臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

The joining of similar metals (Titanium) is experimentally investigated in this study due to the non-reactivity, lightweight, and strength of titanium for applications in various sectors, including the automotive, aerospace, and medical fields. Due to their susceptibility to fractures and deformities along the interface and the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMC), using traditional welding procedures is challenging. Thus, solid state bonding (SSB), such as Ultrasonic welding, is proven effective because it can join high-strength steels at shorter welding times and at lower temperatures and pressure to produce welded joints with little to no IMC. Also, the feasibility of using interlayer metals for joining has been proven in previous studies. Thus, this study firstly focuses on joining Ti without interlayers. It is found that joining Ti without interlayers exhibited difficulty owing to low deformability and fracture near the Ti/Ti interface. Alternatively, pure Al and Fe foils are utilized to examine their effect on the weldability of Ti sheets. It is stated that Al interlayers exhibit exceptional strength evolution, going from 0 to 700 N in 50 J of welding energy to a peak of 1800 N in 600 J.
At welding energy of 2,000 J, this results in fracture of metal matrix with greater tensile strength than in the absence of an sheet., roughly around 400 N. It is also clear that using an Al interlayer resulted in a faster increase in bonding strength to 600 N at 200 J welding energy than using an iron interlayer. According to microstructure analyses, the aluminum interlayer is subject to SPD and adhesion to the titanium surface, resulting in extensive contact to achieve bonding. Due to the hardness and brittleness of α-Ti, the titanium metals welded with iron foils also showed a slow effect on strength. A base metal fracture occured as the welding energy increases to 1,100–1,200. A more deformable β-Ti is present at an elevated temperature of 600˚C. The deformability of Fe foils is also investigated at different clamping forces and showed no difference and similarly exhibited transitional phase from α-Ti to β-Ti.

The joining of similar metals (Titanium) is experimentally investigated in this study due to the non-reactivity, lightweight, and strength of titanium for applications in various sectors, including the automotive, aerospace, and medical fields. Due to their susceptibility to fractures and deformities along the interface and the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMC), using traditional welding procedures is challenging. Thus, solid state bonding (SSB), such as Ultrasonic welding, is proven effective because it can join high-strength steels at shorter welding times and at lower temperatures and pressure to produce welded joints with little to no IMC. Also, the feasibility of using interlayer metals for joining has been proven in previous studies. Thus, this study firstly focuses on joining Ti without interlayers. It is found that joining Ti without interlayers exhibited difficulty owing to low deformability and fracture near the Ti/Ti interface. Alternatively, pure Al and Fe foils are utilized to examine their effect on the weldability of Ti sheets. It is stated that Al interlayers exhibit exceptional strength evolution, going from 0 to 700 N in 50 J of welding energy to a peak of 1800 N in 600 J.
At welding energy of 2,000 J, this results in fracture of metal matrix with greater tensile strength than in the absence of an sheet., roughly around 400 N. It is also clear that using an Al interlayer resulted in a faster increase in bonding strength to 600 N at 200 J welding energy than using an iron interlayer. According to microstructure analyses, the aluminum interlayer is subject to SPD and adhesion to the titanium surface, resulting in extensive contact to achieve bonding. Due to the hardness and brittleness of α-Ti, the titanium metals welded with iron foils also showed a slow effect on strength. A base metal fracture occured as the welding energy increases to 1,100–1,200. A more deformable β-Ti is present at an elevated temperature of 600˚C. The deformability of Fe foils is also investigated at different clamping forces and showed no difference and similarly exhibited transitional phase from α-Ti to β-Ti.

ABSTRACT i
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Importance of Titanium 1
1.2 Joining of Titanium 4
1.3 Issues in joining Titanium 7
Chapter 2 Literature Review 10
2.1 Fusion Welding 10
2.1.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding 12
2.1.2 Gas Metal Arc Welding . 14
2.1.3 Tungsten Inert Gas Welding 16
2.1.4 Laser beam welding 18
2.1.5 Resistance Welding 22
2.2 Summary of Fusion Welding Techniques 25
2.3 Solid State Bonding 26
2.3.1 Friction Stir Welding 28
2.3.2 Diffusion Bonding 32
2.3.3 Explosive Welding 34
2.4 Short summary of Solid State Bonding Techniques 37
2.5 Ultrasonic Welding 38
2.5.1 Brief introduction of weld formation in USW 40
2.5.2 Friction and relative motion behavior between metal sheets during USW 42
2.5.3 USW of similar “Soft” metals 48
2.5.4 USW of similar “Hard” metals 53
2.5.5 Interfacial reaction between dissimilar metals 58
2.5.6 Phase transformation during USW 62
2.5.7 Utilization of interlayer 66
2.5.8 Importance of deformability near the interface 70
2.6 Literature review summary 75
2.7 Research objectives 76
Chapter 3 Experimental Procedure 77 Research Method 77
3.2 Material Preparation 78
3.3 Ultrasonic Welding 79
3.5 Lap Shear Test 80
3.6 Microstructure Observation 81
3.7 Temperature Measurement 83
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 84 Joint fabrication of titanium sheets without interlayer 84
4.1.1 Strength of Ti/Ti 85
4.1.2 Fracture Observations 87
4.1.3 Temperature measurement 90
4.1.4 Short summary 91
4.2 Joint fabrication of titanium sheets with aluminum interlayer 92
4.2.1 Strength of Ti/Al/Ti 93
4.2.2 Fracture observations 95
4.2.3 Interfacial Observations 97
4.1.4 Temperature Measurement 104
4.3 Joint fabrication of titanium sheets with iron interlayer 105
4.3.1 Strength of Ti/Fe/Ti 106
4.3.2 Fracture Observations 108
4.3.3 Interfacial Observations 110
4.3.4 Temperature Measurement 115
4.4 Effects of Clamping Force 117
4.4.1 Interfacial Observations 118
Chapter 5 Conclusion 121
Future Works 122
References 123

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