臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

虛擬實境 (VR) 以其在跨領域的應用和研究而聞名。這些應用的視覺呈現也將根據其用途和硬體之限制而有所不同，其中某些應用會需要具備精確感知物件大小的能力。
然而，文獻中鮮少探索 VR 中物件尺寸感知與視覺示真實度之間的關係。
在本論文中，我們使用受試者間設計(between-subjects design)對四種渲染風格條件（即擬真、局部照明、卡通和素描）探討對同一場景中目標物件的尺寸感知之影響並進行了量化評估。此外，我們透過受試者內設計（within-subjects design)實驗收集了參與者在真實世界中的大小估計。
我們同時採用口頭報告以及雙手比畫來測量尺寸感知。我們的結果顯示，儘管參與者的尺寸感知在擬真條件下是準確的，令人驚訝的是，他們仍然可以將現實環境中不變且富有意義的訊息調諧至環境中，並準確估計非擬真渲染風格下物件的大小。我們還發現口頭和雙手比畫的大小估計在現實世界和 VR 觀看中基本上不同，並與序列的評估回報與目標物件寬度有所關聯。

Virtual Reality (VR) is well-known for its use in interdisciplinary applications and research. The visual representation of these applications would also vary depending in their purpose and hardware limitation, and some of them would require an accurate perception
of size for task performance. However, the relationship between size perception and visual realism in VR has not yet been explored.
In this contribution, we conducted an empirical evaluation using a between-subject design over four conditions of visual realism, namely Realistic, Local Lighting, Cartoon, and Sketch on size perception of target objects in the same environment. Additionally, we gathered participants’ size estimates in the real world via in a within-subject session. We measured size perception using concurrent verbal reports and physical judgments. Our result showed that although participants’ size perception was accurate in the realistic condition, surprisingly they could still tune into the invariant but meaningful information in the environment to accurately estimate the size of targets in the non-photorealistic conditions as well.
We also found that size estimates in verbal and physical responses were generally different in real world and VR viewing and were moderated by trial presentation over time and target box widths.

摘要. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Research Background and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Organization of Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1 Size Perception in Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1 Body-based Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.2 Spatial Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.3 Size Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Size Constancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Size Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 The Effect of Visual Realism in VR Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Our Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3 Experimental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Apparatus and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 Rendering method of the Experiment Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.1 Realistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.2 Local Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.3 Cartoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.4 Sketch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 Task Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6 Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1 Objective Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1.1 Physical Judgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1.2 Verbal Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1.3 Size Perception Accuracy in Physical Judgements . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.4 Size Perception Accuracy in Verbal Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Subjective Quantitative Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.1 Confidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.2 NASA TLX Load Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.3 Igroup Presence Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5 Discussion and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Appendix A Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

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