臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

千金子(Leptochloa chinensis)、稗草(Echinochloa crus-galli)、芒稷(Echinochloa colona)、尖瓣花(Sphenoclea zeylanica)及鴨舌草(Monochoria vaginalis)是水稻田中常見且較難防治的雜草，一般傳統農法防治雜草的主要方式為施用化學除草劑，但隨著除草劑之選汰壓力(selection pressure)上升，逐漸使雜草對除草劑產生抗性。本研究利用台灣中南部水田中疑似對除草劑具有抗性之雜草收集系，經栽培後繁殖種子，並進行發芽能力測試、ALS抑制型除草劑混劑Apiro Forte之普篩試驗、及數種作用機制除草劑之劑量反應分析，以判斷是否可能產生單一(single)、交叉(cross)、及多重(multiple)抗性。根據log-logistic model所進行之非線性回歸分析(nonlinear regression analysis)結果，可判斷出千金子收集系RS(Ⅰ)-15對丁基拉草(butachlor)具有單一抗性，RS(Ⅰ)-14則對丁基拉草、及派伏利(pyriftalid)具有多重抗性，其對丁基拉草具有低度或中度抗性，而對派伏利則具有中度或高度抗性。研究發現稗草收集系BG(Ⅱ)-13對派伏利具有單一抗性；BG(Ⅱ)-8對免速隆(bensulfuron-methyl)、平速爛(penoxsulam)及派伏利三種ALS抑制劑具有交叉抗性，並對免速隆具有中度或高度抗性，對平速爛及派伏利均具有高度抗性。根據多重抗性分析，可知BG(Ⅱ)-8亦對丁基拉草、樂滅草(oxadiazon)、及派伏利具有多重抗性，其對丁基拉草具有低度抗性，對樂滅草、及派伏利均具有高度抗性；另BG(Ⅱ)-17對丁基拉草及派伏利亦具有多重抗性；顯示上述僅稗草收集系出現交叉抗性，而千金子及稗草抗性收集系對丁基拉草、樂滅草、及派伏利均具有不同程度之多重抗性。本研究進一步分析Apiro Forte混劑對千金子及稗草產生藥效之原因，發現Apiro Forte混劑對二雜草物種之效果皆大於二種單劑，尤其免速隆之藥效會因加入派伏利而增強。台灣國內普遍缺少除草劑抗性雜草判斷之研究資料，因此本論文期能建立完整標準作業流程(standard operating procedures)，用以判斷除草劑抗性雜草之抗性種類及程度。

Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), ceylon sphenoclea (Sphenoclea zeylanica), jungle rice (Echinochloa colona), red sprangle-top (Leptochloa chinensis), and sheathed monochoria (Monochoria vaginalis) are common and most troublesome weeds in rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy fields. Application of chemical herbicides is an important strategy for traditional weed control in crop field. However, the continued use of these herbicides increases selection pressure which resulted in the evolution of resistant weeds. This study collects weed accessions which were suspected resistant to herbicides used in the central and southern Taiwan. A series of tests to determine seed germination abilities were made after collection of the seeds propagated from suspected herbicide-resistant weed accessions. Then, the screening test against the Apiro Forte, a mixture of two acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, with different binding sites, and the dose-response analysis to herbicides with different action mechanisms were also conducted. Finally, resistance valuation of all accessions of both species, red sprangle-top and barnyardgrass, including single, cross, and multiple resistance were confirmed.
According to the results calculated by using a nonlinear regression analysis based on a log-logistic model, red sprangle-top accession RS(Ⅰ)-15 showed a single resistance to butachlor. RS(Ⅰ)-14 showed a multiple resistance to butachlor and pyriftalid; with a low or moderate resistance to butachlor, and a moderate or high resistance to pyriftalid. For the barnyard grass, accession BG(Ⅱ)-13 showed a single resistance to pyriftalid. BG(Ⅱ)-8 showed a cross resistance to bensulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam, and pyriftalid; with a moderate or high resistance to bensulfuron-methyl, and a high resistance to both penoxsulam and pyriftalid. On the other hand, multiple resistance was also found in BG(Ⅱ)-8, with a low resistance to butachlor, and a high resistance to both oxadiazon and pyriftalid. According to the descriptions mentioned above, this study reveals that the cross resistance merely developed in barnyard grass accessions, but the multiple resistance appeared in both barnyard grass and red sprangle-top accessions, though with differential extents to herbiceds including butachlor, oxadiazon, and pyriftalid.
Due to the lacks of researches related to herbicide resistant weed valuation in Taiwan, this study contributes to the establishment of the standard operating procedures for determining the types and extent of herbicide resistance in weeds.

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目次 iv
表目次 vi
圖目次 xix
附錄目次 xxiii
第一章、 緒言 1
第二章、 前人研究 3
一、 除草劑抗性與耐性之定義 3
二、 全球除草劑抗性雜草概況 5
三、 抗性機制 9
第三章、 材料與方法 13
一、 除草劑抗性判斷流程 13
二、 台灣中南部水田雜草覆蓋率及三大類雜草出現頻度 19
三、 台灣中南部水田五種主要雜草之發芽率與幼苗出土率測試 20
四、 千金子及稗草對Apiro Forte抗性之普篩試驗 23
五、 千金子及稗草之劑量反應分析試驗 24
六、 抗性行為判斷 28
七、 統計分析 30
第四章、 結果與討論 31
一、 台灣中南部水田雜草覆蓋率及三大類雜草之出現頻度 31
二、 台灣中南部水田五種主要雜草之發芽率與幼苗出土率測試 47
三、 千金子及稗草對Apiro Forte抗性之普篩試驗 63
四、 單一抗性 70
(一) 千金子及稗草對Apiro Forte之劑量反應分析試驗 70
(二) 千金子及稗草對免速隆之劑量反應分析試驗 95
(三) 千金子及稗草對派伏利之劑量反應分析試驗 115
(四) 千金子及稗草對平速爛之劑量反應分析試驗 138
(五) 千金子及稗草對丁基拉草之劑量反應分析試驗 159
(六) 千金子及稗草對樂滅草之劑量反應分析試驗 182
五、 千金子及稗草之交叉抗性 208
六、 千金子及稗草對除草劑之多重抗性 233
第五章、 結語 244
第六章、 參考文獻 245
附錄 259

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