臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

犬隻具有極度靈敏的嗅覺能力，經過完整訓練亦具備一定程度的專業能力，可提升執法人員搜索毒品、爆裂物等特殊氣味的效率。國內警政署轄下保安警察第三總隊、新北市政府警察局、桃園市政府警察局、臺中市政府警察局以及澎湖縣政府警察局等5處建有警犬訓練基地。相比國外獨立出勤模式與建立警犬專屬培訓中心，國內警犬目前多用於支援勤務、場地安檢以及展示演出等支援用途，相關制度的與運用尚屬起步階段。現僅有保安警察第三總隊之警犬隊為正式編制，其餘各地警犬隊屬臨時任務編組。另外，與關務署緝毒犬培訓中心之統一制度相比，警犬的訓練方式及評核制度現由各地自行發展，並無統一的訓練模式及評核標準。
本文整理國外警犬訓練手冊等文獻，並挑選國內三個警犬隊，各訪談2名資深領犬員及1名幹部，從「基本訓練」、「專長訓練」及「進階訓練」等三大面向，歸納出我國緝毒犬訓練及評核模式。綜合文獻探討與訪談結果，在研究面向上，本研究建議引進更多動物行為相關的學術基礎知識，並且希望未來能擴充訓練成效之相關實證研究，以得到更符合所需要動物行為的研究結果。
在實務面向上，本研究建議訓練內容及評核標準應貼近真實，以達到訓練與實際應用接軌的效果；對於領犬員的培訓應提供最新的專業知識以及技術指導，使領犬員能在專業的知識背景下訓練犬隻；警犬隊之間得定期舉辦移地訓練與競賽活動，以活絡訓犬知識與實務經驗。最後希望能透過與專家學者共同商討，由中央訂定統一且符合本國警方緝毒犬的訓練與評核標準，並建立領犬員的證照認證制度，以鼓勵現行領犬員同仁的辛勞。

Canine units exhibit highly refined olfactory capabilities and, with extensive training, can attain a significant level of professional expertise. This specialized proficiency notably improves the operational effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in identifying particular odors, such as drugs and explosives. In Taiwan, police dog training facilities operate under the authority of the National Police Agency's Third Security Police Corps and the police departments of New Taipei City, Taoyuan City, Taichung City, and Penghu County. These establishments are responsible for the training and deploying of police dogs for various operational tasks. Unlike international standards where police dog units function independently and have dedicated training centers, the current employment of police dogs in Taiwan predominantly supports routine operations, site security inspections, and public demonstrations. Consequently, the systems and applications related to this are still in the developmental stages. Presently, only the police dog team under the Third Security Police Corps has a formal organizational structure, with other regional police dog units operating ad hoc basis. Furthermore, unlike the unified training system of the Customs Narcotics Detection Dog Training Center, police dog training methods and evaluation criteria in Taiwan are independently developed by each region, resulting in a deficiency of standardized training models and evaluation protocols.This research consolidates information from international police dog training manuals and selects three police dog units within Taiwan for comprehensive analysis.
Interviews were conducted with two senior handlers and one officer from each unit, focusing on three major dimensions: "basic training," "specialized training," and "advanced training." The objective is to summarize and refine the training and evaluation models for narcotics detection dogs in Taiwan. The amalgamation of literature and interview data underscores the necessity of integrating fundamental academic knowledge of animal behavior into training programs. Future empirical research should encompass various aspects of training effectiveness, aiming to produce results that better comply with practical requirements.
It is recommended that training content and evaluation standards realistically align to ensure the applicability of training outcomes. Additionally, dog handlers should be equipped with the latest professional knowledge and technical guidance, enabling them to effectively train dogs within a robust professional framework. The study advocates for the regular organization of joint training sessions and competitive events among police dog teams to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and practical experience. Finally, it calls for the formulation of unified training and evaluation standards, tailored to the needs of Taiwan's police narcotics detection dogs through collaborative discussions with experts and scholars. Implementing a certification system would serve to acknowledge and encourage the dedicated efforts of current dog handlers.

第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 5
第三節 名詞解釋 6
第四節 研究範圍 8
第二章 文獻回顧 11
第一節 犬隻生理特色 11
一、視覺 11
二、嗅覺 12
第二節 犬隻訓練原理 16
二、行為動力 17
二、獎勵與懲罰 17
三、訓練器材 22
第三節 緝毒犬訓練模式 27
一、社會化訓練 27
二、服從訓練 31
三、嗅覺訓練 33
四、其他訓練 39
第四節 緝毒犬成效評核制度 41
一、 國內評核制度 41
二、國外評核制度 43
第五節 小結 48
第三章 研究方法 51
第一節 研究流程與架構 56
第二節 研究方法與工具 51
第三節 資料分析 58
第四節 研究範圍與限制 59
第四章 研究結果 61
第一節 基本訓練分析 61
一、親和訓練 61
二、社會化訓練 73
三、體能訓練 86
四、服從訓練 94
五、集體訓練 106
六、克服障礙訓練 111
第二節 嗅覺訓練分析 116
一、嗅覺開發 116
二、氣味記憶 119
三、搜索模式 124
四、情境訓練 125
五、評核模式 128
第三節 研究發現 132
一、國內訓練與成效評估模式 132
二、評核模式之建議 136
第五章 結論與建議 141
一、研究面向 141
二、實務面向 142
參考文獻 145
一、中文文獻 145
二、英文文獻 146

一、中文文獻
內政部警政署內部業務資料。統計至2023年7月。
內政部消防署特種搜救隊搜救犬遴訓及管理規定（2023年修訂）。
警察機關警犬運用及管理作業要點（2018年修訂）。
詳解犬學編輯委員會（2021）。犬學大百科（頁48-49）。晨星出版有限公司。
林文鴻（2019）。偵搜犬之訓練及實證研究。
周少鴻、朱偉誠、賴智鵬（2005）。內政部警政署保安警察第一總隊第六大隊第四中隊派員赴美國參加北美洲警犬協會K-9警察人員偵爆犬訓練課程。內政部警政署保安警察第一總隊。
蕭雅君（2020）。臺灣警犬組織內部管理現況與提升領犬員續留意願。中央警察大學警學叢刊（第51卷，第3期）。警學叢刊雜誌社。
張維容（2018）。中國大陸公安機關使用警犬協助執勤簡介暨可供我國借鏡之處。中央警察大學學報（第55期，頁29-50）。中央警察大學學報編輯委員會。
Alexandra Horositz(2018)。嗅聞高手：跟著狗嗅聞世界。幸福文化出版。
湯兆明、張毅、付歧（2022）。警犬與無人機協同作戰的應用與體會。中國工作犬業（頁36-37）。中國工作犬管理協會。
Dumbar Ian (2020)。唐拔博士的狗狗訓練完全指南（頁266-268）。貓頭鷹出版社。

 
二、英文文獻
Jendrny, P., Schulz, C., Twele, F., Meller, S., von Köckritz-Blickwede, M., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., ... & Volk, H. A. (2020). Scent dog identification of samples from COVID-19 patients–a pilot study. BMC infectious diseases, 20, 1-7.
Gerritsen, R., & Haak, R. (2017). K9 drug detection: a manual for training and operations. Dog Training Press.
Lazarowski, L., Waggoner, P., Hutchings, B., Angle, C., & Porritt, F. (2021). Maintaining long-term odor memory and detection performance in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Volume 238, Article 105301.
Gerritsen, R., & Haak, R. (2017). K9 drug detection: a manual for training and operations. Dog Training Press.
Greenebaum, J. B. (2010). Training dogs and training humans: Symbolic interaction and dog training. Anthrozoös, 23(2), 129-141.
Dennison(2005). The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Positive Training. New York: Alpha Books.
Greenebaum, J. B. (2010). Training dogs and training humans: Symbolic interaction and dog training. Anthrozoös, 23(2), 129-141.
Smith, H., Miele, M., Charles, N., & Fox, R. (2021). Becoming with a police dog: Training technologies for bonding. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 46(2), 478-494.
Pop, D., Pop-vancia, V., Constantinescu, R., Miresan, V., Rusu, A.S.,&Papuc, I.(2014). Physiological effects of human-animal positive interaction in dogs-review of the literature. Bulletin of the University of Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science & Biotechnologies, 71(2), 102-110.
Nogueira, L. B., Palme, R., & Mendonça-Furtado, O. (2021). Give them a toy or increase time out of kennel at lawn areas: what is the influence of these interventions on police dogs’ welfare?. Animals, 11(8), 2264, 1-14.
Handlin, L., Nilsson, A., Ejdebäck, M., Hydbring-Sandberg, E., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (2012). Associations between the psychological characteristics of the human–dog relationship and oxytocin and cortisol levels. Anthrozoös, 25(2), 215-228.
Gerritsen, R., & Haak, R. (2017). K9 drug detection: a manual for training and operations. Dog Training Press.
Simon, A., Lazarowski, L., Singletary, M., Barrow, J., Van Arsdale, K., Angle, T., ... & Giles, K. (2020). A review of the types of training aids used for canine detection training. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, Article 313, 1-10.
Coppola, C. L., Grandin, T., & Enns, R. M. (2006). Human interaction and cortisol: can human contact reduce stress for shelter dogs? Physiology & behavior, 87(3), 537-541.
Odendaal, J. S., & Meintjes, R. A. (2003). Neurophysiological correlates of affiliative behaviour between humans and dogs. The Veterinary Journal, 165(3), 296-301.
Bennett, P. C., & Rohlf, V. I. (2007). Owner-companion dog interactions: Relationships between demographic variables, potentially problematic behaviours, training engagement and shared activities. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 102(1-2), 65-84.
Blackwell, E. J., Twells, C., Seawright, A., & Casey, R. A. (2008). The relationship between training methods and the occurrence of behavior problems, as reported by owners, in a population of domestic dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 3(5), 207-217.
Gaines, S. A., Rooney, N. J., & Bradshaw, J. W. (2008). The effect of feeding enrichment upon reported working ability and behavior of kenneled working dogs. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(6), 1400-1404.
Lopes, B., Alves, J., Santos, A., & Pereira, G. D. G. (2015). Effect of a stimulating environment during the socialization period on the performance of adult police working dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 10(3), 199-203.
Rooney, N. J., Gaines, S. A., & Bradshaw, J. W. (2007). Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of dogs (Canis familiaris) to kennelling: Investigating mitigation of stress by prior habituation. Physiology & Behavior, 92(5), 847-854.
Christensen, J. W., Rundgren, M., & Olsson, K. (2006). Training methods for horses: habituation to a frightening stimulus. Equine Veterinary Journal, 38(5), 439-443.
Landsberg, G., Hunthausen, W., & Ackerman, L. (2012). Behavior problems of the dog and cat. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Tuber, D. S., Hennessy, M. B., Sanders, S., & Miller, J. A. (1996). Behavioral and glucocorticoid responses of adult domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) to companionship and social separation. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 110(1), 103-108.
Podberscek, A. L., & Serpell, J. A. (1997). Aggressive behaviour in English cocker spaniels and the personality of their owners. Veterinary Record, 141(3), 73-76.
Casey(2013). Should Fearful Dogs Be Comforted on Fireworks Night? Reigning Cats and Dogs: A Scientific Perspective on Companion Animal Behaviour and Welfare, by Veterinary Behaviourist Dr Rachel Casey. Available at: https://behaviourvet.wordpress.com/2013/11/04/should-fearful-dogs-be-comforted-on-fireworks-night/. Accessed May 20, 2024.
McEvoy, V., Espinosa, U. B., Crump, A., & Arnott, G. (2022). Canine socialisation: a narrative systematic review. Animals, 12(21), 2895, 1-34.
Payne, E., Bennett, P. C., & McGreevy, P. D. (2015). Current perspectives on attachment and bonding in the dog–human dyad. Psychology research and behavior management, 71-79.
Rooney, N. J., Clark, C. C., & Casey, R. A. (2016). Minimizing fear and anxiety in working dogs: A review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 16, 53-64.
Samhita, L., & Gross, H. J. (2013). The “Clever Hans Phenomenon” revisited. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.4161/cib.27122
Johnen, D., Heuwieser, W., & Fischer-Tenhagen, C. (2013). Canine scent detection—Fact or fiction?. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 148(3-4), 201-208.
FCI Agility Obstacle Guidelines (2024). Federation Cynologique Internationale (AISBL).
Cullen, K. L., Dickey, J. P., Bent, L. R., Thomason, J. J., & Moëns, N. M. (2013). Survey-based analysis of risk factors for injury among dogs participating in agility training and competition events. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 243(7), 1019-1024.