臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

暌諸人類過度耗竭自然資源，氣候變遷日趨嚴峻，引致全球災情頻仍，災損至鉅，邇近又以森林火災/野火尤甚。同時又破壞森林碳匯，無疑又加重全球暖化，陷入極端氣候的惡性循環。
故本論文以森林火災監測作題旨，建置相關物聯系統及邊緣運算，冀能於災前進行火損潛勢調查；災中之早期預警，俾助減災因應，及災後復育之參佐。其中，於臺灣首次架設之野火災情物聯網架構共分為四層：(1)感知層結合一維(如：溫、溼度)與二維時序資料(影像、熱成像)，作為研判火災發生的依據。其中以影像辨識作及早偵測火焰及煙霧，再與溫、溼度數據比對即時之氣象情資，降低偽報之推播告警。(2)網路層使用4G網路傳輸二維影像及一維數據，提供頻寬大且較為即時的網路傳輸。(3)應用層則提供即時之可視化監測介面。(4)供電層利用太陽能與蓄電池作為系統之電源供應。從系統測試得知，本論文之物件偵測之全類平均精度(mAP)可達92.6%，在實測之情境模擬結果中，在火焰產生後偵測速率為1.01秒；並於嗣後之2.18秒後接獲警報通知，最終於總時7.15秒後獲取經系統處理後之串流影像。故其火害防災物聯網之建置，適確可行。

In recent years, due to the continuous development of human economic activities, climate change has become increasingly serious, resulting in continuous disasters all over the world, among which forest fires are particularly important. Climate extremes brought by global warming lead to increase in forest fires. Therefore, a large amount of carbon dioxide is produced. At the same time, the carbon sink that the forest can absorb is lost, which undoubtedly aggravates global warming and falls into a vicious circle. This thesis takes forest fire monitoring as the research topic, and builds edge computing device for the forest fire monitoring system. Early warning of forest fires and early warning of fires and inform the relevant people to take actions as soon as possible to reduce the losses caused by forest fires. This thesis propose the following three-tier architecture of the Internet of Things. The perception layer uses one-dimensional time-series data (temperature, humidity) and two-dimensional time-series data (images, thermal imaging) as the basis for judging the occurrence of fire. Use image recognition to detect flames or smoke as early as possible, and measure temperature and humidity to judge whether the weather is prone to fire and push an alarm. The network layer uses 4G network to transmit images and data which provides wide bandwidth and relatively real-time network transmission. The application layer provides a visual monitoring interface that allow users to browse images and data of monitored areas on the web. This can let the user understand the current situation of the forest and take corresponding actions. It can be seen from the system test results that the mAP of the object detection results in this thesis can reach 92.6%. In the actual test results, it was detected by the system 1.01 seconds after the flame was generated. Received alert after 3.19 seconds. Finally, after 7.15 seconds, the streaming video processed by the system can be seen.

摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
誌謝 iv
目錄 v
表目錄 viii
圖目錄 x
中英字詞對照表 xiii
1 第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 研究範圍與方法 2
1.3 論文架構與內容 4
2 第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1 氣候變遷與永續發展 5
2.1.1 全球暖化與極端氣候 5
2.1.2 聯合國永續發展目標 6
2.1.3 臺灣永續發展方向 7
2.2 火災 9
2.2.1 火災原理及分類 9
2.2.2 森林火災 11
2.3 森林重要性 13
2.3.1 森林的定義 13
2.3.2 森林的價值 13
2.3.3 碳匯與常態化差異植生指標 14
2.4 物聯網系統 16
2.4.1 物聯網系統簡介 16
2.4.2 物聯網應用案例 18
2.5 邊緣運算 20
2.5.1 邊緣運算簡介 20
2.5.2 邊緣運算優勢 21
2.5.3 邊緣運算應用案例 21
2.6 人工智慧 23
2.6.1 機器學習 24
2.6.2 物件偵測 25
3 第三章 研究方法 27
3.1 物聯網系統介紹 27
3.1.1 感知層 27
3.1.2 網路層 32
3.1.3 應用層 33
3.1.4 供電層 35
3.1.5 森林火災監測系統 39
3.2 一維時序資料量測方法 41
3.2.1 儀器設備 41
3.2.2 溫度 43
3.2.3 相對濕度 43
3.3 二維時序資料量測方法 44
3.3.1 光學影像 44
3.3.2 紅外線熱成像 49
3.4 森林火災監測之方法 54
3.4.1 模擬情境概述 54
3.4.2 森林火災監測實踐 57
4 第四章 研究結果與討論 60
4.1 一維時序資料分析 60
4.1.1 溫度量測之分析 60
4.1.2 相對濕度量測之分析 61
4.2 二維時序資料分析 62
4.2.1 物件偵測結果 62
4.2.2 紅外線測溫結果 63
4.3 森林火災監測成效 65
4.3.1 監測頁面顯示 65
4.3.2 推播告警 67
4.3.3 火災啟動事件時序分析 68
4.4 森林火災監測結果與討論 70
5 第五章 結論與未來研究方向 72
5.1 結論 72
5.2 未來研究方向 73
參考文獻 75

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