臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究的目的為探討高植物性蛋白飼料中含膽固醇時添加牛磺酸對龍膽石斑(Epinephelus lanceolatus)成長、體組成及膽汁酸代謝之影響。實驗飼料以大豆濃縮蛋白取代50%魚粉蛋白為控制組(SPC組)，SPC及SPC加0.5%膽固醇兩組飼料分別添加0.1%牛磺酸(T1, C+T1)，0.2%牛磺酸(T2, C+T2)及0.3%牛磺酸(T3, C+T3)，另以全魚粉組(FM)作為對照組，共計8組飼料，每組三重複，分別餵食初重13.35±0.28 g稚魚，實驗為期8週。實驗結果顯示，末重、增重率、肥滿度及肝體比FM組顯著(p<0.05)高於其餘各組；攝食量FM組顯著高於SPC組、T1組、C+T1組、C+T2組及C+T3組，T2及T3組與其餘各組間均無顯著差異。全魚體及背肌的牛磺酸含量會隨著飼料中牛磺酸含量的提高而上升，添加膽固醇的組別中肝臟牛磺酸含量顯著下降。肝臟中的膽汁酸會隨著牛磺酸的添加量上升而提高。隨著飼料中牛磺酸含量的提高，法尼氏受體(FXR)的基因表現呈上升趨勢，膽固醇7α-單加氧酶(CYP7A1)則呈現下降。綜上所述，在高植物性飼料中添加牛磺酸會提升肝臟中膽汁酸的含量，進而抑制膽汁酸的合成。

The study investigated the effects of different dietary taurine level in high plant protein-diet with or/without cholesterol on growth, body composition and bile acids metabolism in juvenile giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). The basal diet containing soy protein concentrate (SPC) that instituted to 50% fish meal protein. The basal diet without or with 0.5% cholesterol were supplemented with 0.1% (T1, C+T1), 0.2% (T2, C+T2) and 0.3% taurine (T3, C+T3). Together with all fish meal reference diet (FM), total of 8 experimental diets were each fed to triplicates of juvenile grouper (initial weight: 13.35±0.28 g) for 8 weeks. FM showed significantly higher (p<0.05) final body weight, weight gain, condition factor, and hepatosomatic index than other dietary treatments. Fish fed the reference diet showed significantly higher feed intake than SPC, T1, C+T1, C+T2 and C+T3. FM was significantly higher than the SPC, T1, C+T1, C+T2 and C+T3, T2 and T3 was no significant difference between the other dietary treatments. The whole body and dorsal muscle taurine content increased with the increment of dietary taurine levels. The hepatic taurine concentrations decreased significantly (p<0.05) in fish fed diets with cholesterol. Hepatic bile acids concentrations increased with the increment of dietary taurine levels. Gene expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) show an increased trend, but cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase (CYP7A1) showed a decreased trend while the dietary taurine levels increased. These results demonstrate that dietary taurine supplementation increased hepatic bile acid concentrations but suppressed synthesized gene expression, for grouper, regardless of dietary cholesterol supplementation.

摘要 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅱ
謝誌 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
表目錄 Ⅶ
圖目錄 Ⅷ

1.文獻回顧
1.1石斑魚的養殖背景 1
1.2水產飼料的魚粉替代 2
1.3牛磺酸在魚類的生理功能 3
1.3.1牛磺酸的抗氧化能力 4
1.3.2牛磺酸在細胞膜穩定的作用 4
1.3.3綠肝綜合症 5
1.4牛磺酸的生物合成 5
1.5膽固醇在魚類的生理功能 8
1.6膽固醇的生物合成路徑 9
1.7膽汁酸的合成及功能性 9
1.8腸肝循環 11
1.9膽汁酸代謝相關基因 11

2.前言 16
3.材料與方法 18
3.1實驗物種及養殖系統 18
3.2實驗飼料 18
3.3成長指標及身體指標 20
3.3.1增重率(weight gain, WG) 20
3.3.2攝食量(feed intake, FI) 20
3.3.3肝體比(hepatosomatic index, HSI) 20
3.3.4飼料效率(feed efficiency, FE) 23
3.3.5肥滿度(condition factor, CF) 23
3.3.6存活率(survival) 23
3.3.7蛋白質效率(protein efficiency ratio, PER) 23
3.4一般成份分析 23
3.4.1水份(moisture)與灰份(ash)含量分析 24
3.4.2粗蛋白(crude protein)含量分析 24
3.4.3粗脂肪(ether extract)含量分析 25
3.4.4粗纖維(crude fiber)含量分析 25
3.4.5無氮抽出物(nitrogen-free extract, NFE) 26
3.5血液生化分析 26
3.6全魚體和肝臟總脂肪分析 27
3.7胺基酸及牛磺酸含量分析 27
3.8肝臟膽固醇及總膽汁酸含量分析 28
3.8.1移動相 28
3.8.2儀器條件 28
3.8.3樣本萃取 28
3.9血漿總膽固醇及總膽汁酸含量分析 29
3.10肝臟及腸道之膽汁酸代謝相關基因表現分析 29
3.10.1樣本採集 29
3.10.2樣本總RNA萃取 29
3.10.3互補去氧核醣核酸之反轉錄合成(cDNA反轉錄) 30
3.10.4聚合酶連鎖反應(polymerase chain reaction, PCR) 30
3.10.5即時螢光定量聚合酶連鎖反應(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, q-PCR) 33
3.11統計分析 34
4.結果 36
4.1成長表現 36
4.2全魚體組成 36
4.3全魚體、背肌及肝臟中牛磺酸濃度與蓄積率 36
4.4血液生化分析 45
4.5肝臟總脂肪、膽固醇及膽汁酸濃度 45
4.6血漿膽固醇及膽汁酸濃度 45
4.7肝臟及腸道之膽汁酸代謝相關基因之基因表現量分析 52
5.討論 57
6.結論 61
7.參考文獻 62
8.作者簡介 77

漁業統計年報/漁業統計/行政院農委會漁業署，2021。

林峰右，2017。石斑魚繁養殖技術與管理 水產試驗所特刊 23，37-48頁。

陸若眉，2020。高植物性蛋白飼料中添加甲硫胺酸及牛磺酸對龍膽石斑成長、體組成與牛磺酸狀態之影響。國立屏東科技大學水產養殖系所碩士論文，屏東縣。

Agboola, J.O., Chikwati, E.M., Hansen, J.Ø., Kortner, T.M., Mydland, L.T., Krogdahl, Å., Djordjevic, B., Schrama, J. W., Øverland, M., 2022. A meta-analysis to determine factors associated with the severity of enteritis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed soybean meal-based diets. Aquaculture 555, 738214.

Albrektsen, S., Kortet, R., Skov, P.V., Ytteborg, E., Gitlesen, S., Kleinegris, D., Mydland, L.T., Hansen, J.Ø., Lock, E.J., Mørkøre, T., James, P., Wang, X., Whitaker, R.D., Vang, B., Hatlen, B., Daneshvar, E., Bhatnagar, A., Jensen, L.B., Øverland, M., 2022. Future feed resources in sustainable salmonid production: A review. Rev. Aquac. 14, 1790-1812.

AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), 1995. Official methods of analysis, 16th edn. AOAC, Arlington, VA, USA.

Barañano, D.E., Rao, M., Ferris, C.D., Snyder, S.H., 2002. Biliverdin reductase: a major physiologic cytoprotectant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 16093-16098.

Beaudoin, J.J., Brouwer, K.L.R., Malinen, M.M., 2020. Novel insights into the organic solute transporter alpha/beta, OSTα/β: From the bench to the bedside. Pharmacol. Ther. 211, 107542.

Bonvini, E., Parma, L., Badiani, A., Fontanillas, R., Gatta, P.P., Sirri, F., Nannoni, E., Bonaldo, A., 2018. Integrated study on production performance and quality traits of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed high plant protein diets. Aquaculture 484, 126-132.

Brosnan, J.T., Brosnan, M.E., 2006. The Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids: An Overview. J. Nutr. 136, 1636-1640

Cavrois-Rogacki, T., Leeming, D., Lopez, P.M., Davie, A., Migaud, H., 2022. Plant-based protein ingredients can successfully replace fish meal in the diet of ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) juveniles. Aquaculture 546, 737419.

Chatzifotis, S., Polemitou, I., Divanach, P., Antonopoulou, E., 2008. Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on growth performance and bile salt activated lipase activity of common dentex, Dentex dentex, fed a fish meal/soy protein concentrate-based diet. Aquaculture 275, 201-208.

Chiang, J.Y.L., 2004. Regulation of bile acid synthesis: pathways, nuclear receptors, and mechanisms. J. Hepatol. 40, 539-551.

Chiang, J.Y.L., 2009. Bile acids: regulation of synthesis: Thematic Review Series: Bile Acids. J. Lipid Res. 50, 1955-1966.

Chou, H.Y., Lin, Y.H., Shiau, S.Y., 2008. Nutrition, immunology and health management of groupers. In: Grouper Aquaculture, Liao, I.C., Leaño, E.M. (Eds.), Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, World Aquaculture Society, Louisiana, USA, The Fisheries Society of Taiwan, Keelung, Taiwan, and National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan. pp. 189-205.

Dawson, P.A., Lan, T., Rao, A., 2009. Bile acid transporters. J. Lipid Res. 50, 2340-2357.

de Moura, L.B., Diógenes, A.F., Campelo, D.A.V., de Almeida, F.L.A., Pousão-Ferreira, P.M., Furuya, W.M., Peres, H., Oliva-Teles, A., 2019. Nutrient digestibility, digestive enzymes activity, bile drainage alterations and plasma metabolites of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) feed high plant protein diets supplemented with taurine and methionine. Aquaculture 511, 734231.

Deng, J., Mai, K., Ai, Q., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Tan, B., Xu, W., Liufu, Z., Ma, H., 2010. Interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and protein sources on growth performance and cholesterol metabolism of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquac. Nutr. 16, 419-429.

El-Sayed, A.F.M., 1999. Alternative dietary protein sources for farmed tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Aquaculture 179, 149-168.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) Yearbooks of FishStatJ, 2022. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Folch, J., Lees, M., Sloane-Stanley, G.H., 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226, 497-509.

Francis, G., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K., 2001. Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture 199, 197-227.

Galkanda-Arachchige, H.S.C., Wilson, A.E., Davis, D.A., 2020. Success of fishmeal replacement through poultry by-product meal in aquaculture feed formulations: a meta-analysis. Rev. Aquac. 12, 1624-1636.

Gatlin, D.M., Barrows, F.T., Brown, P., Dabrowski, K., Gaylord, T.G., Hardy, R.W., Herman, E., Hu, G., Krogdahl, Å., Nelson, R., Overturf, K., Rust, M., Sealey, W., Skonberg, D., Souza, E.J, Stone, D., Wilson, R., Wurtele, E., 2007. Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review. Aquac. Res. 38, 551-579.

Gaylord, T.G., Teague, A.M., Barrows, F.T., 2006. Taurine supplementation of all-plant protein diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. World Aquac. Soc. 37, 509-517.

Goto, T., Mochizuki, A., Hasumi, F., 2002. Distribution and activities of enzymes involved in taurine biosynthesis in the liver of fish. Suisanzoshoku 50, 443-449.

Goto, T., Takagi, S., Ichiki, T., Sakai, T., Endo, M., Yoshida, T., Ukawa, M., Murata, H., 2001. Studies on the green liver in cultured red sea bream fed low level and non-fish meal diets: Relationship between hepatic taurine and biliverdin levels. Fish. Sci. 67, 58-63.

Goto, T., Ui, T., Une, M., Kuramoto, T., Kihira, K., Hoshita, T., 1996. Bile salt composition and distribution of the D-cysteinolic acid conjugated bile salts in fish. Fish. Sci. 62, 606-609.

Gu, M., Bai, N., Kortner, T.M., 2017. Taurocholate supplementation attenuates the changes in growth performance, feed utilization, lipid digestion, liver abnormality and sterol metabolism in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) fed high level of plant protein. Aquaculture 468, 597-604.

Hamaguchi, T., Azuma, J., Schaffer, S., 1991. Interaction of taurine with methionine: inhibition of myocardial phospholipid methyltransferase. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 18, 224-230.

Han, Y., Koshio, S., Jiang, Z., Ren, T., Ishikawa, M., Yokoyama, S., Gao, J., 2014. Interactive effects of dietary taurine and glutamine on growth performance, blood parameters and oxidative status of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture 434, 348-354.

Huxtable, R., Bressler, R., 1973. Effect of taurine on a muscle intracellular membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Biomembr. 323, 573-583.

Kanashiro, E., Díaz-Rosales, P., Castro, C., Diógenes, A., Oliva-Teles, A., Peres, H., 2014. Effect taurine and hydroxyproline supplementation in low fishmeal diets for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture Europe. San Sebastián, Spain, October 14-17, 2014, pp. 15-17.

Karpen, H.E., Karpen, S.J., 2017. Bile acid metabolism during development. In Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, Polin, R.A., Abman, S.H., Rowitch, D.H., Benitz, W.E., Fox, W.W. (Eds.), Elsevier, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 913-929.

Kim, K.H., Choi, J.M., Li, F., Dong, B., Wooton-Kee, C.R., Arizpe, A., Anakk, S., Jung, S.Y., Hartig, S.M., Moore, D.D., 2019. Constitutive androstane receptor differentially regulates bile acid homeostasis in mouse models of intrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatol. Commun. 3, 147-159.

Kim, S.K., Matsunari, H., Takeuchi, T., Yokoyama, M., Murata, Y., Ishihara, K., 2007. Effect of different dietary taurine levels on the conjugated bile acid composition and growth performance of juvenile and fingerling Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture 273, 595-601.

Kim, S.K., Matsunari, H., Takeuchi, T., Yokoyama, M., Furuita, H., Murata, Y., Goto, T., 2008. Comparison of taurine biosynthesis ability between juveniles of Japanese flounder and common carp. Amino Acids 35, 161-168.

Kong, Y., Li, M., Wu, X., Xia, C., Liu, X., Wang, G., 2022. Protective mechanism of homologous lactic acid bacteria against cholestatic liver injury in snakehead fish. Aquaculture 550, 737845.

Kotzamanis, Y., Kumar, V., Tsironi, T., Grigorakis, K., Ilia, V., Vatsos, I., Brezas, A., van Eys, J., Gisbert, E., 2020. Taurine supplementation in high-soy diets affects fillet quality of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 520, 734655.

Kubitz, R., Dröge, C., Stindt, J., Weissenberger, K., Häussinger, D., 2012. The bile salt export pump (BSEP) in health and disease. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 36, 536-553.

Li, P.Y., Wang, J.Y., Song, Z.D., Zhang, L.M., Zhang, H., Li, X.X., Pan, Q., 2015. Evaluation of soy protein concentrate as a substitute for fishmeal in diets for juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Aquaculture 448, 578-585.

Li, X., Zheng, S., Wu, G., 2021. Nutrition and functions of amino acids in fish. In: Amino acids in nutrition and health: amino acids in the nutrition of companion, zoo and farm animals. Wu, G. (Ed.), Springer, Switzerland, pp.133-168.

Lin, Y.H., 2019. Regulation on lipid utilization and metabolism of fish fed high soybean meal-based diet. 12th Symposium of World’s Chinese Scientists on Nutrition and Feeding of Finfish and Shellfish. Zhengzhou, PRC, October 14-18, 2019.

Lin, Y.H., Lu, R.M., 2020. Dietary taurine supplementation enhances growth and nutrient digestibility in giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus fed a diet with soybean meal. Aquac. Rep. 18, 100464.

Lionarons, D.A., Boyer, J.L., Cai, S.Y., 2012. Evolution of substrate specificity for the bile salt transporter ASBT (SLC10A2). J. Lipid Res. 53, 1535-1542.

Liu, Y., Yang, P., Hu, H., Li, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Ai, Q., Xu, W., Zhang, W., Mai, K., 2018. The tolerance and safety assessment of taurine as additive in a marine carnivorous fish, Scophthalmus maximus L . Aquac. Nutr. 24, 461-471.

Livak, K.J., Schmittgen, T.D., 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using realtime quantitative PCR and the 2－ΔΔCt method. Methods 25, 402-408.

Lončar, J., Popović, M., Zaja, R., Smital, T., 2010. Gene expression analysis of the ABC efflux transporters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Toxicol. Pharmacol. 151, 209-215.

Lunger, A.N., McLean, E., Gaylord, T.G., Kuhn, D., Craig, S.R., 2007. Taurine supplementation to alternative dietary proteins used in fish meal replacement enhances growth of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Aquaculture 271, 401-410.

Martinez, J.B., Chatzifotis, S., Divanach, P., Takeuchi, T., 2004. Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on growth performance and feed selection of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fry fed with demand-feeders. Fish. Sci. 70, 74-79.

Martins, N., Diógenes, A.F., Magalhães, R., Matas, I., Oliva-Teles, A., Peres, H., 2021. Dietary taurine supplementation affects lipid metabolism and improves the oxidative status of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture 531, 735820.

Martins, N., Estevão-Rodrigues, T., Diógenes, A.F., Diaz-Rosales, P., Oliva-Teles, A., Peres, H., 2018. Taurine requirement for growth and nitrogen accretion of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) juveniles. Aquaculture 494, 19-25.

Matsumoto, J., Erami, K., Ogawa, H., Doi, M., Kishida, T., Ebihara, K., 2005. The protease-resistant fraction of smoked, dried bonito lowers serum cholesterol in ovariectomized rats fed cholesterol-free diets. J. Food Sci. 70, 467-474.

Matsunari, H., Furuita, H., Yamamoto, T., Kim, S.K., Sakakura, Y., Takeuchi, T., 2008. Effect of dietary taurine and cystine on growth performance of juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major. Aquaculture 274, 142-147.

Matsunari, H., Takeuchi, T., Takahashi, M., Mushiake, K., 2005. Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on growth performance of yellowtail juveniles Seriola quinqueradiata. Fish. Sci. 71, 1131-1135.

Mohan, K., Rajan, D.K., Muralisankar, T., Ganesan, A.R., Sathishkumar, P., Revathi, N., 2022. Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal in aquafeeds for a sustainable aquaculture industry: A review of past and future needs. Aquaculture 553, 738095.

Mohd Faudzi, N., Yong, A.S.K., Shapawi, R., Senoo, S., Biswas, A., Takii, K., 2018. Soy protein concentrate as an alternative in replacement of fish meal in the feeds of hybrid grouper, brown‐marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) × giant grouper (E. lanceolatus) juvenile. Aquac. Res. 49, 431-441.

Murashita, K., Yoshiura, Y., Chisada, S., Furuita, H., Sugita, T., Matsunari, H., Iwashita, Y., Yamamoto, T., 2014. Homologue gene of bile acid transporters ntcp, asbt, and ost-alpha in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: tissue expression, effect of fasting, and response to bile acid administration. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 40, 511-525.

Nelson, J.S., Grande, T.C., Wilson, M.V., 2016. Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, p. 428.

Ngandzali, B.O., Zhou, F., Xiong, W., Shao, Q.J., Xu, J.Z., 2011. Effect of dietary replacement of fish meal by soybean protein concentrate on growth performance and phosphorus discharging of juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Aquac. Nutr. 17, 526-535.

Nicolaou, M., Andress, E.J., Zolnerciks, J.K., Dixon, P.H., Williamson, C., Linton, K.J., 2012. Canalicular ABC transporters and liver disease. J. Pathol. 226, 300-315.

Nishimura, M., Naito, S., 2005. Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of human ATP-binding cassette and solute carrier transporter superfamilies. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 20, 452-477.

Norambuena, F., Lewis, M., Hamid, N.K.A., Hermon, K., Donald, J.A., Turchini, G.M., 2013. Fish oil replacement in current aquaculture feed: is cholesterol a hidden treasure for fish nutrition? PLoS One 8, 81705.

Paulazo, M.A., Sodero, A.O., 2020. Analysis of cholesterol in mouse brain by HPLC with UV detection. PLoS One 15, 0228170.

Rabergh, C., Ziegler, K., Isomaa, B., Lipsky, M., Eriksson, J., 1994. Uptake of taurocholic acid and cholic acid in isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout. Am. J. Physiol.-Gastroint. Liver Physiol. 267, 380-386.

Rasheed, R., Ashraf, M.A., Ahmad, S.J.N., Parveen, N., Hussain, I., Bashir, R., 2022. Taurine regulates ROS metabolism, osmotic adjustment, and nutrient uptake to lessen the effects of alkaline stress on Trifolium alexandrinum L. plants. S. Afr. J. Bot. 148, 482-498.

Sabbagh, M., Schiavone, R., Brizzi, G., Sicuro, B., Zilli, L., Vilella, S., 2019. Poultry by-product meal as an alternative to fish meal in the juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) diet. Aquaculture 511, 734220.

Salze, G.P., Davis, D.A., 2015. Taurine: a critical nutrient for future fish feeds. Aquaculture 437, 215-229.

Schaffer, S., Kim, H.W., 2018. Effects and mechanisms of taurine as a therapeutic agent. Biomol. Ther. 26, 225-241.

Schaffer, S.W., Chian, J.J., KC, R., Azuma, J., 2010. Physiological roles of taurine in heart and muscle. J. Biomed. Sci. 17, S2.

Sheen, S.S., 2000. Dietary cholesterol requirement of juvenile mud crab Scylla serrata. Aquaculture 189, 277-285.

Sitaula, S., Burris, T.P., 2016. Cholesterol and other steroids. In: Encyclopedia of Cell Biology, Bradshaw, R.A., Stahl, P.D. (Eds.), Academic Press, USA, pp. 173-179.

Slijepcevic, D., Abbing, R.L.P.R., Fuchs, C.D., Haazen, L.C.M., Beuers, U., Trauner, M., Elferink, R.P.J.O., van de Graaf, S.F.J., 2018. Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide inhibition has hepatoprotective effects in cholestasis in mice. Hepatology 68, 1057-1069.

Stieger, B., 2009. Recent insights into the function and regulation of the bile salt export pump (ABCB11). Curr. Opin. Lipidology 20, 176-181.

Stieger, B., 2011. The role of the sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) in physiology and pathophysiology of bile formation. In Drug Transporters, Fromm, M.F., Kim, R.B. (Eds.), Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 205-259.

Stieger, B., Meier, Y., Meier, P.J., 2007. The bile salt export pump. Pflugers Arch. 453, 611-620.

Takagi, S., Murata, H., Goto, T., Hatate, H., Endo, M., Yamashita, H., Miyatake, H., Ukawa, M., 2009. Necessity of dietary taurine supplementation for preventing green liver symptom and improving growth performance in yearling red sea bream Pagrus major fed nonfishmeal diets based on soy protein concentrate. Fish. Sci. 76, 119-130.

Takagi, S., Murata, H., Goto, T., Hatate, H., Endo, M., Yamashita, H., Miyatake, H., Ukawa, M., 2011. Role of taurine deficiency in inducing green liver symptom and effect of dietary taurine supplementation in improving growth in juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major fed non-fishmeal diets based on soy protein concentrate. Fish. Sci. 77, 235-244.

Takagi, S., Murata, H., Goto, T., Ichiki, T., Endo, M., Hatate, H., Yoshida, T., Sakai, T., Yamashita, H., Ukawa, M., 2006. Efficacy of taurine supplementation for preventing green liver syndrome and improving growth performance in yearling red sea bream Pagrus major fed low-fishmeal diet. Fish. Sci. 72, 1191-1199.

Takagi, S., Murata, H., Goto, T., Ichiki, T., Munasinghe, D.M.S., Endo, M., Matsumoto, T., Sakurai, A., Hatate, H., Yoshida, T., Sakai, T., Yamashita, H., Ukawa, M., Kuramoto, T., 2005. The green liver syndrome is caused by taurine deficiency in yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) fed diets without fishmeal. Aquac. Sci. 53, 279-290.

Ueki, I., Stipanuk, M.H., 2009. 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and rat adipose tissue have a high capacity for taurine synthesis by the cysteine dioxygenase/cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase and cysteamine dioxygenase pathways. J. Nutr. 139, 207-214.

Vallim, T.Q.D., Tarling, E.J., Edwards, P.A., 2013. Pleiotropic roles of bile acids in metabolism. Cell Metab. 17, 657-669.

Walker, A.B., Sidor, I.F., O'Keefe, T., Cremer, M., Berlinsky, D.L., 2010. Partial replacement of fish meal with soy protein concentrate in diets of atlantic cod. N. Am. J. Aqualcult. 72, 343-353.

Wang, H., Chen, J., Hollister, K., Sowers, L.C., Forman, B.M., 1999. Endogenous bile acids are ligands for the nuclear receptor fxr/bar. Mol. Cell 3, 543-553.

Wang, W., Seward, D.J., Li, L., Boyer, J.L., Ballatori, N., 2001. Expression cloning of two genes that together mediate organic solute and steroid transport in the liver of a marine vertebrate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 9431-9436.

Wang, X., He, G., Mai, K., Xu, W., Zhou, H., 2016. Differential regulation of taurine biosynthesis in rainbow trout and Japanese flounder. Sci. Rep. 6, 21231.

Wójcicka, G., Jamroz-Wiśniewska, A., Horoszewicz, K., Bełtowski, J., 2007. Liver X receptors (LXRs). Part I: structure, function, regulation of activity, and role in lipid metabolism. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. 61, 736-759.

Wu, T.M., Jiang, J.J., Lu, R.M., Lin, Y.H., 2020. Effects of dietary inclusion of soybean meal and cholesterol on the growth, cholesterol status and metabolism of the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). Aquac. Nutr. 26, 351-357.

Xu, G., Li, H., Pan, L.X., Shang, Q., Honda, A., Ananthanarayanan, M., Erickson, S.K., Shneider, B.L., Shefer, S., Bollineni, J., Forman, B. M., Matsuzaki, Y., Suchy, F.J., Tint, G.S., Salen, G., 2003. FXR-mediated down-regulation of CYP7A1 dominates LXRα in long-term cholesterol-fed NZW rabbits. J. Lipid Res. 44, 1956-1962.

Yeh, Y.H., Hwang, D.F., 2001. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination for bile components in fish, chicken and duck. J. Chromatogr. B. 751, 1-8.

Yokoyama, M., Takeuchi, T., Park, G.S., Nakazoe, J., 2001. Hepatic cysteinesulphinate decarboxylase activity in fish. Aquac. Res. 32, 216-220.

Yun, B., Mai, K., Zhang, W., Xu, W., 2011. Effects of dietary cholesterol on growth performance, feed intake and cholesterol metabolism in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) fed high plant protein diets. Aquaculture 319, 105-110.

Zhang, J., Zhong, L., Peng, M., Chu, W., Liu, Z., Dai, Z., Hu, Y., 2019. Replacement of fish meal with soy protein concentrate in diet of juvenile rice field eel Monopterus albus. Aquac. Rep. 15, 100235.

Zhu, L., Wang, L., Cao, F., Liu, P., Bao, H., Yan, Y., Dong, X., Wang, D., Wang, Z., Gong, P., 2018. Modulation of transport and metabolism of bile acids and bilirubin by chlorogenic acid against hepatotoxicity and cholestasis in bile duct ligation rats: involvement of SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of FXR and PGC-1α. J. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat. Sci. 25, 195-205.

Zhu, T., Ai, Q., Mai, K., Xu, W., Zhou, H., Liufu, Z., 2014. Feed intake, growth performance and cholesterol metabolism in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) fed defatted fish meal diets with graded levels of cholesterol. Aquaculture 428-429, 290-296.

Zhu, T., Mai, K., Xu, W., Ai, Q., 2018. Effect of dietary cholesterol and phospholipids on feed intake, growth performance and cholesterol metabolism in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Aquaculture 495, 443-451.