壹、中文部分
一、書籍
立法院公報處(2022),《立法院公報》,111卷4期,立法院。
立法院公報處(2022),《立法院公報》,111卷57期,立法院。
立法院公報處(2022),《立法院公報》,111卷84期,立法院。
立法院公報處(2022),《立法院公報》,111卷104期,立法院。
立法院公報處(2023),《立法院公報》,112卷6期,立法院。
立法院公報處(2023),《立法院公報》,112卷13期,立法院。
立法院公報處(2023),《立法院公報》,112卷14期,立法院。
行政院(2019),《防治假訊息政策簡介》,行政院。
何賴傑、林鈺雄(審譯),李聖傑、潘怡宏(編譯),王士帆、王玉全、王效文、古承宗、吳耀宗、李聖傑、周漾沂、徐育安、許絲捷、許澤天、連孟琦、陳志輝、陳重言、惲純良、潘怡宏、蔡聖偉(譯)(2019),《德國刑法典》,2版,元照。
林山田(2005),《刑法各罪論(下)》,修訂5版,元照。
林志潔(2015),《性別正義的刑法觀點》,元照。
林鈺雄(2022),《刑事訴訟法 上冊》,11版,新學林。
許宗力(2007),《法與國家權力(二)》,元照
許澤天(2022),《刑法分則(下):人格與公共法益篇》,4版,新學林。
陳家駿(2022),《AI人工智能vs智慧財產權》,2版,元照。
盧映潔(2022),《刑法分則新論》,修訂18版,新學林。
二、書之篇章
王乃彥(2008),〈誹謗罪與真實性誤信〉,收於:林山田教授紀念論文集編輯委員會(編),《刑與思:林山田教授紀念論文集》,頁107-124,元照。
張志偉(2019),〈以言論自由與人格權之基本權衝突為例,檢視最高法院對於真正惡意原則之(不)繼受〉,收於:江義雄教授七秩晉五華誕祝壽論文集編輯委員會(編),《民主法治的經驗與見證:江義雄教授七秩晉五華誕祝壽論文集》,頁123-162,新學林。
許宗力(2004),〈比例原則與法規違憲審查〉,收於:《戰鬥的法律人:林山田教授退休祝賀論文集》,頁213-230,元照。
湯德宗(2009),〈違憲審查基準體系建構初探:「階層式比例原則」構想〉,收於:廖福特(編),《憲法解釋之理論與實務(第六輯)(下冊)》,頁581-660,新學林。
三、期刊論文
方瑋晨(2014),〈拒絕被影射的權利?:從德國、美國二則判決看文學創作自由與人格權之頡頏〉,《中正大學法學集刊》,45期,頁75-138。
古承宗(2023),〈刑法作為抗制「數位暴力」之手段:以惡意影音為例〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,333期,頁6-20。
何建志(2004),〈誹謗罪之體系建構與法理分析:二元化言論市場管理模式〉,《臺北大學法學論叢》,54期,頁101-140。
余和謙(2019),〈人工智慧之治理:以深度偽造為例〉,《科技法律透析》,31卷8期,頁52-73。
吳志光(2008),〈司法院釋字第六一七號解釋與兒少保護:簡評最高行政院九十六年判字第二○七六號判決〉,《全國律師》,12卷5期,頁5-12。
吳志強(2015),〈出口成「髒」罰不罰?:從言論自由與個人名譽之衝突再探公然侮辱罪之界限〉,《台灣法學雜誌》,280期,頁31-43。
吳耀宗(2005),〈偽造文書罪保護法益之研究〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,128期,頁120-141。
吳耀宗(2007),〈論偽造文書罪之「足以生損害於公眾或他人」:評最高法院九十四年台上字第一五八二號判決及相關實務見解〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,143期,頁266-280。
吳耀宗(2008),〈偽造文書罪之文書與準文書概念(下)〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,161期,頁154-194。
李聖傑(2003),〈從性自主權思考刑法的性行為〉,《中原財經法學》,10期,頁1-40。
李聖傑(2004),〈妨害性自主:第三講 類型闡述〉,《月旦法學教室》,23期,頁99-106。
林昱梅(2022),〈預防原則於人工智慧之適用:歐盟人工智慧規則草案及其基本原理之觀察〉,《台灣法律人》,12期,頁1-17。
林琬珊(2018),〈妨害名譽罪與負面標籤〉,《月旦刑事法評論》,9期,頁63-78。
林琬珊(2023),〈「性影像」與隱私之刑法保護:新修刑法「性影像」規定之評析〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,333期,頁40-58。
林鈺雄(2003),〈誹謗罪之實體要件與訴訟證明:兼評大法官釋字第五○九號解釋〉,《臺大法學論叢》,32卷2期,頁67-104。
法思齊(2021),〈論以刑事法規範復仇式色情(Revenge Porn)之可能:以日本情色報復受害防治法為中心〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,314期,頁210-223。
施雅薰(2021),〈侵害人格權是否須負個人資料保護法上之刑事責任?:最高法院109年度台上大字第1869號刑事裁定簡析〉,《科技法律透析》,33卷9期,頁10-16。
柯耀程(2004),〈檢視刑法誹謗罪之正當性:從釋字第五○九號解釋與新新聞案觀察〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,111期,頁173-184。
張天一(2006),〈偽造文書之本質與定位:對「足以生損害於公衆或他人」要件之檢討〉,《玄奘法律學報》,6期,頁199-237。
張陳弘(2016),〈個人資料之認定:個人資料保護法適用之啟動閥〉,《法令月刊》,67卷5期,頁67-101。
張麗卿(2016),〈刑法對誹謗言論的合理規制〉,《臺大法學論叢》,45卷4期,頁1999-2029。
張麗卿(2017),〈妨害性自主罪的適用與檢討〉,《台灣法學雜誌》,330期,頁17-28。
許玉秀(2003),〈妨害性自主之強制、乘機與利用權勢:何謂性自主?-兼評臺北地院九一年度訴字第四六二號判決-〉,《台灣本土法學雜誌》,42期,頁16-36。
許恒達(2012),〈高樓間與動畫中的隱私法益〉,《月旦法學教室》,121期,頁30-32。
許恒達(2016),〈兒童及少年性剝削防制條例刑事責任之評析〉,《月旦刑事法評論》,1期,頁47-69。
許恒達(2020),〈論假訊息的刑法規制〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,303期,頁226-246。
許恒達(2022),〈深度偽造影音及其刑法規制〉,《法學叢刊》,67卷1期,頁1-29。
陳子平(2008),〈刑法第二三五條散布猥褻物品等罪之合憲論與違憲論(下):釋字第六一七號解釋與日本及學說〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,157期,頁182-201。
陳俊偉(2023),〈重思深度偽造影音的入罪化:以人工智慧的科技風險規制為思考方向〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,333期,頁21-39。
陳昱奉(2022),〈網路犯罪與資訊安全的未來:從網域名稱扣押談網路治理〉,《刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊》,32期,頁219-290。
陳重言(2014),〈兒少色情物品的刑法規範:以虛擬角色及持有行為為核心〉,《法官協會雜誌》,16卷,頁194-199。
黃惠婷(2011),〈從性自主權檢視刑法保護兒童及少年之規定與修法建議〉,《司法新聲》,97期,頁62-77。
黃朝義(2013),〈販售猥褻光碟片構成犯罪與否之判斷基準:從新北地院一○二年度簡上字第七號判決與釋字第六一七號解釋論起〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,223期,頁254-261。
黃榮堅(2006),〈棄權又越權的大法官釋字第六一七號解釋〉,《台灣本土法學雜誌》,89期,頁55-73。
葉奇鑫(2022),〈個資法與妨害名譽罪之競合:淺談最高法院109年度台上大字第1869號刑事裁定〉,《當代法律》,6期,頁40-45。
廖宜寧(2020),〈由德國性犯罪條文修正之觀察探析妨害性自主罪的理論基礎〉,《臺大法學論叢》,49卷2期,頁635-710。
廖宜寧(2022),〈從「妨害風化的猥褻物品」到「妨害性隱私的性影像」:散布性關聯影音圖像之不法性質〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,327期,頁158-171。
蔡宗珍(1999),〈公法上之比例原則初論:以德國法的發展為中心〉,《政大法學評論》,62期,頁75-103。
蔡聖偉(2016),〈臺灣刑法中保護性自主決定的制裁規範:現行法制的介紹以及未來修法的展望〉,《月旦刑事法評論》,3期,頁5-23。
蔡聖偉(2021),〈三論私裝 GPS 追蹤器與竊錄非公開活動罪:評最高法院109年度台非字第61號刑事判決〉,《月旦裁判時報》,109期,頁57-66。
薛智仁(2015),〈刑法觀點下的公民不服從〉,《中研院法學期刊》,17期,頁131-204。
薛智仁(2020),〈同意搜索之基本問題(一)〉,《法務通訊》,3002期,頁3-6。
薛智仁(2021),〈侵害個資罪之利益概念:兼評最高法院109年度台大上字第1869號裁定〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,313期,頁62-75。
謝煜偉(2010),〈論虛擬兒童色情的刑事立法趨勢:誰的青春肉體不可褻瀆?〉,《月旦法學雜誌》,186期,頁38-59。
簡至鴻(2022),〈個人資料保護法第41條「違法侵害個資罪」之基本課題:以最高法院109年度台上大字第1869號刑事裁定的檢討為契機〉,《刑事政策與犯罪防治研究專刊》,32期,頁131-184。
羅承宗(2013),〈論凌辱系遊戲的法律課題〉,《科技法律評析》,6期,頁267-290。
羅承宗(2021),〈論無碼軟蕊色情片的法課題〉,《全國律師》,25卷8期,頁39-49。
四、學位論文
李彥光(2009),《論刑法上性交、猥褻與性騷擾的界線》,東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士班碩士論文,臺北。李庭歡(2019),《論性的刑事規制:散布猥褻物品罪之再檢視》,國立臺灣大學法律學院科技整合法律學研究所碩士論文,臺北。林于捷(2013),《選舉中誹謗言論相關問題之探討:以公職人員選舉罷免法第104條為中心》,國立臺北大學法律學系碩士論文,新北。徐偉群(2005),《論妨害名譽罪的除罪化》,國立臺灣大學法律學院法律學系博士論文,臺北。楊承旻(2021),《公職人員選舉罷免法第104條選舉誹謗罪之再建構:兼論社群網路新型態選舉言論》,國立中正大學法律學系碩士論文,嘉義。楊懿庭(2021),《政治性深偽影片(Deepfake)的管制策略:比較法的觀點》,國立陽明交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文,新竹。鄭安妤(2021),《論大法官釋字509號「相當理由確信為真實」與「查證義務」的關聯》,國立成功大學法律學系碩士班碩士論文,臺南。謝庭晃(2005),《妨害名譽罪之研究》,輔仁大學法律系博士論文,新北。韓昌軒(2022),《論選舉不實訊息的刑事規制:以公共性原則之保護為中心》,國立臺灣大學法律學院法律學系碩士論文,臺北。簡筱芸(2022),《論性隱私權侵害之刑事評價:以散布性影像行為為中心》,國立臺北大學法律學系碩士論文,新北。五、立法院議案關係文書
立法院議案關係文書(2021),《院總第246號 委員提案第27495號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100411:LCEWA01_100411_00011。
立法院議案關係文書(2021),《院總第246號 委員提案第27588號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100412:LCEWA01_100412_00033。
立法院議案關係文書(2021),《院總第246號 委員提案第27641號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100413:LCEWA01_100413_00019;
立法院議案關係文書(2021),《院總第246號 委員提案第27707號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100414:LCEWA01_100414_00033。
立法院議案關係文書(2021),《院總第246號 委員提案第27783號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100415:10467。
立法院議案關係文書(2021),《院總第246號 委員提案第27819號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100415:10481。
立法院議案關係文書(2021),《院總第1679號 委員提案第27586號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100412:LCEWA01_100412_00031。
立法院議案關係文書(2021),《院總第1679號 委員提案第27587號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100412:LCEWA01_100412_00032。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第0246號 委員提案第28031號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100504:LCEWA01_100504_00033。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 委員提案第28381號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100509:LCEWA01_100509_00031。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 委員提案第28518號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100510:10378。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 委員提案第28614號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100511:LCEWA01_100511_00103。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 委員提案第28666號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100512:10475。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 委員提案第28761號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100513:LCEWA01_100513_00077。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 委員提案第28897號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100601:LCEWA01_100601_00054。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 委員提案第28941號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100602:LCEWA01_100602_00038。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 委員提案第29211號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100605:LCEWA01_100605_00041。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 委員提案第29244號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100605:LCEWA01_100605_00041。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 政府提案第17825號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100504:1036。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第246號 政府提案第17874號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100511:LCEWA01_100511_00125。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第1679號 委員提案第28002號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100503:LCEWA01_100503_00056。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第1679號 委員提案第28407號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100509:LCEWA01_100509_00057。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第1679號 委員提案第28417號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100509:LCEWA01_100509_00067。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第1679號 政府提案第18052號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100613:LCEWA01_100613_00121。
立法院議案關係文書(2022),《院總第1686號 政府提案第17824號》,載於:https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lygazettec/mtcdoc?PD100504:10362。
六、網路新聞報導及網路文章
Chen Kobe(2021),〈NVIDIA 黃仁勳承認「造假」,讓全世界被騙得心服口服〉,《科技新報》,載於:https://technews.tw/2021/08/13/nvidia-jensen-huang-fake-keynote-gtc2021/。
Lynn(2017),〈監督式學習?增強學習?聽不懂的話,一定要看這篇入門的機器學習名詞解釋!〉,《INSIDE》,載於:https://www.inside.com.tw/article/9945-machine-learning。
Peggy Sha(2021),〈AI 接手譜出的貝多芬遺作《第十號交響曲》,連專業音樂家也「難解難分」!〉,《泛科學》,載於:https://pansci.asia/archives/334305。
何蕙安(2022),〈【烏俄戰爭】深偽影片首在烏俄資訊戰現身 冒充澤倫斯基要求烏軍投降〉,《台灣事實查核中心》,https://tfc-taiwan.org.tw/articles/7099。
吳政峰、謝君臨(2023),〈三讀通過/防制性暴力4法 加重懲罰〉,《自由時報》,載於:https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/paper/1562166。
呂伊萱(2022),〈政院修四法 打擊性暴力 偽造影像散布圖利 最高判七年〉,《自由時報》,載於:https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/paper/1504658。
徐子苓(2023),〈「人工智慧基本法」草案初稿出爐 盼數位部為主管機關〉,《自由時報》,載於:https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/4251156。
李佳穎(2022),〈2022熱門關鍵字搜尋 前20名就有5個色情網站〉,《CTWANT》,載於:https://www.ctwant.com/article/228321。
林淑惠(2023),〈AI有法可管 人工智慧基本法草案9月出爐〉,《工商時報》,載於:https://ctee.com.tw/news/policy/869938.html。
柯毓庭(2022),〈「小玉」換臉大賺1338萬餘元被起訴 受害者高達119人〉,《聯合新聞網》,https://udn.com/news/story/7321/6168941。
柯毓庭(2022),〈網紅小玉賣換臉謎片判5年半 檢認「判太輕」提起上訴〉,《聯合新聞網》,載於:https://udn.com/news/story/7321/6561323。
柯毓庭、王聖藜(2022),〈賣換臉謎片賺千萬 台灣網紅「小玉」3罪起訴〉,《世界新聞網》,載於:https://www.worldjournal.com/wj/story/121221/6171663。
法務部(2021),〈為保護個人隱私,防範深偽技術(Deepfake)淪為犯罪工具,本部研議刑法增訂「散布性私密影音罪」、「製作或散布他人不實性影音罪」、「製作或散布他人不實活動、言論、談話罪」,今日向行政院陳報修正草案〉,載於:https://www.moj.gov.tw/2204/2795/2796/123192/post。
涂鉅旻(2021),〈阻「換臉」衝擊選舉 立委︰修「選罷法」加重刑責〉,《自由時報》,載於:https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/3744485。
游允彤(2021),〈被小玉換臉變謎片女主角 高嘉瑜:推動修法遏止性暴力〉,《鏡新聞》,載於:https://www.mnews.tw/story/20211018nm019。
王揚宇(2023),〈選罷法三讀擴大排黑 設防深偽影音影響選舉罷免條款〉,《中央通訊社》,載於:https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202305260209.aspx。
王珮羽(2022),〈AI生成圖片大量仿冒,藝術家抗議心血變成廉價貨!爭議怎麼解?〉,《數位時代》,載於:https://www.bnext.com.tw/article/72120/ai-image-generators-202210?。
行政院(2022),〈性暴力犯罪防制四法包裹修正 建構數位/網路性暴力聯防保護網〉,載於:https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/448DE008087A1971/e35b242f-4c35-4fbf-8731-c2832666bca5。
謝君臨(2022),〈「小玉」製換臉謎片遭判5年半 高嘉瑜:刑責過輕〉,《自由時報》,載於:https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/society/breakingnews/3999850。
連珮妤(2020),〈N號房事件懶人包》25歲學霸化身淫魔教父!拐74少女成性奴,揭韓26萬人集體性犯罪〉,《新新聞》,載於:https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/2438051。
邱韞蓁(2021),〈「假阿湯哥」一戰成名!倫敦新創讓名人「起死回生」〉,《商週頭條》,載於:https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/international/blog/3007483。
陳世昌(2022),〈NCC成立任務編組處理網際網路內容事務〉,《ETtoday新聞雲》,載於:https://www.ettoday.net/news/20221221/2405934.htm。
陳冠勳、莊志成(2022),〈「深偽換臉」案判5年半 小玉律師:尊重判決結果〉,《公視新聞網》,載於:https://news.pts.org.tw/article/591438。
陳曉莉(2017),〈擊敗全球棋王柯潔後,AlphaGo將自圍棋界退休〉,《iThome》,載於:https://www.ithome.com.tw/news/114519。
陳錫平(主講)、李建良(主持)、陳資瑄(整理)(2022),〈歐盟人工智慧規則草案之初探:以市場、風險、價值及信賴為核心的管制架構〉,《臺灣人工智慧行動網》,載於:https://ai.iias.sinica.edu.tw/eu-ai-regulation-draft-minutes/。
黃信維(2021),〈高嘉瑜成「換臉事件」受害人 提案修法:最高處以7年半有期徒刑〉,《風傳媒》,載於:https://www.storm.mg/article/4060238。
黃婉婷(2022),〈不只排黑!政院版選罷法禁4類人參選 增訂「深度偽造」條款〉,《中時新聞網》,載於:https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20221214005420-260407?chdtv。
黃旭昇(2022),〈網紅小玉濫用換臉技術合成名人謎片遭起訴〉,《中央通訊社》,載於:https://www.cna.com.tw/news/asoc/202203160272.aspx。
黃麗芸(2021),〈網紅小玉製換臉謎片賺千萬遭送辦 百人受害〉,《中央通訊社》,載於:https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202110180118.aspx。
七、其他網站資料
中華民國交通部公路總局網站,〈筆試題庫〉,載於:https://www.thb.gov.tw/catalog?node=9ea3538d-e302-4c8c-a2f9-038ad2caf714。
維基百科網站,〈網路紅人〉,載於:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E7%B4%85%E4%BA%BA。
貳、英文部分
一、書籍
Goldman, A. I. (1999). Knowledge in a Social World. Oxford University Press.
Goodfellow I. J., Bengio, Y., & Courville, A. (2016). Deep Learning. MIT Press.
二、研究報告
Ajder, H., Patrini, G., Cavalli, F., & Cullen, L. (2019). The State of Deepfakes: Landscape, Threats, and Impact. https://regmedia.co.uk/2019/10/08/deepfake_report.pdf
Collins, A. (2019). Forged Authenticity: Governing Deepfake Risks.
Davis, R., Wiggins, C., & Donovan, J. (2020). Deepfakes. https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/Deepfakes_2.pdf
European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS). (2021). Tackling deepfakes in European policy. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/690039/EPRS_STU(2021)690039_EN.pdf
Europol. (2022). Facing reality? Law enforcement and the challenge of deepfakes, an observatory report from the Europol Innovation Lab, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/publications/facing-reality-law-enforcement-and-challenge-of-deepfakes
三、期刊論文
Blitz, M. (2020). Deepfakes and Other Non-Testimonial Falsehoods: When Is Belief Manipulation (Not) First Amendment Speech?. Yale Journal of Law and Technology, 23(1), 160-300.
Bodi, M. (2021). The First Amendment Implications of Regulating Political Deepfakes. Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal, 47(1), 143-172.
Breen, D. C. (2021). Silent No More: How Deepfakes Will Force Courts to Reconsider Video Admission Standards. Journal of High Technology Law, 21(1), 122-164.
Brown, N. I. (2020). Deepfakes and the Weaponization of Disinformation. Virginia Journal of Law & Technology, 23(1), 1-59.
Celli, F. (2020). Deepfakes Are Coming Does Australia Come Prepared?. Canberra Law Review, 17(2), 193-205.
Chesney, B., & Citron, D. (2019). Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security. California Law Review, 107(6), 1753-1820.
Chesney, R., & Citron, D. (2019). 21st Century-Style Truth Decay: Deep Fakes and the Challenge for Privacy, Free Expression, and National Security. Maryland Law Review, 78(4), 882-891.
Damer, N., Saladié, A. M., Braun, A., & Kuijper, A. (2018). MorGAN: Recognition Vulnerability and Attack Detectability of Face Morphing Attacks Created by Generative Adversarial Network. 2018 IEEE 9th International Conference on Biometrics Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS), 1-10.
De Cooman, J. (2022). Humpty Dumpty and High-Risk AI Systems: The Ratione Materiae Dimension of the Proposal for an EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Market and Competition Law Review, 6(1), 49-88.
Delfino, R. A. (2019). Pornographic Deepfakes: The Case for Federal Criminalization of Revenge Porn's Next Tragic Act. Fordham Law Review, 88(3), 887-938.
Goodfellow, I. J., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde-Farley, D., Ozair, S., Courville, A., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Generative Adversarial Nets. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 2, 2672-2680.
Harris, D. (2018-2019). Deepfakes: False Pornography Is Here and the Law Cannot Protect You. Duke Law & Technology Review, 17, 99-128.
Ivancevich, A. (2022). Deepfake Reckoning: Adapting Modern First Amendment Doctrine to Protect against the Threat Posed to Democracy. Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 49(1), 61-[i].
Kobriger, K., Zhang, J., Quijano, A., & Guo, J. (2021). Out of Our Depth with Deep Fakes: How the Law Fails Victims of Deep Fake Nonconsensual Pornography. Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, 28(2), 204-253.
Kocsis, E. (2022). Deepfakes, Shallowfakes, and the Need for a Private Right of Action. Dickinson Law Review, 126(2), 621-650.
Krishna, D. (2021). Deepfakes, Online Platforms, and a Novel Proposal for Transparency, Collaboration, and Education. Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, 27(3), 1-74.
Kugler, M. B., & Pace, C. (2021). Deepfake Privacy: Attitudes and Regulation. Northwestern University Law Review, 116(3), 611-680.
LaMonaca, J. P. (2020). A Break from Reality: Modernizing Authentication Standards for Digital Video Evidence in the Era of Deepfakes. American University Law Review, 69(6), 1945-1988.
Langa, J. (2021). Deepfakes, Real Consequences: Crafting Legislation to Combat Threats Posed by Deepfakes. Boston University Law Review, 101(2), 761-802.
McPeak, A. (2021). The Threat of Deepfakes in Litigation: Raising the Authentication Bar to Combat Falsehood. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law, 23(2), 433-[viii].
Mullen, M. (2022). A New Reality: Deepfake Technology and the World around Us. Mitchell Hamline Law Review, 48(1), 210-234.
Nagumotu, K. (2022). Deepfakes Are Taking over Social Media: Can the Law Keep up?. IDEA: The Law Review of the Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property, 62(2), 102-146.
Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, Q. V. H., Nguyen, D. T., Nguyen, D. T., Huynh-The, T., Nahavandi, S., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, Q.-V., & Nguyen, C. M. (2022). Deep Learning for Deepfakes Creation and Detection: A Survey. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 223, Article 103525.
O'Donnell, N. (2021). Have We No Decency? Section 230 and the Liability of Social Media Companies for Deepfake Videos. University of Illinois Law Review, 2021(2), 701-ii.
Olson, A. (2022). The Double-Side of Deepfakes: Obstacles and Assets in the Fight against Child Pornography. Georgia Law Review, 56(2), 865-892.
Pfefferkorn, R. (2020). "Deepfakes" in the Courtroom. Boston University Public Interest Law Journal, 29(2), 245-276.
Ray, A. (2021). Disinformation, Deepfakes and Democracies: The Need for Legislative Reform. University of New South Wales Law Journal, 44(3), 983-1013.
Reid, S. (2021). The Deepfake Dilemma: Reconciling Privacy and First Amendment Protections. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, 23(1), 209-[vi].
Reynolds, R. (2021). When Seeing Is No Longer Believing: Deep Fakes, the Right of Publicity, and CDA 230 Reform. American University Intellectual Property Brief, 12(2), 1-16.
Spivak, R. (2019). "Deepfakes": The Newest Way to Commit One of the Oldest Crimes. Georgetown Law Technology Review, 3(2), 339-401.
Suwajanakorn, S., Seitz, S. M., & Kemelmacher-Shlizerman, I. (2017). Synthesizing Obama: Learning Lip Sync from Audio. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 36(4), 1-13.
Ullrich, Q. J. (2021). Is This Video Real? The Principal Mischief of Deepfakes and How the Lanham Act Can Address It. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 55(1), 1-56.
Zendran, M., & Rusiecki, A. (2021). Swapping Face Images with Generative Neural Networks for Deepfake Technology – Experimental Study. Procedia Computer Science. 192, 834-843.
Zhu, B., Fang, H., Sui, Y., & Li, L. (2020). Deepfakes for Medical Video De-Identification: Privacy Protection and Diagnostic Information Preservation. AIES '20: Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. 414-420.
四、網路新聞報導及網路文章
Bateman, J. (2020). Deepfakes and Synthetic Media in the Financial System: Assessing Threat Scenarios. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/07/08/deepfakes-and-synthetic-media-in-financial-system-assessing-threat-scenarios-pub-82237
Beres, D., & Gilmer, M. (2018). A guide to 'deepfakes,' the internet's latest moral crisis. Mashable. https://mashable.com/article/what-are-deepfakes#FkDReV2GfqqP
Bigogno, M. (2021). Dalí Vive: Spanish painter comes to life with Artificial Intelligence. O showmetech. https://www.showmetech.com.br/en/Dali-lives-deepfake-from-Salvador-Dali-and-recreated-in-video/
Cahlan, S. (2020). How misinformation helped spark an attempted coup in Gabon. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/02/13/how-sick-president-suspect-video-helped-sparked-an-attempted-coup-gabon/
Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation (CDEI). (2019). Snapshot Paper - Deepfakes and Audiovisual Disinformation. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cdei-publishes-its-first-series-of-three-snapshot-papers-ethical-issues-in-ai/snapshot-paper-deepfakes-and-audiovisual-disinformation
Cole, S. (2017). AI-Assisted Fake Porn Is Here and We’re All Fucked. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/gydydm/gal-gadot-fake-ai-porn
Cole, S. (2018). Pornhub Is Banning AI-Generated Fake Porn Videos, Says They're Nonconsensual. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/zmwvdw/pornhub-bans-deepfakes
Cole, S. (2018). Reddit Just Shut Down the Deepfakes Subreddit. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/neqb98/reddit-shuts-down-deepfakes
Copeland, M. (2016). What’s the Difference Between Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning?. VERGE. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2016/07/29/whats-difference-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-deep-learning-ai/
Csutoras, B. (2020). A Beginner’s Guide to Reddit: How to Get Started & Be Successful. Search Engine Journal. https://www.searchenginejournal.com/social-media/reddit-guide/
Derico, B. & Clayton, J. (2022). Bruce Willis denies selling rights to his face. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-63106024
Dietmar, J. (2019). GANs And Deepfakes Could Revolutionize The Fashion Industry. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/05/21/gans-and-deepfakes-could-revolutionize-the-fashion-industry/?sh=47dd5c273d17
Goggin, B. (2019). From porn to Game of Thrones: How deepfakes and realistic-looking fake videos hit it big. Business Insider. https://www.insider.com/deepfakes-explained-the-rise-of-fake-realistic-videos-online-2019-6
Harwell, D. (2019). Faked Pelosi videos, slowed to make her appear drunk, spread across social media. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/05/23/faked-pelosi-videos-slowed-make-her-appear-drunk-spread-across-social-media/
Hawkins, D. (2018). Reddit bans ‘deepfakes,’ pornography using the faces of celebrities such as Taylor Swift and Gal Gadot. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/02/08/reddit-bans-deepfakes-pornography-using-the-faces-of-celebrities-like-taylor-swift-and-gal-gadot/
Haysom, S. (2018). People are using face-swapping tech to add Nicolas Cage to random movies and what is 2018. Mashable. https://mashable.com/article/nicolas-cage-face-swapping-deepfakes
Hobbhahn, M., & Besiroglu, T. (2022). Trends in GPU price-performance. Epoch. https://epochai.org/blog/trends-in-gpu-price-performance
Horst, B. (2021). What is GitHub? A Comprehensive Tutorial for Beginners. CareerFoundry. https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/web-development/what-is-github/
Houghton, R. (2018). How Paul Walker's face was mapped onto his brother's for Fast and Furious 7 explained in this amazing video. Digital Spy. https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a856882/paul-walker-brother-fast-and-furious-7-cast-technology-explained/
Hsu, T. (2020). An ESPN Commercial Hints at Advertising’s Deepfake Future. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/business/media/espn-kenny-mayne-state-farm-commercial.html
Jones, C. (2021). Bruce Willis is back in Russia in a “deepfake” advertising campaign for mobile phone company Megafon. bne IntelliNews. https://www.intellinews.com/bruce-willis-is-back-in-russia-in-a-deepfake-advertising-campaign-for-mobile-phone-company-megafon-218402/
Kumar, S. (2021). How Does Variational Autoencoder Work? Explained!. AITUDE. https://www.aitude.com/how-does-variational-autoencoder-work-explained/
Langston, J. (2017). Lip-syncing Obama: New tools turn audio clips into realistic video. UW News. https://www.washington.edu/news/2017/07/11/lip-syncing-obama-new-tools-turn-audio-clips-into-realistic-video/
Lee, H.-Y. (2017). ML Lecture 0-1: Introduction of Machine Learning. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXgbekl66jc
Liptak, A. (2018). Discord shut down a chat group that shared fake celebrity porn edited with artificial intelligence / The group contained channels dedicated to creating and sharing the videos. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/28/16943056/discord-chat-group-fake-celebrity-ai-porn
Mack, D. (2018). This PSA About Fake News From Barack Obama Is Not What It Appears. BuzzFeed. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/davidmack/obama-fake-news-jordan-peele-psa-video-buzzfeed
Matsakis, L. (2018). Artificial Intelligence Is Now Fighting Fake Porn. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/gfycat-artificial-intelligence-deepfakes/
Mervosh, S. (2019). Distorted Videos of Nancy Pelosi Spread on Facebook and Twitter, Helped by Trump. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/24/us/politics/pelosi-doctored-video.html
Meta AI. (2020). Deepfake Detection Challenge Results: An open initiative to advance AI. https://ai.facebook.com/blog/deepfake-detection-challenge-results-an-open-initiative-to-advance-ai/
Minitab Blog Editor. (2017). What Is the Difference between Linear and Nonlinear Equations in Regression Analysis?. Minitab. https://blog.minitab.com/en/adventures-in-statistics-2/what-is-the-difference-between-linear-and-nonlinear-equations-in-regression-analysis
Oddo, M. V. (2022). Bruce Willis Retiring From Acting Following Aphasia Diagnosis, Says Family. Collider. https://collider.com/bruce-willis-retiring-aphasia-diagnosis/
Robertson, A. (2018). A million Facebook users watched a video that blurs the line between bad satire and ‘fake news’. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/24/17607562/facebook-crtv-alexandria-ocasio-cortez-fake-interview-satire-news
Somers, M. (2020). Deepfakes, explained. MIT Sloan School of Management. https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/deepfakes-explained
Suciu, P. (2020). Deepfake Star Wars Videos Portent Ways The Technology Could Be Employed For Good And Bad. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/petersuciu/2020/12/11/deepfake-star-wars-videos-portent-ways-the-technology-could-be-employed-for-good-and-bad/?sh=145074dd6437
Taulli, T. (2019). Deepfake: What You Need To Know. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomtaulli/2019/06/15/deepfake-what-you-need-to-know/?sh=6446af2a704d
Usersub. (2018). Nick Cage DeepFakes Movie Compilation. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BU9YAHigNx8
Vincent, J. (2018). Why We Need a Better Definition of ‘Deepfake’. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/22/17380306/deepfake-definition-ai-manipulation-fake-news
Wong, Q. (2019). Deepfake video of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg posted on Instagram. CNET. https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/deepfake-video-of-facebook-ceo-mark-zuckerberg-posted-on-instagram/
Woods, J. (2019). Hungarian bank account in the first-ever voice deepfake fraud. Daily News Hungary. https://dailynewshungary.com/hungarian-bank-account-in-the-first-ever-voice-deepfake-fraud/
Zucconi, A. (2018). Understanding the Technology Behind DeepFakes: Part 6. Understanding the Technology Behind DeepFakes. https://www.alanzucconi.com/2018/03/14/understanding-the-technology-behind-deepfakes/
五、其他網站資料
AlphaGo (Website). HOME. https://www.alphagomovie.com
Boesch, G (Website). Deep Neural Network: The 3 Popular Types (MLP, CNN and RNN). viso.ai. https://viso.ai/deep-learning/deep-neural-network-three-popular-types/
Congress.gov (Website). All Actions H.R.1 — 117th Congress (2021-2022). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1/all-actions
Congress.gov (Website). All Actions H.R.2395 — 117th Congress (2021-2022). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2395/all-actions
Congress.gov (Website). All Actions H.R.3230 — 116th Congress (2019-2020). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3230/all-actions
Congress.gov (Website). All Actions H.R.4617 — 116th Congress (2019-2020). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4617/all-actions
Congress.gov (Website). All Actions H.R.4617 — 116th Congress (2019-2020). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4617/all-actions
Congress.gov (Website). All Actions H.R.6088 — 116th Congress (2019-2020). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6088/all-actions
Congress.gov (Website). All Actions S.1 — 117th Congress (2021-2022). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/1/all-actions
Congress.gov (Website). All Actions S.2093 — 117th Congress (2021-2022). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2093/all-actions
Congress.gov (Website). All Actions S.3805 — 115th Congress (2017-2018). https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/3805/all-actions
Congress.gov (Website). All Actions Text: H.R.5314 — 117th Congress (2021-2022). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5314/text
Congress.gov (Website). Titles: H.R.1 — 117th Congress (2021-2022). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1/titles
Congress.gov (Website). Titles: H.R.2395 — 117th Congress (2021-2022). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2395/titles
Ed Burns (Website). What is artificial intelligence (AI)?. TechTarget Network. https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence
Google Developers (Website). Machine Learning. https://developers.google.com/machine-learning
Google Developers (Website). Overview of GAN Structure. https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/gan/gan_structure?hl=en
Merriam Webster (Website). Words We're Watching: 'Deepfake'. https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/deepfake-slang-definition-examples
Nicholson, C (Website). A Beginner's Guide to Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). pathmind. https://wiki.pathmind.com/generative-adversarial-network-gan
Nvidia (Website). Artificial Intelligence. https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/glossary/data-science/artificial-intelligence/
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Reddit (Website). r/deepfakes has been banned from Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/deepfakes/
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Texas Legislature Online (Website). History of SB751 of Legislative Session: 86(R). https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=86R&Bill=SB751
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Texas Legislature Online (Website). Senate Members of Legislative Session: 86(R). https://capitol.texas.gov/Members/Members.aspx?Chamber=S
參、德文部分
一、書籍
Pawelec, M./Bieß, C. (2021). Deepfakes: Technikfolgen und Regulierungsfragen aus ethischer und sozialwissenschaftlicher Perspektive (1. Aufl.). Nomos.
二、註釋書
Erb, V./Schäfer, J. (Hrsg.) (2021). Münchener Kommentar zum StGB (4. Aufl., Bd. 4). C. H. Beck.
Fischer, T. (2022). Strafgesetzbuch mit Nebengesetzen (69. Aufl.). C. H. Beck.
Kindhäuser, U./Neumann, U./Paeffgen, H.-U./Saliger, F. (Hrsg.) (2023). Strafgesetzbuch: StGB (6. Aufl.). Nomos.
Lackner, K./Kühl, K./Heger, M. (Hrsg.) (2023). Strafgesetzbuch: StGB (30. Aufl.). C. H. Beck.
Schönke, A./Schröder, H. (Hrsg.) (2019). Strafgesetzbuch (30. Aufl.). C. H. Beck.
von Heintschel-Heinegg, B. (Hrsg.) (2023). BeckOK StGB (57. Ed.). C. H. Beck.
三、期刊論文
Hinderks, T. (2022). Die Kennzeichnungspflicht von Deepfakes. Zeitschrift für Urheber- und Medienrecht, 110-119.
Lantwin, T. (2019). Deep Fakes – Düstere Zeiten für den Persönlichkeitsschutz?. Multimedia und Recht, 574-578.
Lantwin, T. (2020). Strafrechtliche Bekämpfung missbräuchlicher Deep Fakes. Multimedia und Recht, 78-82.
Orssich, I. (2022). Das europäische Konzept für vertrauenswürdige Künstliche Intelligenz. Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht, 254-261.