臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

符合IEEE 802.15.6規範之人體通訊接收器透過電極貼片接觸人體皮膚取代傳統天線，該方式取得接收訊號會因電極貼片在人體表面產生毫伏特大小的極化電壓，經放大後其電壓大小足以使電路飽和而無法處理接收訊號，本論文在接收器前端電路利用放大器結合直流偏壓消除技術成功解決此問題。由於通過人體通道後的訊號十分微弱，不足以時脈與資料回復處理時判定訊號的電位差異，故接收器前端再透過限幅放大器將接收頻段訊號放大至全擺幅且降低其他頻率上的雜訊影響，使極化電壓更加削弱。最後採用非線性時脈與資料回復器，將訊號時脈與參考時脈之間相位差積分後成為電壓控制器的控制訊號，電壓控制振盪器依照控制訊號振盪出與原始輸入訊號相同頻率、不同相位的弦波回授到時脈與資料回復器輸入端，再重新比較校正後回授訊號是否與輸入訊號相位相同，得到與輸入訊號相位相近的時脈訊號進行取樣，最終成功取得所接收到發射器經由人體通道傳輸的資料。

A human body communication receiver, which conforms to IEEE Std. 802.15.6, receives a signal on an electrode-skin surface instead of a traditional antenna. However, an electrode-skin surface generally generates a polarization voltage in millivolt. Once a polarization voltage is amplified by the first circuit, the following circuits in the receiver are potentially saturated. Consequently, the receiver cannot correctly process the received signal. My study aims to solve the above-mentioned problem which designs a pre-amplifier with a DC offset cancellation. Because of the propagation loss, the received signal is too weak to be recognized by the clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit. Thus, four series limiting amplifiers will only amplify the signal of interest to full-scale and attenuate the rest of the noise including a polarization voltage. Subsequently, a non-linear CDR is used to integrate the phase difference between the clock and the reference clock signal, and then turn it into the control signal of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). According to the control signal, the VCO produces a feedback sine signal in the same frequency, but a different phase as an original input signal, which will be re-compared with the input signal until each phase of the two signals is close enough. Finally, CDR samples the received signal according to a retiming clock, and recovers the originally transmitted data.

目錄

誌謝1
中文摘要 I
目錄IV
圖目錄VIII
表目錄XIII
第一章 緒論1
1.1 研究背景1
1.2 研究動機2
1.3 論文架構3
第二章 無線身體區域網路概論4
2.1 IEEE Std 802.15.6[4]5
2.2 實體層介紹9
2.3 窄頻實體層規範10
2.4 超寬頻實體層15
2.5 人體通訊實體層16
第三章 無線傳輸接收器系統簡介21
3.1 無線傳輸接收器架構介紹21
3.1.1 超外差接收器21
3.1.2 零中頻接收器25
3.1.3 數位式中頻接收器27
3.1.4 人體通道接收器28
3.2 資料與時脈回復電路架構介紹34
3.2.1 半速率/全速率時脈與資料回復電路35
3.2.2 有/無參考時脈訊號時脈與資料回復電路37
3.2.3 線性/非線性時脈與資料回復電路39
第四章 極化電壓消除器簡介44
4.1 交流電壓耦合技術45
4.2 正回授技術46
4.3 數位式校正技術47
4.4 直流電壓負回授技術48
第五章 人體通道接收器電路分析與設計50
5.1 接收器系統架構設計50
5.2 接收器前端電路設計50
5.2.1 接收器前端電路之特性參數51
5.2.2 具有極化電壓消除之前置放大器電路設計59
5.2.3 具有極化電壓消除之前置放大器電路佈局前模擬61
5.2.4 限幅放大器電路設計67
5.2.5 限幅放大器電路佈局前模擬69
5.2.6 電流鏡之定電流源與偏壓電路設計72
5.2.7 電流鏡之定電流源與偏壓電路佈局前模擬73
第六章 接收器前端電路佈局與晶片測量74
6.1 接收器前端電路設計之佈局圖74
6.2 接收器前端電路晶片測量方法76
6.2.1 功率特性量測分析76
6.2.2 雙調信號量測分析77
6.2.3 線性度量測分析77
6.2.4 雜訊量測分析77
6.2.5 EVM量測分析77
第七章 結論與未來展望78
參考文獻79

圖目錄
圖 2.1雙模式傳輸示意圖5
圖 2. 2 各國許可無線身體區域網路頻段6
圖 2.3 信標與超碼框示意圖7
圖 2.4 時間基準建立示意圖[4]7
圖 2.5 不安全通訊架構[4]8
圖 2.6 安全通訊架構[4]8
圖 2.7 PHY Layer架構9
圖 2.8 OSI七層模型10
圖 2.9 PPDU標準格式圖12
圖 2.10 UWB PPDU結構圖16
圖 2.11 HBC傳輸封包結構圖17
圖 2.12 FSDT人體通訊發射訊號展頻17
圖 2.13 展頻技術系統架構18
圖 2.14 發射頻譜遮罩19
圖 3.1 超外差接收器架構21
圖 3.2 混頻器混頻原理22
圖 3.3 混頻器頻譜22
圖 3.4 IQ調變與IQ解調23
圖 3.5 超外差接收器的像頻干擾24
圖 3.6零中頻接收器架構25
圖 3.7零中頻接收器的缺點26
圖 3.8數位式中頻接收器架構27
圖 3.9 NRZ資料發射器和CDR-based接收器架構[9]28
圖 3.10 NRZ資料編碼29
圖 3.11 RZ資料編碼29
圖 3.12 二階取樣CDR電路架構[9]31
圖 3.13直接降頻雙增益模式HBC接收器架構[10]32
圖 3.14直接降頻雙增益模式HBC接收器AFE電路[10]33
圖 3.15 典型接收器與時脈與資料回復電路34
圖 3.16 半/全速率PD取樣方式35
圖 3.17 有參考時脈的時脈與資料回復電路37
圖 3.18 無參考時脈的時脈與資料回復電路38
圖 3.19 線性時脈與資料回復電路與Hogge PD39
圖 3.20 Hogge PD工作時序圖－clk領先NRZ40
圖 3.21 Hogge PD工作時序圖－clk落後NRZ41
圖 3.22 Hogge PD工作時序圖－相位鎖定41
圖 3.23 非線性時脈與資料回復電路與Alexander PD42
圖 4.1 電極貼片等效電路44
圖 4.2 交流電壓耦合偏壓消除器[13]45
圖 4.3 正回授直流偏壓消除器[13]46
圖 4.4 數位式校正直流偏壓消除器[13]47
圖 4.5 直流電壓負回授直流偏壓消除器48
圖 5.1人體通道接收器系統架構50
圖 5.2 接收器前端電路50
圖 5.3 Pre-simulation (TT 27°C)51
圖 5.4 Post-simulation (TT 27°C)51
圖 5.5 Pre-simulation (FF 0°C)52
圖 5.6 Post-simulation (FF 0°C)52
圖 5.7 Pre-simulation (SS 75°C)53
圖 5.8 Post-simulation (SS 75°C)53
圖 5.9 Pre-simulation (TT 27°C)54
圖 5.10 Post-simulation (TT 27°C)54
圖 5.11 Pre-simulation (FF 0°C)54
圖 5.12 Post-simulation (FF 0°C)55
圖 5.13 Pre-simulation (SS 75°C)55
圖 5.14 Post-simulation (SS 75°C)55
圖 5.15 Noise Figure Analysis56
圖 5.16 具有極化電壓消除之前置放大器電路59
圖 5.17 極化電壓消除器AC Analysis (TT 27°C)61
圖 5.18 極化電壓消除器Transient Analysis (TT 27°C)62
圖 5.19 具有極化電壓消除之前置放大器電路AC Analysis (TT 27°C)63
圖 5.20 具有極化電壓消除之前置放大器電路Transient Analysis (TT 27°C)63
圖 5.21 具有極化電壓消除之前置放大器電路Phase Margin (TT 27°C)64
圖 5.22 Input- referred Noise (TT 27°C)65
圖 5.23 P1dB模擬結果圖66
圖 5.24 限幅放大器電路67
圖 5.25 CTLE電路分析圖68
圖 5.26 單級限幅放大器電路AC Analysis (TT 27°C)69
圖 5.27 單級限幅放大器電路Transient Analysis (TT 27°C)70
圖 5.28 四級限幅放大器電路Transient Analysis (TT 27°C)70
圖 5.29 單級限幅放大器電路Phase Margin (TT 27°C)71
圖 5.30 電流鏡之定電流源與偏壓電路72
圖 5.31 電流鏡之定電流源與偏壓電路Transient Analysis (TT 27°C)73
圖 6.1接收器前端電路設計之佈局74
圖 6.2 接收器前端電路設計之打線圖75
圖6.3 功率特性量測示意圖76
圖6.4 雙調信號量測示意圖77
圖6.5 線性度量測示意圖77
圖6.6 雜訊量測示意圖77
圖6.7 EVM量測示意圖77

表目錄
表 2.1 安全層級規範8
表 2.2 PLCP Header和PSDU調變參數表14
表 2.3 接收器最小靈敏度20
表 3.1 Alexander PD真值表43
表 5.1 HBC接收器調變參數表57
表 5.2 接收器前端電路變異模擬結果表58
表 6.1 晶片數據表75
表 6.2 文獻比較表76

[1]林恕平，人體通道通訊系統平台之設計，碩士論文，國立交通大學電子研究所，2012。
[2]K. Van Dam, S. Pitchers and M. Barnard, "Body Area Networks: Towards a wearable future", Proc. WWRF Kick off meeting, Germany, 6-7 March 2001.
[3]Horng-Yuan Shih, Yu-Chuan Chang, Cheng-Wei Yang, and Chieh-Chih Chen, “A Low-Power and Small Chip-area Multi-rate Human Body Communication DPFSK Transceiver for Wearable Devices,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 1234-1238, July. 2020.
[4]IEEE P802.15.6/D01,Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) used in or around a body, May 2010.
[5]IEEE WLAN, http://www.ieee802.org/11/
[6]IEEE WPAN Task Group 1, http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG1.html
[7]IEEE WPAN Task Group 4, http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html
[8]S. P. Singh, S. Yadav, R. K. Singh, V. Kansal and G. Singh, "Secrecy Capacity of Diffusive Molecular Communication Under Different Deployments," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 21670-21683, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3152605.
[9]S.-J. Song, N. Cho, S. Kim, J. Yoo, H.-J. Yoo, “A 2Mb/s wideband pulse transceiver with direct-coupled interface for human body communications,” in 2006 IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. Dig. Tech. Papers, Feb. 2006. pp. 558-559.
[10]鄒育霖，適用於IEEE 802.15.6 無線人體區域網路之人體通道接收機及ISM頻段低功耗射頻接收機設計，博士論文，國立交通大學電信工程研究所，2015。
[11]古振杰（2005），利用鎖相迴路模擬做NRZ訊號之相位偵測器的性能比較，碩士論文，國立交通大學電機與控制工程系所，2005。
[12]Hazem Abdel-Maguid, "Analysis of Bang-Bang Clock and Data Recovery", Master of Engineering thesis, Department of Electronics Carleton University, Canada, September 2005.
[13]F. Xiangning, S. Yutao and F. Yangyang, "A CMOS DC offset cancellation (DOC) circuit for PGA of low IF wireless receivers," 2010 International Symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics, 2010, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ISSSE.2010.5607078.
[14]Srikanth Gondi, and Behzad Razavi, “Equalization and Clock and Data Recovery Techniques for 10-Gb/s CMOS Serial-Link Receivers,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, VOL. 42, NO. 9, SEPT. 2007.
[15]Tronstad C, Johnsen GK, Grimnes S, Martinsen ØG. A study on electrode gels for skin conductance measurements. Physiol Meas. 2010 Oct;31(10):1395-410. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/31/10/008. Epub 2010 Sep 1. PMID: 20811086.
[16]Schwan, H.P., ELECTRODE POLARIZATION IMPEDANCE AND MEASUREMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 148: 191-209. February 1968.
[17]T. W. Kang, J. H. Hwang, C. H. Hyoung, I. G. Lim, H. I. Park and S. W. Kang, "Performance evaluation of human body communication system for IEEE 802.15 on the effect of human body channel," 2011 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE), Singapore, 2011, pp. 232-235, doi: 10.1109/ISCE.2011.5973822.
[18]R. Vauche et al., "Implementation of the Standardized Human Body Communications - A Feasibility Study," 2018 25th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), Bordeaux, France, 2018, pp. 643-644, doi: 10.1109/ICECS.2018.8618037.
[19]S. Maity, D. Das and S. Sen, "Wearable health monitoring using capacitive voltage-mode Human Body Communication," 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Jeju, Korea (South), 2017, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2017.8036748.
[20]P. Mehrotra, S. Maity and S. Sen, "An Improved Update Rate CDR for Interference Robust Broadband Human Body Communication Receiver," in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 868-879, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2019.2940746.
[21]Y. Nishida, K. Sasaki, K. Yamamoto, D. Muramatsu and F. Koshiji, "Equivalent Circuit Model Viewed From Receiver Side in Human Body Communication," in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 746-755, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2019.2918323.
[22]B.L. Sujaya, S.B. BhanuPrashanth, An efficient hardware-based human body communication transceiver architecture for WBAN applications, Global Transitions Proceedings, Volume 2, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 152-156,
ISSN 2666-285X.
[23]H. Cho, H. Lee, J. Bae and H. -J. Yoo, "A 5.2mW IEEE 802.15.6 HBC standard compatible transceiver with power efficient delay-locked-loop based BPSK demodulator," 2014 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC), KaoHsiung, Taiwan, 2014, pp. 297-300, doi: 10.1109/ASSCC.2014.7008919.
[24]B. Zhao, Y. Lian, A. M. Niknejad and C. H. Heng, "A Low-Power Compact IEEE 802.15.6 Compatible Human Body Communication Transceiver With Digital Sigma–Delta IIR Mask Shaping," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 346-357, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2018.2873586.
[25]L. Yan, J. Bae, S. Lee, T. Roh, K. Song and H. -J. Yoo, "A 3.9 mW 25-Electrode Reconfigured Sensor for Wearable Cardiac Monitoring System," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 353-364, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2010.2074350.