臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在啟靈藥（Psychedelics，包含LSD、賽洛西賓等一系列藥物）以及冥想、禪定的體驗當中，有一項非常神奇的體驗，被稱作「自我消融」（Ego dissolution），用藥者或冥想者會表示其自我與周遭環境，甚至是宇宙萬物合為一體，並透過這段經驗了悟到很多深刻的道理（對此，啟靈藥使用者會感到較為震驚；而冥想者或禪修者要達到此階段，多半已經潛心研究此領域多年，因此較不會感到特別驚訝）。然而越是深入探討此議題，越會發現其背後隱藏的原理實屬神奇，釋迦牟尼於西元前五百多年所提出的觀點，以及莊子於戰國時代所提出的觀點，竟與現代的啟靈藥體驗有著非常類似的脈絡，甚至和當代神經科學家，例如Georg Northoff的理論有著相似的原理。
本論文將對於自我的研究歷史先進行交代，講述自我在西方文化中的發展脈絡、自我在東方文化中的發展脈絡，以及近代科學對於自我的研究主要有哪幾種說法。而後三章則主要以加拿大精神科醫師Georg Northoff、莊子以及喬達摩‧悉達多（釋迦牟尼）的理論加以闡述，說明在啟靈藥（Psychedelics）體驗，以及佛教禪定當中有何相似之處，並討論其理論背後可能為何種原理。最後在結論一章當中解釋，啟靈藥體驗當中所謂的自我消融，並非一般人直覺上的自我消失，只是其自我體驗世界的方式發生巨大改變；而在佛教深度禪定狀態當中，其自我是真正處於消失，或是活躍程度非常低、無法有效起作用的狀態。
關鍵字：啟靈藥、自我消融、賽洛西賓、莊子、釋迦牟尼、禪定、開悟

There is a mystical experience called Ego Dissolution that occurs when using psychedelics such as LSD and Psilocybin or while meditating, wherein the subject will express that they are connected to everything around them, even everything in the universe, and that they gain an understanding of profound truths through the experience (this will be much more surprising to psychedelics users than meditators, as it takes many years of study to reach this stage through meditation.) The more you look into it however, the more you will discover the principle behind it really is mystical. The ideas put forward by Siddhartha Gautama in the sixth century BCE and by Zhuangzi in the Warring States Period are very similar to those found in modern psychedelic experiences, and even to the ideas put forward by modern neuroscientists such as Georg Northoff.
This paper will first explain the historical study of the ego and the way it developed in Western and Eastern cultures. The final three parts are focused on the theories of Canadian psychiatrist Georg Northoff, Siddhartha Gautama, and Zhuangzi, explaining the similarities between psychedelic experiences and Buddhist meditation, and discussing the principles behind their theories. Finally, the concluding chapter explains that the so-called ego dissolution from the drug experience is not the disappearance of the self, but a huge change in the way they experience the world. During a state of deep meditation in Buddhism, the self is really does disappear, or is in state of very low activity, unable to function effectively.
Keywords：psychedelics、ego dissolution、psilocybine、Zhuangzi、Siddhartha Gautama、meditation、bodhi

中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….i
英文摘要………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………ii
目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………................iii
導論………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..1
1.0 「自我」這個概念在西方文化中的發展脈絡…………………………………………………………….3
1.1 古希臘自然哲學對於「自我」的見解………………………………………………………………..3
1.2 希臘哲學對於「自我」的哲學思辨…………………………………………………………………….4
1.2.1 元素派（Stoichenon）………………………………………………………………………………5
1.2.2 智者運動以及蘇格拉底…………………………………………………………………………….5
1.2.3 柏拉圖的靈魂觀……………………………………..…………………………………………………6
1.2.4 亞里斯多德的靈魂觀……………………………………………………….……………………….9
1.3 晚期希臘哲學對於靈魂的看法………………………………………………………………………….10
1.4 笛卡兒的身心二元論………………………………………………………………………….………………11
1.5 史賓諾沙的身心平行論（Paralellism）…………………………………………………………….12
1.6 George Berkeley對於精神實體的見解………………………………………………………………13
1.7 David Hume的類似於近代心理學的見解…………………………………………………………13
2.0 東方文化對於「自我」的見解………………………………………………………………………………….15
2.1 東方世界的靜坐文化…………………………………………………..……………………………………..15
2.2 西方世界的靜坐文化………………………………………………………..………………………………..18
2.3 東方文化中的「無我」概念………………………………………………………………………………20
2.4 齊物論‧南郭子綦隱几而坐………………………………………………………………………………21
2.5 齊物論‧莊周夢蝶………………………………………………………………………….………………….22

3.0 近代科學對於自我的研究………………………………………………………………………………………….25
3.1 「意識」的定義………………………………………………………………..……………………………….25
3.2 「自我」的定義…………………………………………………………………………………………………26
3.2.1 「自我主體論」………………………………………………………………………………………26
3.2.2 「自我為大腦神經運作的一個過程」…………………………………………………..27
3.3 鏡子測試 Mirror Test………………………………………………………………………………………….28
3.4 Antonio Damasio的自我理論…………………………………………………………………………….29
3.5 Thomas Metzinger的自我理論…………………………………………………………………………..31
3.6 Georg Northoff的自我理論………………………………………………………………………….......32
3.7 基於上述理論所產生的想法……….……………………………………………………………………..34
3.7.1 神經機制說……………………………………………………………………………………………..35
3.7.2 綜合功能性與屬我性說………………………………………………………………………….36
3.8 無感官資訊輸入狀態下的人格………………………………………………………………………….38
3.9 前三章之總結…………………………………………………………………………..…………………………39
4.0 啟靈藥物對於自我的影響………………………………………………………………………………………….40
4.1 麥角酸二乙胺LSD簡介…………………………………………………………………………………….40
4.2 賽洛西賓Psilocybin簡介…………………………………………………………………………………..41
4.3 預設模式網路（Default Mode Network, DMN）………………………………………………42
4.4 做為自我重要條件的DMN，對其他腦區的影響…………………………………………….44
4.5 啟靈藥藉由影響DMN活動，造成的特殊自我體驗………………………………………..45
4.6 啟靈藥對於自我的影響………………………………………………………………………………………47
5.0 冥想與禪定對於自我的影響………………………………………………………………………………………51
5.1 四禪八定…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….51
5.2 「觀」和「止」…………………………………………………………………………………………………51
5.3 四禪那………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...52
5.4 四無色定…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55
5.5 滅受想定…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….57
5.6 緣起法…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………58
5.6.1. 單純就道理上的理解…………………………………………………………………………….59
5.6.2. 體驗意識改變及恢復過程所獲得的體悟……………………………………………..60
5.6.3. 處於良好大腦狀態時，對日常事物看法的改變………………………………….61
5.7 深度禪定的類植物人狀態與古代典籍描述之聯想……………………………………………64
6.0 結論……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………65
6.1 「自我消融」不等同於「自我消失」…………………………………….………………………..66
6.2 啟靈藥體驗以及禪定體驗當中，均可達到「自我消融、與萬物合一」的境界……………................................................................................................................67
6.3 啟靈藥體驗當中的「自我消融」，其自我並沒有消失。而在深度禪定狀態當 中，其自我有消失……………………………………………………………………………………………..68
6.4 結論…………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………..71

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