic compounds, but does not attenuate the anti-inflammatory activities of black rice. Food Nutr Res, 60(1):32941.
57.Bibi, N., Shah, M. H., Khan, N., Al-Hashimi, A., Elshikh, M. S., Iqbal, A., et al. 2022. Variations in total phenolic, total flavonoid contents, and free radicals’ scavenging potential of onion varieties planted under diverse environmental conditions. Plants, 11(7):950.
58.Bocco, A., Cuveliev, M. E., Richard, H., Berset, C. 1998. Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of citrus peel and seed extracts. J Agric Food Chem, 46:2123-2129.
59.Brar, S. K., Dhillon, G. S., Soccol, C. R. 2014. Biotransformation of waste biomass into high value biochemicals, New York, NY: Springer.
60.Briffa, J., Sinagra, E., and Blundell, R. 2020. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon, 6(9): e04691.
61.Butt, G., Hussain, E., Rehman, A. 2014. Ferrous ion-chelating assay for analysis of antioxidant potential of Sargassum sp. and Iyengaria sp. Pa J Med Health Sci, 8(1):202-203
62.Butterworth, P. J., Warren, F. J., Ellis, P. R. 2011. Human α-amylase and starch digestion: An interesting marriage. Starch, 63:395-405.
63.Campo, L., Hanchi, M., Sucato, S., Consonni, D., Polledri, E., Olgiati, L., et al. 2020. Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to metals in electric steel foundry workers and its contribution to 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine levels. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(6):1811.
64.Camps, S. G., Kaur, B., Lim, J., Loo, Y. T., Pang, E., Ng, T., et al. 2021. Improved glycemic control and variability: Application of healthy ingredients in asian staples. Nutrients, 13(9):3102.
65.Carey, M., Jiujin, X., Farias, J., Meharg, A. 2015. Rethinking rice preparation for highly efficient removal of inorganic arsenic using percolating cooking water. PLOS One, 10(7): e0131608.
66.Castañeda-Ovando, A., Pacheco-Hernández, M. D. L., Páez-Hernández, M. E., Rodríguez, J. A., Galán-Vidal, C. A. 2009. Chemical studies of anthocyanins: A review. Food Chem. 113(4):859-871.
67.Castro, D., Rosas-Laverde, N. M., Aldás, M. B., Almeida-Naranjo, C. E., Guerrero, V. H., Pruna, A. I. 2021. Chemical modification of agro-industrial waste-based bioadsorbents for enhanced removal of Zn (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Materials, 14(9):2134.
68.Chaijan, M., Panpipat, W. 2020. Nutritional composition and bioactivity of germinated thai indigenous rice extracts: A feasibility study. PLOS One, 15(8): e0237844.
69.Chatha, S. A. S., Hussain, A., Asi, M. R., Majeed, M., Iqbal, H. 2011. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of citrus peel extracts. J Chem Soc Pak, 33(6):863-868.
70.Chen, J., Zou, W., Meng, L., Fan, X., Xu, G., Ye, G. 2019. Advances in the Uptake and Transport mechanisms and QTLs mapping of cadmium in rice. Int J Mole Sci, 20(14):3417.
71.Chen, Q., Yao, Y., Li, X., Lu, J., Zhou, J., Huang, Z. 2018. Comparison of heavy metal removals from aqueous solutions by chemical precipitation and characteristics of precipitates. J Water Process Eng, 26:289-300.
72.Chen, X., Chen, F., Sun, S., Li, Y., Li, Y., Mo, H., et al. 2022. Effect of polishing on lead and cadmium bioavailability in rice and its health implications. Foods, 11(17):2718.
73.Chen, Y., Han, Y., Cao, Y., Zhu, Y., Rathinasabapathi, B., Ma, L. 2017. Arsenic transport in rice and biological solutions to reduce arsenic risk from rice. Front Plant Sci, 8:268.
74.Cherkas, A., Holota, S., Mdzinarashvili, T., Gabbianelli, R., Zarkovic, N. 2020. Glucose as a major antioxidant: When, what for and why it fails? Antioxidants, 9(2):140.
75.Chowdhury, T. I., Jubayer, F., Uddin, B., Aziz G. 2017. Production and characterization of pectinase enzyme from Rhizopus oryzae. Potra Slovak J Food Sci, 11(1):641-651.
76.Choi, I. S., Cho, E. J., Moon, J. H., Bae, H. J. 2015. Onion skin waste as a valorization resource for the by-products quercetin and biosugar. Food Chem, 188:537-542.
77.Chu, M. J., Liu, X. M., Yan, N., Wang, F. Z., Du, Y. M., Zhang, Z. F. 2018. Partial purification, identification, and quantitation of antioxidants from wild rice (zizania latifolia). Molecules, 23(11):2782.
78.Clements, R. 2006. Organic acids in citrus fruits. I. varietal differences. J Food Sci, 29(3):276-280.
79.Codex Alimentarius. 2019. General standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed. CXS 193-1995.
80.Çolak, A. M., Mertoğlu, K., Alan, F., Esatbeyoglu, T., Bulduk, İ., Akbel, E., et al. 2022. Screening of naturally grown european cranberrybush (viburnum opulus L.) genotypes based on physico-chemical characteristics. Foods, 11(11):1614.
81.Colasanto, A., Travaglia, F., Bordiga, M., Monteduro, S., Arlorio, M., Coïsson, J. D., et al. 2021. Cooking of artemide black rice: Impact on proximate composition and phenolic compounds. Foods, 10(4):824.
82.Corkovi´c, I., Gašo-Sokaˇc, ´ D., Pichler, A., Šimunovi´c, J., Kopjar, M. 2022. Dietary polyphenols as natural inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Life, 12(11):1692.
83.Cortés, F. B., Forgionny, A. 2022. Application of citrus peel waste as adsorbent for methylene blue and Cd2+ simultaneous remediation. Molecules, 27(16):5105.
84.Costa, M., Henriques, B., Pinto, J., Fabre, E., Viana, T., Ferreira, N., et al. 2020. Influence of salinity and rare earth elements on simultaneous removal of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb from contaminated waters by living macroalgae. Enviro Pollu, 266:115374.
85.Costanzo, G., Vitale, E., Iesce, M. R., Naviglio, D., Amoresano, A., Fontanarosa, C., et al. 2022. Antioxidant properties of pulp, peel and seeds of phlegrean mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) at different stages of fruit ripening. Antioxidants, 11(2):187.
86.Cui, H., Chen, X., Wang, L., An, P., Zhou, H., Dong, Y. 2021. Essential oils from citrus reticulata cv. shatangju peel: Optimization of hydrodistillation extraction by response surface methodology and evaluation of their specific adhesive effect to polystyrene. ACS Omega, 6 (21):13695-13703.
87.Czubinski J., Dwiecki K. 2016. A review of methods used for investigation of protein-phenolic compound interactions. Int J Food Sci Technol, 52(3):573-585.
88.Dad, K., Nawaz, M., Ibrahim, M., Zhao, F., Hassan, R., Nawaz, H., et al. 2021. A review on the adverse impacts of cadmium on ecosystem and its refinement strategies. Pask J Agric Res, 34(4):799-812.
89.Dai, T., Yan, X., Li, Q., Li, T., Liu, C., McClements, D. J., et al. 2017. Characterization of binding interaction between rice glutelin and gallic acid: Multi-spectroscopic analyses and computational docking simulation. Food Res Int, 102:274-281.
90.Dammak, A., Ben, S. S., Gomes da Silva, M. D. R., Ben, R. S., Aljuaid, A. M., Hachicha, W., et al. 2022. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of a purified polysaccharide extracted from ceratonia siliqua L. and its involvement in the enhancement performance of whipped cream. Separations, 9(5):117.
91.De-Camargo, A. C., Regitano-d’Arce, M. A. B., Biasoto, A. C. T., Shahidi, F. 2016. Enzyme-assisted extraction of phenolics from winemaking by-products: Antioxidant potential and inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and lipase activities. Food Chem, 212(1):395-402.
92.Degefu, D. M., Dawit, M. 2013. Chromium removal from modjo tannery wastewater using moringa stenopetala seed powder as an adsorbent.Water Air Soil Pollut, 224:1719.
93.Dejkriengkraikul, P., Semmarath, W., Mapoung, S. 2020. Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in natural pigmented rice and their bioactivities. phytochemicals in human health. In Rao, V., Mans, D. R. A., Rao, L (Eds.), Phytochemicals in Human Health (chap.1). U.K.: IntechOpen.
94.Dominiak, M., Søndergaard, K. M., Wichmann, J., Vidal-Melgosa, S., Willats, W. G., Meyera, A. S., et al. 2014. Application of enzymes for efficient extraction, modification, and development of functional properties of lime pectin. Food Hydrocoll, 40:273-282.
95.Dorta, E., Aspée, A., Pino, E., González, L., Lissi, E., López-Alarcón, C. 2017. Controversial alkoxyl and peroxyl radical scavenging activity of the tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid. Biomed Pharmacother, 90:332-338.
96.El-Beltagi, H. S., Eshak, N. S., Mohamed, H. I., Bendary, E. S. A., Danial, A. W. 2022. Physical characteristics, mineral content, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of punica granatum or citrus sinensis peel extracts and their applications to improve cake quality. Plants, 11(13):1740.
97.Elgarahy, A. M., Elwakeel, K. Z., Mohammad, S. H., Elshoubaky, G. A. 2021. A critical review of biosorption of dyes, heavy metals and metalloids from wastewater as an efficient and green process. Clean Eng Technol, 4:100209.
98.Enaru, B., Drețcanu, G., Pop, T. D., Stǎnilǎ, A., Diaconeasa, Z. 2021. Anthocyanins: Factors affecting their stability and degradation. Antioxidants, 10(12):1967.
99.European Environment Agency (EEA). 2020. Bio-waste in Europe - turning challenges into opportunities. U.K.: publications Office of the European Union.
100.Explorations of everyday chemical compounds. A rough guide to the IARC’s carcinogen classifications.
101.Ezeabara, C. A., Okeke, C. U., Ilodibia, C. V., Aziagba, B. O. 2014. Determination of tannin content in various parts of six citrus species. J Sci Res Rep, 3(10):1384-1392.
102.Fan, Y., Zhu, T. P., Li, M. T., He, J., Huang, R. 2017. Heavy metal contamination in soil and brown rice and human health risk assessment near three mining areas in central China. J Healthc Engi, 2017:4124302.
103.Farmer, J. G., Johnson, L. R. 1990. Assessment of occupational exposure to inorganic arsenic based on urinary concentrations and speciation of arsenic. British J Ind Med, 17(5):342-348.
104.Fão, N., Nascimento, S., de La Cruz, A. H., Calderon, D., Rocha, R., Saint'Pierre, T., et al. 2021. Estimation of total arsenic contamination and exposure in brazilian rice and infant cereals. Drug Chem Toxicol, 44(4):400-408.
105.Favela-Hernández, J. M. J., González-Santiago, O., Ramírez-Cabrera, M. A., Esquivel-Ferriño, P. C., Camacho-Corona, M. D. R. 2016. Chemistry and pharmacology of citrus sinensis. Molecules, 21(2):247.
106.Federal food, drug, and cosmetic act (FD&C act) (2018).
107.Fernandes, A. C. F., Santana, Á. L., Martins, I. M., Moreira, D. K. T., Macedo, J. A., Macedo, G. A. 2020. Anti-glycation effect and the α-amylase, lipase, and α-glycosidase inhibition properties of a polyphenolic fraction derived from citrus wastes. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 50(8):794-802.
108.Fernandes, F. A., Heleno, S. A., Pinela, J., Carocho, M., Prieto, M. A., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., et al. 2022. Recovery of citric acid from citrus peels: Ultrasound-assisted extraction optimized by response surface methodology. Chemosensors, 10(7):257.
109.Feng, Y., Yang, S., Xia, L., Wang, Z., Suo, N., Chen, H., et al. 2019. In-situ ion exchange electrocatalysis biological coupling (i-IEEBC) for simultaneously enhanced degradation of organic pollutants and heavy metals in electroplating wastewater. J Hazard Mater, 364:562-570.
110.Flores, P., Hellin, P., Fendll, J. 2012. Determination of organic acids in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography with tandem-mass spectrometry. Food Chem, 132(2):1049-1054.
111.Fracassetti, D., Pozzoli, C., Vitalini, S., Tirelli, A., Iriti, M. 2020. Impact of cooking on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of pigmented rice cultivars. Foods, 9(8):967.
112.Francisco, D. P., Martín-González, A., Rodriguez-Martín, D., Díaz, S. 2021. Interactions with arsenic: Mechanisms of toxicity and cellular resistance in eukaryotic microorganisms. Int J8 Enviro Res Public Health, 18(22):12226.
113.Freitas, V., Oliveira, J., Fernandes, I. 2020. Exploring the applications of the photoprotective properties of anthocyanins in biological systems. Int J Mole Sci, 21(20):7464.
114.Fowler, B. A., Chou, C. H. Selene J., Jones, R. L., Costa, M., Chen, C. 2022. Chapter 3 - arsenic. In Nordberg, G. F., Fowler, B. A., Nordberg, M., Friberg, L. T (Eds.), Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (pp. 41-89). Holland: Elsevier.
115.Fujii, J., Homma, T., Osaki,T. 2022. Superoxide radicals in the execution of cell death. Antioxidants, 11(3):501
116.Galano, A. 2011. On the direct scavenging activity of melatonin towards hydroxyl and a series of peroxyl radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 13(15):7178-7188.
117.Gallagher, R. C., Pollard, L., Scott, A. I., Huguenin, S., Goodman, S., Sun, Q. 2018. Laboratory analysis of organic acids, 2018 update: A technical standard of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Genet Med, 20(7):683-691.
118.Garcia, L. A., DeJong, S. C., Martin, S. M., Smith, R. S., Buettner, G. R., Kerber, R. E. 1998. Magnesium reduces free radicals in an in vivo coronary occlusion-reperfusion model. J Am Coll Cardiol, 32(2):536-539.
119.Gasmi, A., Mujawdiya, P. K., Noor, S., Lysiuk, R., Darmohray, R., Piscopo, S., et al. 2022. Polyphenols in metabolic diseases. Molecules, 27(19):6280.
120.Ghareaghajlou, N., Hallaj-Nezhadi, S., Ghasempour, Z. 2021. Red cabbage anthocyanins: Stability, extraction, biological activities and applications in food systems. Food Chem, 365:130482.
121.Ghasemzadeh, A., Karbalaii, M. T., Jaafar, H. Z. E., Rahmat, A. 2018. Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative properties of black, red, and brown rice bran. Chem Cent J, 12(1):17.
122.Ghauri, S., Raza, S. Q., Imran, M., Saeed, S., Rashid, M., Naseer, R. 2021. Assessment of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of citrus reticulata peel extracts in hyperglycemic/hypoglycemic rats. 3 Biotech, 11(4):167.
123.Ghosh, D., Konishi, T. 2007. Anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts: Role in diabetes and eye function. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 16(2):200-8.
124.Giannakoudakis, D. A., Hosseini-Bandegharaei, A., Tsafrakidou, P., Triantafyllidis, K. S., Kornaros, M., Anastopoulos, I. 2018. Aloe vera waste biomass-based adsorbents for the removal of aquatic pollutants: A review. J Eenviro Manag, 227:354-364.
125.Giraldo, S., Acelas, N. Y., Ocampo-Pérez, R., Padilla-Ortega, E., Flórez, E., Franco, C. A., et al. 2021. Novel Adsorbent based on banana peel waste for removal of heavy metal ions from synthetic solutions. Materials, 14(14):3946.
126.Gong, L., Feng, D., Wang, T., Ren, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, J. 2020. Inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase: Potential linkage for whole cereal foods on prevention of hyperglycemia. Food Sci Nutr, 8(12):6320-6337.
127.Gorzelany, J., Basara, O., Kapusta, I., Paweł, K., Belcar, J. 2023. Evaluation of the chemical composition of selected varieties of L. caerulea var. kamtschatica and L. caerulea var. emphyllocalyx. Molecules, 28(6):2525.
128.Goufo, P., Trindade, H. 2014. Rice antioxidants: Phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ-oryzanol, and phytic acid. Food Sci Nutr, 2(2):75-104.
129.Guerineau, F. 2022. Properties of human gastric lipase produced by plant roots. Life, 12(8):1249.
130.Guimarães, R., Barros, L., Barreira, J. C., Sousa, M. J., Carvalho, A. M., Ferreira, IC. 2010. Targeting excessive free radicals with peels and juices of citrus fruits: Grapefruit, lemon, lime and citrus. Food cheml toxicol, 48(1):99-106.
131.Gulcin, I., Alwasel, S. H. 2022. Metal Ions, Metal chelators and metal chelating assay as antioxidant method. Processes, 10(1):132.
132.Gurgel, L. V. A., Júnior, O. K., Gil, R. P. D. F., Gil, L. F. 2008. Adsorption of heavy metal ion from aqueous single metal solution by chemically modified sugarcane bagasse. Bioresour Technol, 99(8):3077-3083.
133.Gzar, H. A., Abdul-Hameed, Awatif. S., Yahya, A. Y. 2014. Extraction of lead, cadmium and nickel from contaminated soil using acetic acid. Open J Soil Sci, 4:(6):207-214.
134.Haile, S., Ayele, A. 2022. Pectinase from microorganisms and its industrial applications. Sci World J, 2022:1881305.
135.Handayani, A. P., Ramakrishnan, Y., Karim, R., Muhammad, K. 2014. Antioxidant properties, degradation kinetics and storage stability of drinks prepared from the cooking water of pigmented rice. Adv J Food Sci Technol, 6(5):668-679.
136.Haque, F., Rahman, M. H., Habibc, M., Alamd, M. S., Monird, M. M., Hossaina, M. M. 2020. Effect of different levels of citrus peel extract on the quality and shelf life of beef muscle during frozen storage. IOSR J Agric Vet Sci, 13(1):43-56.
137.He, J., Chen, L., Chu, B., Zhang, C. 2018. Determination of total polysaccharides and total flavonoids in chrysanthemum morifolium using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging and multivariate analysis. Molecules, 23(9):2395.
138.Hegazy, A. E., Ibrahium, M. I. 2012. Antioxidant activities of citrus peel extracts. World Appl Sci J, 18 (5):684-688.
139.Hossain, A., Bhattacharyya, S.R., Aditya, G. 2015. Biosorption of cadmium from aqueous solution by shell dust of the freshwater snail lymnaea luteola. Environ Technol Innov, 4(2):82-91.
140.Hiemori, M., Koh, E., Mitchell, A. E. 2009. Influence of cooking on anthocyanins in black rice (Oryza sativa L. japonica var. SBR). J Agric Food Chem, 57(5):1908-14.
141.Hu, Y., Kang, G., Wang, L., Gao, M., Wang, P., Yang, D., et al. 2021. Current status of mining, modification, and application of cellulases in bioactive substance extraction. Curr Issues Mol Bio, 43(2):687-703.
142.Huang G. 2020. Extraction and characterization of rice bran polysaccharides and their derivative preparation and antioxidant activity. Bio-Archive, 2020:370965.
143.Huang, S., Chen, F., Cheng, H., Huang, G. 2020. Modification and application of polysaccharide from traditional Chinese medicine such as dendrobium officinale. Int J Biolo Macromol, 157:385-393.
144.Huang, Y., Feng, F., Chen, Z., Wu, T., Wang, Z. 2018. Green and efficient removal of cadmium from rice flour using natural deep eutectic solvents. Food Chem, 244:260-265.
145.Hung, P. V., Anh, M. N. T., Hoa, P. N., Phi, N. T. L. 2021. Extraction and characterization of high methoxyl pectin from citrus maxima peels using different organic acids. J Food Measure Charact, 15(2):1-6.
146.Hussain, H., Mamadalieva, N. Z., Hussain, A., Hassan, U., Rabnawaz, A., Ahmed, I., et al. 2022. Fruit peels: Food waste as a valuable source of bioactive natural products for drug discovery. Curr Issues Mol Bio, 44(5):1960-1994.
147.Hwang, S. N., Kim, J. C., Bhuiyan, M. I. H., Kim, J. Y., Yang, J. S., Yoon, S. H., et al. 2018. Black rice (oryza sativa L. poaceae) extract reduces hippocampal neuronal cell death induced by transient global cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurobiol, 27(2):129-138.
148.IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 2012. Arsenic, metals, fibres, and dusts. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer.
149.Imam, M. U., Musa, S. N. A., Azmi, N. H., Ismail, M. 2012. Effects of white rice, brown rice and germinated brown rice on antioxidant status of type 2 diabetic rats. Int J Mol Sci, 13(10):12952-12969.
150.International Diabetes Federation (IDF). 2021. Diabetes around the world in 2021.
151.Irakli, M., Kleisiaris, F., Kadoglidou, K., Katsantonis, D. 2018. Optimizing extraction conditions of free and bound phenolic compounds from rice by-products and their antioxidant effects. Foods, 7(6):93.
152.Irkin, R., Doğan, S., Değirmencioğlu, N., Diken, M., Guldas, M. 2015. Phenolic content, antioxidant activities and stimulatory roles of citrus fruits on some lactic acid bacteria. Arch Bio Sci, 67(4):1313-1321.
153.Isbilir, S. S., Tuncay, D. 2014. A study on bioactive content, antioxidant activity, and α-amylase inhibition of black rice grown in Turkey. Eur Int J Sci Technol, 3(7):51-60.
154.Ishikawa, S. 2020. Mechanisms of cadmium accumulation in rice grains and molecular breeding for its reduction. Soil Sci Plant Nutr, 66 (1):28-33.
155.Ismail, A. A. A., Ismail, N. A. 2016. Magnesium: A Mineral essential for health yet generally underestimated or even ignored. J Nutr Food Sci, 6:1-8.
156.Jeong, B. G., Gwak, Y. J., Kim, J., Hong, W. H., Park, S. J., Islam, M. A., et al. 2022. Antioxidative properties of machine-drip tea prepared with citrus fruit peels are affected by the type of fruit and drying method. Foods, 11(14):2094.
157.Jomová, K., Hudecova, L., Lauro, P., Simunkova, M., Alwasel, S. H., Alhazza, I. M., et al. 2019. A switch between antioxidant and prooxidant properties of the phenolic compounds myricetin, morin, 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone, taxifolin and 4-hydroxy-coumarin in the presence of copper (II) ions: A spectroscopic, absorption titration and DNA damage study. Molecules, 24(23):4335.
158.Jongh, W. D. 2006. Organic acid production by Aspergillus niger. Kgs. Lyngby: Technical University of Denmark.
159.Kalinowska, M., Gryko, K., Wróblewska, A. M., Jabłońska-Trypuć, A., Karpowicz, D. 2020. Phenolic content, chemical composition and anti-/pro-oxidant activity of Gold Milenium and Papierowka apple peel extracts. Sci Rep, 10(1):14951.
160.Kalompatsios, D., Athanasiadis, V., Palaiogiannis, D., Lalas, S. I., Makris, D.P. 2022. Valorization of waste orange peels: Aqueous antioxidant polyphenol extraction as affected by organic acid addition. Beverages, 8(4):71.
161.Kammoun, B. A., Ghanem, N., Mihoubi, D., Kechaou, N., Boudhriouamihoubi, N. 2011. Effect of infrared drying on drying kinetics, color, total phenolsand water and oil holding capacities of citrus (Citrus sinensis) peel and leaves. Int J Food Eng, 7(5):1-28.
162.Kang, H. J., Ko, M. J., Chung, M. S. 2021. Anthocyanin structure and pH dependent extraction characteristics from blueberries (vaccinium corymbosum) and chokeberries (aronia melanocarpa) in subcritical water state. Foods, 10(3):527.
163.Kaur, M., Asthir, B., Mahajan, G. 2017. Variation in antioxidants, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in germinated and ungerminated grains of ten rice cultivars. Rice Sci, 24(6):349-359.
164.Ke, C., Li, L. 2023. Influence mechanism of polysaccharides induced Maillard reaction on plant proteins structure and functional properties: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 302: 120430.
165.Kejík, Z., Kaplánek, R., Masařík, M., Babula, P., Matkowski, A., Filipenský, P., et al. 2021. Iron complexes of flavonoids-antioxidant capacity and beyond. Int J Mol Sci, 22(2):646.
166.Kilel, E. C., Wanyoko, J. K., Faraj, A. K., Ngoda, P. 2019. Effect of citric acid on the total monomeric anthocyanins and antioxidant activity of liquor made from unprocessed purple leafed TRFK 306 kenyan tea clone. Food Nutr Sci, 10(10): 1191-1201.
167.Kim, D. S., Lee, S., Park, S. M., Yun, S. H., Gab, H. S., Kim, S. S., et al. 2021. Comparative metabolomics analysis of citrus varieties. Foods, 10(11): 2826.
168.Kim, J. E., Joo, S. I., Seo, J. H., Lee, S. P. 2009. Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of tartary buckwheat extract obtained by the treatment of different solvents and enzymes. Food Sci Nutri, 38(8): 989-995.
169.Krishnan, K. A., Anirudhan, T. S. 2003. Removal of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution by steam-activated sulphurised carbon prepared from sugar-cane bagasse pith: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. Water Southern African, 29(2):147-156.
170.Kocaman, A. 2023. Combined interactions of amino acids and organic acids in heavy metal binding in plants. Plant Signal Behav, 18 (1):2064072-2064072.
171.Kopjar, M., Buljeta, I., Ćorković, I., Pichler, A., Šimunović, J. 2022. Adsorption of quercetin on brown rice and almond protein matrices: Effect of quercetin concentration. Foods, 11(6):793.
172.Kowalczyk, P., Ligas, B., Skrzypczak, D., Mikula, K., Izydorczyk, G., Witek-Krowiak, A., et al. 2021. Biosorption as a method of biowaste valorization to feed additives: RSM optimization. Enviro poll, 268:115937.
173.Kuhad, R. C., Gupta, R., Singh A. 2011. Microbial cellulases and their industrial applications. Enzyme Res, 2011:280696.
174.Kumar, R., Subramanian, V., Nadanasabapathi, S. 2017. Health benefits of quercetin. Def Life Sci J, 2(2):142.
175.Kurkela, O., Forma, L., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Nevalainen J., Rissanen, P. 2021. Association of diabetes type and chronic diabetes complications with early exit from the labour force: register-based study of people with diabetes in Finland. Diabetologia, 64(4):795-804.
176.Kut, K., Bartosz, G., Sadowska-Bartosz, I. 2023. Denaturation and digestion increase the antioxidant capacity of proteins. Processes, 11(5):1362.
177.Lai, Q. H., Wang, X. L., Wang, C. J., Zheng, S. J. 2017. Current processing and utilization situation of fruit peels and research progress. J Food Saf Qual, 8(3):876-881.
178.Lakey-Beitia, J., Burillo, A. M., La-Penna, G., Hegde, M.L., Rao, K. S. 2021. Polyphenols as potential metal chelation compounds against Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers dis, 82: S335-S357.
179.Lamiaa, M. L., Anis, B. G. 2015. Effect of cooking methods on physical and sensory properties, anthocyanins and polyphenolic compounds of pigmented rice grains. Alexandria J Food Sci Technol, 12(2):41-50.
180.Laya, A., Koubala, B. B., Negi, P. S. 2022. Antidiabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and anti-obesity (lipase) inhibitory activities of edible cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as measured by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion: effects of phenolics and harvested time. Int J Food Prop, 22(1):492-508.
181.Li, B. B., Smith, B., Hossain, M. M. 2006. Extraction of phenolics from citrus peels: II. Enzyme-assisted extraction method. Sep Purif Technol, 48(2):189-196.
182.Li, S., Wang, H., Guo, L., Zhao, H., Ho, C. T. 2014. Chemistry and bioactivity of nobiletin and its metabolites. J Funct Foods, 6:2-10.
183.Li, Y., Lu, F., Luo, C., Chen, Z., Mao, J., Shoemaker, C., et al. 2009. Functional properties of the Maillard reaction products of rice protein with sugar. Food Chem, 117:69-74.
184.Li, Y., Zhong, F., Ji, W., Yokoyama, W., Shoemaker, C. F., Zhu, S., et al. 2013. Functional properties of Maillard reaction products of rice protein hydrolysates with mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides. Food Hydrocoll, 30(1):53-60.
185.Liew, S. S., Ho, W. Y., Yeap, S. K., Sharifudin, S. A. B. 2018. Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of citrus sinensis peel extracts. J Life Environ Sci, 6: e5331.
186.Lim, C., Zhen, A. X., Ok, S., Fernando, P. D. S. M., Herath, H. M. U. L., Piao, M. J., et al. 2022. Hesperidin protects SH−SY5Y neuronal cells against high glucose−induced apoptosis via regulation of MAPK signaling. Antioxidants, 11(9):1707.
187.Lim, S. M., Goh, Y. M., Kuan, W. B., Loh, S. P. 2014. Effect of germinated brown rice extracts on pancreatic lipase, adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lip Health Dis, 13:169.
188.Lipinski, B. 2011. Hydroxyl radical and its scavengers in health and disease. Oxid med cell longev, 2011:809696.
189.Liu, Q., Liu, J. S., Wang, Q. C., Wang, Y. 2015. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in urban agricultural soils of Jilin City, China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess, 21(7):1-15.
190.Liu, T. T., Liu, X. T., Chen, Q, X., Shi, Y. 2020. Lipase inhibitors for obesity: A review. Biomed Pharmacother, 128:110314.
191.Liu, X., Luo, F., Li, P., She, Y., Gao, W. 2017. Investigation of the interaction for three citrus flavonoids and α-amylase by surface plasmon resonance. Food Res Int, 97:1-6.
192.Liu, X., Yin, H., Liu, H., Cai, Y., Qi, X., Dang, Z. 2023. Multicomponent adsorption of heavy metals onto biogenic hydroxyapatite: Surface functional groups and inorganic mineral facilitating stable adsorption of Pb (Ⅱ). J Hazard Mater, 443:130167.
193.López-Fernández, J., Benaiges M. D., Valero, F. 2020. Rhizopus oryzae lipase, a promising industrial enzyme: Biochemical characteristics, production and biocatalytic applications. Catalysts, 10(11):1277.
194.Lu, S. Y., Chu, Y. L., Sridhar, K., Tsai, P. J. 2021. Effect of ultrasound, high-pressure processing, and enzymatic hydrolysis on carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes and antioxidant activity of lemon (Citrus limon) flavedo. Lebensm Wiss and Technol, 138(14):110511.
195.Lu, Y., Su, Z., Bi, Y. 2018. Antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from citrus peel. Frontier Computing, 542:1801-1807.
196.Lu, X., Li, N., Qiao, X., Qiu, Z., Liu, P. 2018. Effects of thermal treatment on polysaccharide degradation during black garlic processing. Lebensm Wissand Technol, 95:223-229.
197.Ma, X., Jing, J., Wang, J., Xu, J., Hu, Z. 2020. Extraction of Low Methoxyl pectin from fresh sunflower heads by subcritical water extraction. ACS Omega, 5(25):15095-15104.
198.Ma, Y., Zhang, S., Rong, L., Wu, Z., Sun, W. 2022. Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of Japonica rice cultivars and intake status. Foods, 11(23):3788.
199.Madeła, M., Skuza, M. 2021. Towards a circular economy: Analysis of the use of biowaste as biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals. Energies, 14(17):5427.
200.Malamis, D., Moustakas, K., Bourka, A. Valta, K., Papadaskalopoulou, C., Panaretou, V., et al. 2015. Compositional analysis of biowaste from study sites in Greek municipalities. Waste Biomass Valorization, 6(5):637-646.
201.Mamy, D, Huang, Y, Akpabli-Tsigbe N. D. K., Battino, M., Chen, X. 2022. Valorization of citrus reticulata peels for flavonoids and antioxidant Enhancement by solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger CGMCC 3.6189. Molecules, 27(24):8949.
202.Martemucci, G., Costagliola, C., Mariano, M., D’andrea, L., Napolitano, P., D’Alessandro, A. G. 2022. Free radical properties, source and targets, antioxidant consumption and health. Oxygen, 2(2):48-78.
203.Martemucci, G., Costagliola, C., Mariano, M., D’andrea, L., Napolitano, P., D’Alessandro, A. G. 2022. Free radical properties, source and targets, antioxidant consumption and health. Oxygen, 2(2):48-78.
204.Martín-Lara, M. A., Blazques, G., Ronda, A., Perez, A., Calero, M. 2013. Development and characterization of biosorbents to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions by chemical treatment of olive stone. Ind Eng Chem, 52(31):10809-10819.
205.Martínez-Nicolas, J. J., Núñez-Gómez, D., Lidón, V., Martínez-Font, R., Melgarejo, P., Hernández, F., et al. 2022. Physico-chemical attributes of lemon fruits as affected by growing substrate and rootstock. Foods, 11(16):2487.
206.Mataveli, L. R. V., Buzzo, M. L., Arauz, L. J. D., Carvalho, M. D. F. H., Arakaki, E. E. K., Matsuzaki, R., et al. 2016. Total Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead Determination in Brazilian Rice Samples Using ICP/MS. J Anal Methods Chem, 2016:3968786.
207.Mathew, B. B., Jaishankar, M., Biju, V. G., Beeregowda, K. N. 2016. Role of Bioadsorbents in Reducing Toxic Metals. J Toxicol, 2016: 4369604.
208.Mcdougall, G. J., Kulkarni, N. N., Stewart, D. 2009. Berry polyphenols inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in vitro. Food Chem, 115(1):193-199
209.Melhi, S. 2023. Recyclable magnetic nanocomposites for efficient removal of cadmium ions from water: performance, mechanism and isotherm studies. Environ poll bio, 35(1):2163922.
210.M’hiri, N., Ioannou, I., Paris, C., Ghoul, M., Mihoubi Boudhrioua, N. 2016. Comparison of the efficiency of different extraction methods on antioxidants of maltease citrus peel. Int J Food Nutr Sci, 3:1- 13.
211.Mi, Y., Cheng, M., Yu, Q., Si, Y. 2021. Foliar application of anthocyanin extract regulates cadmium accumulation and distribution in rice (oryza sativa L.) at tillering and booting stages. Ecotoxicol Enviro Saf, 224:112647.
212.Miller, E. G., Peacock, J. J., Bourland, T. C., Taylor, S. E., Wright, J. M., Patil, B. S., et al. 2008. Inhibition of oral carcinogenesis by citrus flavonoids. Nutr Cancer, 60(1):69-74.
213.Mizuno, H, Yoshikawa, H, Usuki, T. 2019. Extraction of nobiletin and tangeretin From Peels of Shekwasha and Ponkan using [C2 mim][(MeO)(H)PO2] and centrifugation. Nat Prod Commun, 14(5):1-6.
214.Mohidem, N.A., Hashim, N., Shamsudin, R., Che Man, H. 2022. Rice for food security: Revisiting its production, diversity, rice milling process and nutrient content. Agriculture, 12(6):741.
215.Mohammed, M. T., Kadhim, S. M., Jassimand, A. M. N., Abbas, S. I. 2015. Free radicals and human health. Int J Innov Sci Res, 4:218-223
216.Monselise, S. P., Galily, D. 1979. Organic acids in grapefruit fruit tissues. J Am Soc Hortic Sci, 104(6):895-897.
217.Motaghi, M., Ziarati, P. 2016. Adsorptive removal of cadmium and lead from oryza sativa rice by banana peel as bio-sorbent. Biomed Phamacol J, 9 (2):739-749.
218.Naing, A. H., Kim, C. K. 2021. Abiotic stress-induced anthocyanins in plants: Their role in tolerance to abiotic stresses. Physiol plant, 172(3):1711-1723.
219.Navas-Acien, A., Silbergeld, E. K., Streeter, R. A., Clark, J. M., Burke, T. A., Guallar, E. 2006. Arsenic exposure and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of the experimental and epidemiologic evidence. Environ Health Perspec, 114(5):641-648.
220.Negroiu, M., Țurcanu, A. A., Matei, E., Râpă, M., Covaliu, C. I., Predescu, A. M., et al. 2021. Novel adsorbent based on banana peel waste for removal of heavy metal ions from synthetic solutions. Materials, 14(14):3946.
221.Njoku, V. O. 2014. Biosorption potential of cocoa pod husk for the removal of Zn (II) from aqueous phase. J Environ Chem Eng, 2(2):881-887.
222.Nossier, M. I., Abd-Elrahman S. H., El-Sayed S. M. 2022. Effect of using garlic and lemon peels extracts with selenium on Vicia faba productivity. Asian J Agric Biol, 4:1-10.
223.Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2020. Arsenic, inorganic, compounds (as As). OSHA Occupational Chemical Database.
224.Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2020. Cadmium. OSHA Occupational Chemical Database.
225.Ojeda-Pérez, Z. Z., Jiménez-Bremont, J. F., Delgado-Sánchez, P. 2017. Continuous high and low temperature induced a decrease of photosynthetic activity and changes in the diurnal fluctuations of organic acids in Opuntia streptacantha. PLOS One, 12(10): e0186540-e0186540.
226.Okada, I. A., Duran, M. C., Buzzo, M. L., Dovidauskas, S., Sakuma, A. M., Zenebon, O. 2007. Validação e aplicação de metodologia analítica na determinação de nutrientes inorgânicos em arroz polido. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 27(3):492-497.
227.Oluwagunwa, O. A., Alashi, A. M., Aluko, R. E. 2021. Inhibition of the in vitro activities of α-amylase and pancreatic lipase by aqueous extracts of amaranthus viridis, solanum macrocarpon and telfairia occidentalis Leaves. Front Nutr, 8:772903.
228.Ortega-Iguña, M., Galindo-Riaño, M. D., Granado-Castro, M. D. 2022. Potential use of low-cost agri-food waste as biosorbents for the removal of Cd (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Pb (II) from aqueous solutions. Separations, 9(10):309.
229.Ozdal, T., Capanoglu, E., Altay, F. 2013. A review on protein-phenolic interactions and associated changes. Food Res Int, 51(2):954-970.
230.Park, R. M., Stayner, L. T., Petersen, M. R., Finley-Couch, M, Hornung, R., Rice, C. 2012. Cadmium and lung cancer mortality accounting for simultaneous arsenic exposure. Occup Environ Med, 69(5):303-309.
231.Pal, M. 2017. Lemon: A versatile fruit of multiple uses. Agriculture World, 3:52-54.
232.Pal, S., Bagchi, T. B., Dhali, K., Kar, A., Sanghamitra, P., Sarkar, S., et al. 2019. Evaluation of sensory, physicochemical properties and Consumer preference of black rice and their products. J Food Sc Technol, 56(3):1484-1494.
233.Panichayapichet, P., Nitisoravut, S., Simachaya, W. 2007. Spatial distribution and transport of heavy metals in soil, ponded-surface water and grass in a pb-contaminated watershed as related to land-use practices. Environ Monit Assess,135:181-193.
234.Papoutsis, K., Pristijono, P., Golding, J. B., Stathopoulos, C. E. Bowyer, M. C., Scarlett, C. J., et al. 2018. Screening the effect of four ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters on hesperidin and phenolic acid content of aqueous citrus pomace extracts. Food Biosci, 21:20-26.
235.Papoutsis, K., Zhang, J., Bowyer, M. C., Brunton, N., Gibney, E. R., Lyng, J. 2020. Fruit, vegetables, and mushrooms for the preparation of extracts with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition properties: A review. Food Chem, 338:128119.
236.Pastor, P., Hernández, A. J. 2012. Heavy metals, salts and organic residues in old solid urban waste landfills and surface waters in their discharge areas: Determinants for restoring their impact. J Environ Manag, 95: S42-S49.
237.Pedro, A. C., Granato, D. R., Neiva D. 2016. Extraction of anthocyanins and polyphenols from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) by modeling and assessing their reversibility and stability. Food Chem, 191:12-20.
238.Prabasari, I., Pettolino, F., Liao, M. L., Bacic, A. 2011. Pectic polysaccharides from mature orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit albedo cell walls: Sequential extraction and chemical characterization. Carbohydrate Polymers, 84(1):484-494.
239.Price, D. L., Rhett, P. M., Thorpe, S, R., Baynes, J. W. 2001. Chelating activity of advanced glycation end-product inhibitors. J Biol Chem, 276(52): 48967-48972.
240.Prasad, B., Sharavanan, P., Rengaraj, S. 2019. Efficiency of Oryza punctata extract on glucose regulation: Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Grain Oil Sci Technol, 2(2):44-48,
241.Prasad, B., Sharavanan, P., Rengaraj, S. 2019. Health benefits of black rice- A review. Grain Oil Sci Technol, 2(4): 109-113.
242.Prasad, K. N., Chew, L. Y., Khoo, H. E., Kong, K. W., Azlan, A., Ismail, A. 2010. Antioxidant capacities of peel, pulp, and seed fractions of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. fruit. J biome biotechnol, 2010:871379.
243.Pratiwi, F., Tinata, J. K., Prakasa, A. W., Istiqomah., Hartini, E., Isworo, S. 2017. Citric acid compounds of tangerines peel extract (Citrus reticulata) as potential materials teeth whitening. J Phys Conf Ser, 824(1):012071.
244.Pogoson, E., Carey, M., Meharg, C., Meharg, A. A. 2021. Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment. Food Chem, 338(24):127842.
245.Pongthipun, P., Thapanee, S., Napaporn, K., Amnuay, W. 2021. Removal of copper (II) from aqueous solution using chemically modified fruit peels as efficient low-cost biosorbents. Water Sci Eng, 14(4):286-294.
246.Poonam., Anju, R., Pradeep, S. 2021. Biosorption: Principles, and applications. In Prisco, M. D., Chen, S. H, Vayas, I., Shukla, S. K., Sharma, A., Kumar, N., et al. (Eds.), Recent Advancements in Civil Engineering (pp. 501-510.) Singapore: Springer.
247.Poovitha, S., Parani, M. 2016. In vitro and in vivo α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibiting activities of the protein extracts from two varieties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). BMC Complement Altern Med, 16:185.
248.Raab‚ A.‚ Baskaran‚ C.‚ Feldmann‚ J. Meharg‚ A. A. 2009. Cooking rice in a high water to rice ratio reduces inorganic arsenic content. J environ monit‚ 11(1):41-44.
249.Rafiq, S., Kaul, R., Sofi, S. A., Bashir, N., Nazir, F., Nayik, G. A. 2016. Citrus peel as a source of functional ingredient: A review. J Sau Soc Agric Sci, 17(4):351-358.
250.Rahman‚ H.‚ Carey‚ M.‚ Hossain‚ M.‚ Savage‚ L.‚ Islam‚ M.‚ R. Meharg‚ A. A. 2019. Modifying the Parboiling of Rice to Remove Inorganic Arsenic, While Fortifying with Calcium. Environl Sci Technol‚ 53(9):5249-5255.
251.Ranilla, L. G., Kwon, Y., Apostolidis, E., Shetty, K. 2010. Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in latin Americam. Bioresour Technol, 101(12):4676-4689.
252.Reyes-Reyes, A.L. Barranco, F. V., Sandoval, G. 2022. Recent advances in lipases and their applications in the food and nutraceutical industry. Catalysts, 12(9):960.
253.Rizaldy, D., Insanu, M., Sabila N., Haniffadli, A., Zahra, A. A., Pratiwi S. N. E., et al. 2023. Lemon (Citrus limon L.): antioxidative activity and its marker compound. Biointerface Res Appl Chem, 13(1):1-11.
254.Rolim, P. M., Fidelis, G. P., Padilha, C. E. A., Santos, E. S., Rocha, H. A. O., Macedo, G. R. 2018. Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity from peels and seeds of melon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus) and their antiproliferative effect in cancer cells. Braz J Med Bio Res, 51(4): e6069.
255.Sachan, A. K., Rao, C. V., Sachan, N. K. 2019. In vitro studies on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by hydro-ethanolic extract of pluchea lanceolata, alhagi pseudalhagi, caesalpinia bonduc. Pharmacogn Res, 11(3):310-314.
256.Saini, R. K., Ranjit, A., Sharma, K., Prasad, P., Shang, X., Gowda, K. G. M., et al. 2022. Bioactive compounds of citrus fruits: A review of composition and health benefits of carotenoids, flavonoids, limonoids, and terpenes. Antioxidants, 11(2):239.
257.Saka, S. O., Salisu, Y. Y., Sahabi, H. M., Sanusi, K. O., Ibrahim, K. G., Abubakar, M. B., et al. 2023. Nutrigenomic effects of white rice and brown rice on the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in a fruit fly model. Molecules, 28(2):532.
258.Saleem, M., Saeed, M. T. 2020. Potential application of waste fruit peels (citrus, yellow lemon, and banana) as wide range natural antimicrobial agent. J King Saud Univ Sci, 32(1):805-810.
259.Sam, P. Y., Kim, S. J., Chang, H. I. 2008. Isolation of anthocyanin from black rice (Heugjinjubyeo) and screening of its antioxidant activities. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 36(1):55-60.
260.Sanna, D., Fadda, A. 2022. Role of the hydroxyl radical-generating system in the estimation of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Molecules, 27(14):4560.
261.Sansenya, S., Nanok, K. 2020. α-glucosidase, α-amylase inhibitory potential and antioxidant activity of fragrant black rice (Thai coloured rice). Flavour Fragr J, 35(1): 376-386.
262.Saranraj, P., Stella, D., Reetha, D. 2012. Microbial cellulases and its applications: A review. Int J Bio Biotech Sci, 1: 1-12.
263.Sasson, A., Monselise, S. P. 1977. Organic acid composition of ‘shamouti’ oranges at harvest and during prolonged postharvest storage. J Am Soc Hortic Sci, 102(3):331-336.
264.Schiewer, S., Patil, S. B. 2008. Pectin-rich fruit wastes as biosorbents for heavy metal removal: Equilibrium and kinetics. Bioresour Technol, 99(6):1896-1903.
265.Shahidi, A., Jalilnejad, N., Jalilnejad, E. 2015. A study on adsorption of cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solution using luffa cylindica. Desalination Water Treat, 53(13):1-10.
266.Shahriar, S., Paul, A. K., Rahman, M. M. 2022. Removal of toxic and essential nutrient elements from commercial rice brands using different washing and cooking practices: Human health risk assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(5): 2582.
267.Sharma, K., Ko, E. Y., Assefa, A. D., Ha, S., Nile, S. H., Lee, E. T. et al. 2015. Temperature-dependent studies on the total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activities, and sugar content in six onion varieties. J Food Drug Anal, 23(2):243-252.
268.Sharma, P., Dhiman, P., Singh, D. 2022. Dietary flavonoids-rich citrus reticulata peel extract interacts with CREB signaling to suppress seizures and linked neurobehavioral impairments in a kindling mouse model. Nutr Neurosci, 10:1-12.
269.Shartooh, S. M., Gabur, H. S., Mahmood, O. S. 2014. The removal of lead, copper and zinc from industrial wastewater using grape fruit peels. Rafidain Journal of Science, 25(2):22-31.
270.Shen, Y., Jin, L., Xiao, P., Lu, Y., Bao, J. 2009. Total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity in rice grain and their relations to grain color, size and weight. J Cereal Sci, 49(1):106-111.
271.Shehata, M. G., Awad, T. S., Asker, D, El-Sohaimy, S. A., Abd El-Aziz, N. M., Youssef, M. M. 2021. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS polyphenolic profile of sweet citrus peel extracts. Curr Res food sci, 4:326-335.
272.Shi, J., Dai, Y., Kakuda, Y., Mittal, G., Xue, S. J. 2008. Effect of heating and exposure to light on the stability of lycopene in tomato purée. Food Control, 19(5):514-520.
273.Sinbad, O. O., Folorunsho, A. A., Olabisi, O. L., Ayoola, O. A., Temitope, E. J. 2019. Vitamins as antioxidants. J Food Sc Nutr Res, 2(3):214-235.
274.Singh, K., Sharma, S., Jain, A., Mandal, M., Pandey, P. K. 2017. Removal of copper ion from synthetic wastewater using aloe vera as an adsorbent. Eur J Adv Eng Technol, 2017:249-254.
275.Singhal, S., Hulle, N. R. S. 2022. Citrus pectins: Structural properties, extraction methods, modifications and applications in food systems - A review. Appl Food Res, 2(2):100215.
276.Sirivibulkovit, K., Nouanthavong, S., Sameenoi, Y. 2018. Paper-based DPPH assay for antioxidant activity analysis. Anal Sci, 34(7):795-800.
277.Sivamurugan, V., Saradhadevi, K. M. 2022. Chapter 3 - enzymatic production of organic acids via microbial fermentative processes. In Li, H., Saravanamurugan, S., Pandey, A., Elumalai, S (Eds.), Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals: Biochemicals and Materials Production from Sustainable Biomass Resources (pp. 37-54). Holland: Elsevier.
278.Smith, C. S., Martin, W., Johansen, K. A. 2001. Sego lilies and prehistoric foragers: Return rates, pit ovens, and carbohydrates. J Archaeol Sci, 28(2):169-183.
279.Song, S., Qiu, Z., Sun-Waterhouse, D., Bai, X., Xiang, L., Zheng, Z., et al. 2023. Garlic polysaccharide-Cr (III) complexes with enhanced in vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic activities. Int J Biol Macro, 237:124178.
280.Sotto, A. D., Locatelli, M., Macone, A., Toniolo, C., Cesa, S., Carradori, S., et al. 2019. Hypoglycemic, antiglycation, and cytoprotective properties of a phenol-rich extract from waste peel of Punica granatum L. var. dente di cavallo DC2. Molecules, 24(17):3103.
281.Štochmaľová, A, Sirotkin, A., Kádasi, A., Alexa, R. 2013. Physiological and medical effects of plant flavonoid quercetin. J Micro Biotechnol Food Sci. 2(1):1915-1926.
282.Su, C., Wang, J., Chen, Z., Meng, J., Yin, G., Zhou, Y., et al. 2023. Sources and health risks of heavy metals in soils and vegetables from intensive human intervention areas in South China. Sci Total Environ, 857: 159389.
283.Su, D., Zhang, R., Hou, F., Zhang, M., Guo, J., Huang, F., et al. 2014. Comparison of the free and bound phenolic profiles and cellular antioxidant activities of litchi pulp extracts from different solvents. BMC Complement Med Ther, 14:9.
284.Suárez-Diéguez, T., Niet, J. A. 2022. Health benefits of starch. In Emeje, M. O., Blumenberg, M (Eds.), Starch - Evolution and recent advances (chap. 4). U.K.: IntechOpen.
285.Sukanya, T., Yukiharu, O. 2020. Comparative study of conventional steam cooking and microwave cooking on cooked pigmented rice texture and their phenolic antioxidant. Food Sci Nutr, 8(2):965-972.
286.Sulastri, E., Zubair, M. S., Anas, N. I., Abidin, S., Hardani, R., Yulianti, R., Aliyah. 2018. Total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin content and antioxidant activity of standardized extract of moringa oleifera leaf from regions with different elevation. Pharmacogn J, 10(6): s104-s108.
287.Sulieman, A. M. E., Khodari, K. M., Salih, Z. A. 2013. Extraction of pectin from lemon and orange fruits peels and its utilisation in jam making. Int J Food Sci Nutr Eng, 5:81-84.
288.Summpunn, P., Panpipat, W., Manurakchinakorn, S., Bhoopong, P., Cheong, L. Z., Chaijan, M. 2022. Comparative analysis of antioxidant compounds and antioxidative properties of thai indigenous rice: Effects of rice variety and processing condition. Molecules, 27(16):5180.
289.Sun, Y., Guan, Y., Khoo, H. E., Li, X. 2021. In vitro assessment of chemical and pre-biotic properties of carboxymethylated polysaccharides from passiflora edulis Peel, xylan, and citrus pectin. Fron Nutr, 8:778563.
290.Sun, Y., Singh, Z., Tokala, V. Y., Heather, B. 2019. Harvest maturity stage and cold storage period influence lemon fruit quality. Sci Hortic, 249(13):322-328.
291.Sundarram, A., Murthy, T.P.K. 2014. α-amylase production and applications: A review. J Appl Environ Microbiol, 2(4):166-175.
292.Supaporn, Y., Bernard, D., Chanakan, P. U. T. 2018. Effects of cooking on anthocyanin concentration and bioactive antioxidant capacity in glutinous and non-glutinous purple rice. Rice Sci, 25(5):270-278.
293.Surh, J., Koh, E. 2014. Effects of four different cooking methods on anthocyanins, total phenolics and antioxidant activity of black rice. J Sci Food Agric, 94(15):3296-3304.
294.Swer, T. L., Chauhan, K., Mukhim, C., Bashir, K., Kumar, A. 2019. Application of anthocyanins extracted from Sohiong (Prunus nepalensis L.) in food processing. Lebensm Wisse Technol, 114:108360.
295.Tadera, K., Minami, Y., Takamatsu, K., Matsuoka, T. 2006. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and alph-amylase by flavonoids. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 52(2):149-153.
296.Tena, N., Asuero, A. G. 2022. Up-to-date analysis of the extraction methods for anthocyanins: Principles of the techniques, optimization, technical progress, and industrial application. Antioxidants, 11(2):286.
297.Teoh, Y. P., Ooi, Z. X. 2016. Evaluation of unstructured kinetic models for the production of bioethanol from banana and pineapple wastes. Bioresources, 11 (2):4295-4305.
298.Tian, Y., Xu, G., Cao, W., Li, J., Taha, A., Hu, H., et al. 2021. Interaction between pH-shifted β-conglycinin and flavonoids hesperetin/hesperidin: Characterization of nanocomplexes and binding mechanism. Lebensm Wisst Technol, 140:110698.
299.Tijani, A. A., Adekomi, D. A., Adewole, S. O. 2018. In-vitro and in-vivo determination of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (hrsa) of fractions of aqueous extract of moringa oleifera leaves (aemol). Eurasian J Med Oncol, 2(4):209-216.
300.Toldrá-Reig, F., Mora, L., Toldrá, F. 2020. Developments in the use of lipase transesterification for biodiesel production from animal fat waste. Appl Sci, 10(15):5085.
301.Trouillas, P., Sancho-Garcia, J. C., Freitas, V., Gierschner, J., Otyepka, M., Dangles, O. 2016. Stabilizing and Modulating Color by Copigmentation: Insights from Theory and Experiment. Chem Rev, 116(9):4937-4982.
302.Tsujita, T., Sumiyosh, M., Han, L. K., Fujiwara, T., Tsujita, J., Okuda, H. 2003. Inhibition of lipase activities by citrus pectin. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 49(5):340-345.
303.Upton, D. J., McQueen-Mason, S. J., Wood, A. J. 2020. In silico evolution of Aspergillus niger organic acid production suggests strategies for switching acid output. Biotechnol biofuels, 13:27.
304.Uraipong, C., Zhao, J. 2015. Rice bran protein hydrolysates exhibit strong in vitro α‐amylase, β‐glucosidase and ACE‐inhibition activities. J Sci Food Agric, 96(4):1101-1110.
305.Venkatanagaraju, E., Bharathi, N., Sindhuja, R. H., Chowdhury, R. R., Sreelekha, Y. Extraction and purification of pectin from agro-industrial wastes. 2020. In Masuelli, M., Blumenberg, M (Eds.), Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications (pp. 1-16). U.K.: IntechOpen.
306.Verma, H., Narnoliya, L. K., Jadaun, J. S. 2018. Pectinase: A useful tool in fruit processing industries. Nutr Food Sci Int J, 5(5): 555673.
307.Villen-Guzman, M., Cerrill-Gonzalze, M. M., Paz-Garcia, J. M. 2021. Valorization of lemon peel waste as biosorbent for the simultaneous removal of nickel and cadmium from industrial effluents. Environ Technol Innov, 21:101380.
308.Vishnupriya, M., Nishaa, S., Sasikumar, J., Gopalakrishnan, V. K. 2012. Antioxidant activity and hydroxyl radical induced DNA damage protection effect of aqueous extract of Curcuma amada ROXB. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci, 3(4):89-96.
309.Wang, F., Chen, L., Chen, H., Chen, S., Liu, Y. 2019. Analysis of flavonoid metabolites in citrus peels (Citrus reticulata "Dahongpao") using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules, 24(15):2680.
310.Wang, G., Iradukunda, Y., Shi, G., Sanga, P., Niu, X., Wu, Z. 2021. Hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl free radicals determination methods in atmosphere and troposphere. J Environ Sci, 99:324-335.
311.Wang, H., Dharmalingam, P., Vasquez, V., Mitra, J., Boldogh, I., Rao, K. S., et al. 2017. Chronic oxidative damage together with genome repair deficiency in the neurons is a double whammy for neurodegeneration: Is damage response signaling a potential therapeutic target? Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 161:163-176.
312.Wang, J., Zhai, Y., Ou, M., Bian, Y., Tang, C., Zhang, W., et al. 2021. Protective effect of lemon peel extract on oxidative stress in h9c2 rat heart cell injury. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 15:2047-2058.
313.Wang, L. Y., Jing, R. Y., Ruan, H. S., Wang B. Y., Fang, S. M., Yin K. D. 2009. Study on extraction conditions of watersoluble polysaccharide from citrus skin. Food Sci, 30(6):117-119.
314.Wang, X., Chen, J., Yan, X., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Huang, J., et al. 2015. Heavy metal chemical extraction from industrial and municipal mixed sludge by ultrasound-assisted citric acid. J Ind Eng Chem, 27:368-372.
315.Wang, Y. C., Chuang, Y. C., Hsu, H. W. 2008. The flavonoid, carotenoid and pectin content in peels of citrus cultivated in Taiwan. Food Chem, 106(1): 277-284.
316.Wang, Z., Chen, X., Guo, Z., Feng, X., Huang, P., Du, M., et al. 2022. Distribution and natural variation of free, esterified, glycosylated, and insoluble-bound phenolic compounds in brocade orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) peel. Food Res Int, 153: 110958.
317.Wanyo, P., Meeso, N., Siriamornpun, S. 2014. Effects of different treatments on the antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds of rice bran and rice husk. Food Chem, 157:457-463.
318.Wedamulla, N. E., Fan, M., Choi, Y. J., Kim, E. K. 2022. Citrus peel as a renewable bioresource: Transforming waste to food additives. J Funct Foods, 95:105163.
319.Wei, S., Tian, Y., Guo, B., Wei, Y. 2015. Effect of hulling and milling process on cadmium concentration in rice product. Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao, 15(3):146-150.
320.Wojdyło, A., Nowicka, P., Turkiewicz, I. P., Tkacz, K. 2021. Profiling of polyphenols by LC-QTOF/ESI-MS, characteristics of nutritional compounds and in vitro effect on pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, cholinesterase and cyclooxygenase activities of sweet (prunus avium) and sour (P. cerasus) cherries leaves and fruits. Industrial Crops and Products, 174(15):114214.
321.Wongsa, P., Bhuyar, P., Tongkoom, K. Spreer, W., Müller, J. 2023. Influence of hot-air drying methods on the phenolic compounds/allicin content, antioxidant activity and α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibition of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Euro Food Res Technol, 249(2):3.
322.Woo, K. S., Kim, H. J., Lee, J. H., Ko, J. Y., Lee, B. W., Lee, B. K. 2018. Cooking characteristics and antioxidant activity of rice-barley mix at different cooking method and mixing ratio. Prev Nutr Food Sci, 23(1):52-59.
323.World health organization (WHO). 1992. Cadmium environmental aspects.
324.World health organization (WHO). 2018. Arsenic. Newsroom.
325.World health organization (WHO). 2019. Exposure to arsenic: A major public health concern.
326.World Health Organization (WHO). 2019. Classification of diabetes mellitus.
327.Wu, Y., He, R., Wang Z., Yuan, J., Xing, C., Wang, L., et al. 2016. A safe, efficient and simple technique for the removal of cadmium from brown rice flour with citric acid and analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Methods, 8(33):6313-6322.
328.Xiao, Q., Woo, M. W., Hu, J., Xiong, H., Zhao, Q. 2021. The role of heating time on the characteristics, functional properties and antioxidant activity of enzyme-hydrolyzed rice proteins-glucose Maillard reaction products. Food Biosci, 43:101225.
329.Xie, F., Chen, C., Chen, J., Yuan, Y., Hua, Q., Zhang, Z., et al. 2022. Metabolic profiling of sugars and organic acids, and expression analyses of metabolism-associated genes in two yellow-peel pitaya species. Plants, 11(5): 694.
330.Xu, G. H., Chen, J. C., Liu, D. H., Zhang, Y. H., Jiang, P., Ye, X. Q. 2008. Minerals, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of citrus peel extract by hot water. J Food Sci, 73(1):C11-C18.
331.Yadav, A., Kumari, R., Yadav, A., Mishra, J. P., Srivatva, S., Prabha, S. 2015. Antioxidants and its functions in human body - A review. Res Environ Life Sci, 9(11):1328-1331.
332.Yang, E. J., Kim, S. I., Park, S. Y., Bang, H. Y., Jeong, J. H., So, J. H., et al. 2012. Fermentation enhances the in vitro antioxidative effect of onion (Allium cepa) via an increase in quercetin content. Food and Chem Toxicol, 50(6):2042-2048.
333.Yang, J., Wen, L., Zhao, Y., Jiang, Y., Tian, M., Liu, H., et al. 2018. Structure identification of an arabino galacturonan in citrus reticulata Blanco ‘chachiensis’ peel. Food Hydrocolloids, 84:481-488.
334.Yang, M., Jiang, Z., Wen, M., Wu, Z., Zha, M., Xu, W., et al. 2022. Chemical variation of chenpi (citrus peels) and corresponding correlated bioactive Compounds by LC-MS Metabolomics and Multibioassay Analysis. Front Nutri, 9:825381.
335.Yang, S., Wang, C., Li, X., Wu, C., Liu, C., Xue, Z., Kou, X. 2021. Investigation on the biological activity of anthocyanins and polyphenols in blueberry. J Food Sci, 86(2):614-627.
336.Yang, X., Liu, L., Tan, W., Liu, C., Dang, Z., Qiu, G. 2020. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by organic acid extraction and electrochemical adsorption. Environ Poll, 264:114745.
337.Yao, Y., Sang, W., Zhou, M., Ren, G. 2010. Antioxidant and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of colored grains in China. J Agric Food Chem, 58(2): 770-774.
338.Yeoh, S., Shi, J., Langrish, T. 2008. Comparisons between different techniques for water-based extraction of pectin from orange peels. Desalination, 218(1):229-237.
339.Yetişsin, F., Kurt, F. 2020. Gallic acid (GA) alleviating copper (Cu) toxicity in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Int J Phytoremediation, 22(4):420-426.
340.Yirga, A., Yadav, O. P., Dey, T. 2022. Waste citrus peel adsorbent for heavy metal removal from water. Pollution, 8(2):553-566.
341.Yoshimura, Y., Zaima, N., Moriyama, T., Kawamura, Y. 2011. Different localization patterns of anthocyanin species in the pericarp of black rice revealed by imaging mass spectrometry. PLOS One, 7(2): e31285.
342.Yu, J., Ji, H. Y., Wang, Y. F., Liu, A. J. 2017. Polysaccharides from pomelo peels: extraction, optimization and their antioxidant activity in vitro. Curr Top Nutraceutical Res, 17(1):56-63.
343.Zadeh, S. M. A., Rad, A. A. 2008. Free radicals and antioxidants “oxidative stress” in cadmium exposure workers. Cell J (Yakhteh), 9(4):276-279.
344.Zahra, N., Jabeen, S. 2020. Brown rice as useful nutritional source. Pask J Agric Res, 33(3):445-453.
345.Zhai, Q., Guo, Y., Tang, X., Tian, F., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., et al. 2019. Removal of cadmium from rice by Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation. Food Control, 96(5):357- 364.
346.Zhang, C., Miao, X., Du, S., Zhang, T., Chen, L., Liu, Y., et al. 2023. Effects of culinary procedures on concentrations and bioaccessibility of Cu, Zn, and As in different food ingredients. Foods, 12(8):1653.
347.Zhang, F., Gu, F., Yan, H., He, Z., Wang, B., Liu, H., et al. 2014. Effects of soaking process on arsenic and other mineral elements in brown rice. Food Science and Human Wellness, 9(2):168-175.
348.Zhang, L., Lei, Q., Cheng, Y., Xie, Y., Qian, H., Guo, Y., et al. 2017. Study on the removal of cadmium in rice using microbial fermentation method. J Food Sci, 82(6):1467-1474.
349.Zhang, M. W., Zhang, R. F., Zhang, F. X., Liu, R. H. 2010. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of black rice bran of different commercially available varieties. J Agric Food Chemy, 58(13):7580-7587.
350.Zhang, X. Z., Zhang Y. H. P. 2013. Bioprocessing technologies in biorefinery for sustainable production of fuels, chemicals, and polymers: cellulases: characteristics, sources, production, and applications. In Yang, S. T., El-Enshasy, H. A, Thongchul (Eds.), Bioprocessing Technologies in Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers (pp. 131-146). New York, NY: Wiley-Aiche.
351.Zhou, S., Rivera-Rios, J., Keutsch, F. N., Abbatt, J. P. D. 2018. Identification of organic hydroperoxides and peroxy acids using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-MS/MS): Application to secondary organic aerosol. Atmos Meas Tech, 11(5):3081-3089.
352.Zhu, J., Shi, Q., Sun, C., Hu, J., Zhou, N., Wei, H. 2022. Processing affects (decreases or increases) metabolites, flavonoids, black rice pigment, and total antioxidant capacity of purple glutinous rice grains. Food Chem: X, 16:100492.
353.Ziarati, P., Azizi, N. 2014. consequences of cooking method in essential and heavy metal content in brown and polished alikazemi rice. Int J Plant, Animal Environ Sci, 2014:280-287.