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研究生:郭慶清
論文名稱:我國水下文化資產保護制度之研究 --現行制度探討及整合性操作綱領之應用
論文名稱(外文):A Study on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage System in Taiwan -- A Review of the Current System and the Application of the Integrated Operational Guidelines
指導教授:歐慶賢歐慶賢引用關係邱文彥邱文彥引用關係
指導教授(外文):OU, CHING-HSIEWNCHIAU, WEN-YEN
口試委員:歐慶賢邱文彥劉金源薛憲文吳靖國李昭興張善楠
口試委員(外文):OU, CHING-HSIEWNCHIAU, WEN-YENLIU, JIN-YUANSHYUE, SHIAHN-WERNWU, CHIN-KUOLEE, CHAO-SHINGCHANG, SHAN-NAN
口試日期:2023-07-21
學位類別:博士
校院名稱:國立臺灣海洋大學
系所名稱:環境生物與漁業科學學系
學門:農業科學學門
學類:漁業學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2023
畢業學年度:111
語文別:中文
論文頁數:308
中文關鍵詞:水下文化資產保護水下文化遺產公約水下文化資產保存法相關權益者臺灣
外文關鍵詞:Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH)Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural HeritageUnderwater Cultural Heritage Preservation ActStakeholdersTaiwan
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摘 要
臺灣四面環海,位於歐亞大陸、東南亞、日本與太平洋的樞紐,自古以來就是重要的海上通道。在過去的歷史演進當中,除了與中國長久的互動外,也經歷多次的殖民時期與第二次世界大戰,因此成就了臺灣豐富多元的文化資產,也擁有無數珍貴的水下文化資產。為呼應聯合國教科文組織《2001保護水下文化遺產公約》的精神及內涵,我國於2015年制定公布了《水下文化資產保存法》及其配套措施。本法雖實施多年,但仍有諸多條文尚未落實。例如,迄今尚缺乏長期的總體政策、專業人才培訓與進用制度有待改善、各級學校教育仍未落實、水下文化資產保護區還未劃設,以及專責研究機構尚未設立等,因此現行制度必須檢視與精進,對我國而言應是強化水下文化資產保護的良好契機。此外,我國現行水下文化資產的調查工作,基本上仍在普查階段,對於為數可觀的水下文化資產的研究調查,尚無完整的操作綱領,進行有系統的實務作業。爰此,本研究依據文獻探討、深度訪談、個案研究、現地勘查和系統建立等方法,秉持國際上「以規則或綱領為基礎」的過程與架構,先探討現行制度的問題與對策並研提一套整合性操作綱領,期能強化我國水下文化資產保存、保護與管理的制度。
水下文化資產保護管理的問題涉及廣泛,需要進行分工、協調與統合,才能確保我國珍貴的水下文化資產。本研究具體提出水下文資產的保存、保護和管理,應建立在堅實的主管機關與地方及協力單位的公私夥伴關係上的行動策略。此外,本研究就(一)中長期管理政策、法制與計畫之研擬與檢討;(二)UCH保護區之劃設與管理;(三)跨部門與權益關係方合作管理機制之建構;(四)UCH專責研究機構之設立;(五)專業人員及團隊之培訓與運用;(六)UCH之普及教育(含水下博物館);(七)UCH保護與管理之財務機制;(八)國際與區域之交流合作等八大議題提出架構性之建議。再者,為利於水下文化資產的評估,本研究建構整合性操作綱領,經由實證比較分析再作微調,成果可與國際接軌。最後,為強化水下文化資產保存事務之進一步發展,亦具體提出其短、中長期之建議。
關鍵詞:水下文化資產、保護水下文化遺產公約、水下文化資產保存法、相關權益者、臺灣

Abstract
Surrounded by the sea on all sides, Taiwan is located at the hub of Eurasia, Southeast Asia, Japan and the Pacific Ocean. It has been an important sea channel since ancient times. In the past historical evolution, in addition to the long-term interaction with China, it has also experienced many colonial periods and the Second World War. Therefore, Taiwan has achieved rich and diverse cultural assets, and also has countless precious underwater cultural assets. In response to the spirit and connotation of UNESCO's "2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage", my country formulated and promulgated the "Law on the Preservation of Underwater Cultural Assets" and its supporting measures in 2015. Although this law has been implemented for many years, there are still many provisions that have not yet been implemented. For example, there is still no long-term overall policy so far, professional personnel training and employment system needs to be improved, school education at all levels has not yet been implemented, underwater cultural asset protection zones have not yet been established, and dedicated research institutions have not yet been established, so the current system It must be inspected and refined, and it should be a good opportunity for our country to strengthen the protection of underwater cultural assets. In addition, the current investigation of underwater cultural assets in my country is basically still in the census stage. For the research and investigation of a considerable number of underwater cultural assets, there is no complete operating program for systematic practical operations. Therefore, based on methods such as literature review, in-depth interviews, case studies, field surveys, and system establishment, this study adheres to the international process and framework of "based on rules or guidelines", first discusses the problems and countermeasures of the current system, and studies a set of integrated operational guidelines is proposed, which is expected to strengthen underwater cultural assets preservation, protection and management system in Taiwan.
The protection and management of underwater cultural assets involves a wide range of issues, and division of labor, coordination and integration are required to ensure my country's precious underwater cultural assets. This study specifically proposes that the preservation, protection and management of underwater assets should be based on solid public-private partnerships between competent authorities and local and cooperative units. In addition, this study focuses on (1) the development and review of medium and long-term management policies, legal systems and plans;(2) the designation and management of UCH protected areas; (3) the establishment of a cooperative management mechanism between departments and stakeholders;(4) Establishment of UCH dedicated research institutions;(5) Training and utilization of professionals and teams;(6) Universal education of UCH (including underwater museum); (7) Financial mechanism for UCH protection and management; (8) International and Structural suggestions are put forward on eight major issues including regional exchanges and cooperation. Furthermore, in order to facilitate the evaluation of underwater cultural assets, this study constructs an integrated operational program, and fine-tunes it after empirical comparative analysis, so that the results can be in line with international standards. Finally, in order to strengthen the further development of the preservation of underwater cultural assets, specific short-term, medium- and long-term suggestions are also put forward.
Keywords: Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH), Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Underwater Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, Stakeholders, Taiwan.

目 次
謝辭
摘要
Abstract
目 次 I
表 次 IV
圖 次 VI
縮寫字 IX
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 水下文化資產的定義與重要性 1
第二節 研究動機 3
第三節 研究目的 11
第四節 研究方法與流程 13
第五節 論文架構 18
第六節 研究限制 20
第貳章 文獻探討 21
第一節 聯合國保護水下文化遺產公約的原則與要旨 21
第二節 美國與澳洲的水下文化資產保存與管理制度 26
第三節 國內外研究水下文化資產的相關文獻 43
第四節 小結 54
第叁章 臺灣水下文化資產保存問題與挑戰 55
第一節 水下文化資產調查與保護制度 55
第二節 海域與海岸管理相關法令與整合體制 73
第三節 水下軍事文化資產利用與管理 79
第四節 保存水下文化資產的行動策略 89
第五節 小結 91

第肆章 訪談設計與資訊分析 93
第一節 訪談對象篩選 93
第二節 訪談稿研撰方向及問題設計 95
第三節 訪談摘要與歸納分析 97
第四節 小結 112
第伍章 水下文化資產保護機制之建構 113
第一節 中長期管理政策、法制與計畫之研擬與檢討 114
第二節 UCH保護區之劃設與管理 123
第三節 跨部門與權益關係方合作管理機制之建構 146
第四節 UCH專責研究機構之設立 148
第五節 專業人員及團隊之培訓與運用 150
第六節 UCH保護與管理之財務機制 151
第七節 UCH之普及教育(含水下博物館) 155
第八節 國際與區域之交流合作 160
第九節 小結 162
第陸章 整合性操作綱領之分析與建構 165
第一節 規則與綱領為基礎的UCH保護架構 165
第二節 UCH公約之規章與操作綱領 166
第三節 歐盟SASMAP的操作指南 175
第四節 澳洲UCH操作綱領 180
第五節 個案操作之檢視 188
第六節 整合性操作綱領之建構 206
第七節 小結 216
第柒章 結論與建議 217
第一節 結論 217
第二節 建議 219

參考文獻 223
附錄一 《保護水下文化遺產公約》操作指南-示範清單 247
附錄二 Challenges and conflicts in the designation of
Taiwan’s underwater cultural heritage
protected areas 252
附錄三 水下文化資產法規一覽 264
附錄四 中華人民共和國水下文物保護管理條例 267
附錄五 建構我國水下文化資產保護制度之研究-訪談
說明暨大綱 274
附錄六 訪談紀錄 277

表次
表1-1 2009~2016年臺灣水下考古重要成果 8
表1-2 世界自然保護聯盟保護區管理類別分類 10
表1-3 作者參與研究觀察與調查活動 17
表3-1 發展定位與保護管理課題之SWOT分析 61
表3-2 水下文化資產保護相關法規條文 76
表3-3 軍艦礁區 88
表4-1 受訪對象基本資料 94
表5-1 韓國保存、管理及利用文化資產五年計畫(2017-2021)
-改善水下文化資產基礎建設、稽查及保存部分經費
表 122
表5-2 海洋保護區定義 125
表5-3 臺灣海洋保護區劃設之保護等級分類 126
表5-4 澳洲水下文化資產保護區禁止行為示例 135
表5-5 臺灣地區與水下文化資產保護區互相競合之法規
分析 144
表6-1 聯合國UCH公約附件規章(規則)之架構與內容 166
表6-2 聯合國UCH操作指南(綱領)之架構與內容 170
表6-3 SASMAP 指南手冊的架構與主要內容 176
表6-4 SASMAP《指南手冊1》六大流程須解答問題或
評估事項 178

表6-5 澳洲水下文化資產綱領之章節內容 181
表6-6 廣丙艦(Kohei)列冊建議表 198
表6-7 國內外案例水下考古作業比較表 205
表6-8 我國水下文化資產規劃、調查、保護與管理
操作綱領(初擬草案) 209
表6-9 水下文化資產資訊整合表 213





圖次
圖1-1 臺灣周邊海域水下文化資產分佈圖 6
圖1-2 1892年沉沒於澎湖的英博卡喇汽輪發現文物及紐約
時報報導 7
圖1-3 「鐵達尼號」沉船與「泰坦號」觀光潛艇事件引發水
下觀光的憂慮 9
圖1-4 研究方法與流程 16
圖1-5 論文架構 19
圖2-1 美國國家海洋庇護區保留了從美屬薩摩亞到佛羅里達
島鏈的15個水下公園的自然和文化特色 29
圖2-2 佛羅里達島鏈國家海洋庇護區之水下沉船與步道 30
圖2-3 NOAA考古人員在雷灣國家海洋庇護區勘察沉船 31
圖2-4 1911年沉沒於澳洲昆士蘭州柏靈格林角的客船SS Yongala 42
圖3-1 水下文化資產調查流程 58
圖3-2 中國考古01號(左)與法國水下考古研究船Alfred
Merlin號(右) 72
圖3-3 海巡署20噸艇(右)及100噸艇(左) 72
圖3-4 HMS Scylla沉船 81
圖3-5 HMAS Swan 沉船遺址 82
圖3-6 USS Vandenberg船礁 83
圖3-7 海床上的中正艦(II) 84
圖3-8 水下文化資產保存的行動策略 92
圖5-1 高精度水下攝影技術在東沙環礁海底實拍影像 119
圖5-2 潛水人員在英國肯特郡海域盜撈包括砲管等文物 121
圖5-3 十八世紀荷蘭護衛艦上海洋生物附著的大炮 128
圖5-4 首次水下文化資產保護區論壇2023年3月28日
於綠島舉行(邱文彥教授應邀線上授課,與會者
參與討論) 130
圖5-5 整(綜)合性海洋與海岸管理系統示意圖 140
圖5-6 水下文化資產管理機制 147
圖5-7 貫穿計畫各個階段的財務規劃流程 152
圖5-8 在菲律賓海域發現的USS Indianapolis 沉船 154
圖5-9 保護水下文化資產種子教師培訓營 156
圖5-10 水下文化資產觀覽引導員工作營 158
圖5-11英國諾曼灣沉船的多音束測深儀掃描影像 159
圖5-12英國諾曼灣沉船遺址的潛水步道 160
圖6-1 韓國新安沉船及出水文物 190
圖6-2 廣東海上絲綢之路博物館 194
圖6-3 「將軍一號」所在海域 196
圖6-4 七星岩海域發現鉚釘固定式的沉船汽鍋(上)
及鐵管(下) 201

圖6-5 七星岩海域海底地形影像(上)及巴士海峽發生
的內波(下) 202
圖6-6 水下文化資產整合性操作架構 208

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