臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

因應人口增加，建築物型態逐漸改變為高樓層建築物。然而，高樓層建築物的火災型態卻比一般建築物更為複雜且多樣化。由於世界各地近年來發生許多造成嚴重傷亡的高樓層的住宅火災，使世人重新意識到高樓層住宅火災對人員的危險性。本研究目的為研究高樓層不同的火災情境，藉以增加國內建築物防火工程知識及能力，同時也期望能為相關研究，提供重要的引用依據。
本研究以高樓層建築物火災為研究建築物，透過撒水系統流量不同、放射顆數不同及防火門開啟狀態不同，分析並評估建築物的可維持性、火災對人命安全的危害分析及人員避難安全的可行性。首先蒐集臺灣、日本及美國近年來的火災統計資料，以及因高樓層火災發生且造成嚴重傷亡的國內外火災案例資料。透過統計及分析，歸納並得到6項致災因子，分別為防火區劃失效、人為縱火、消防安全設備失靈、堆積大量易燃物品、外牆延燒及住商混合，本研究主要以防火區劃失效及消防安全設備失靈進行研究及探討。之後，透過國內外高樓層建築物火災之實驗及模擬、國內建築與消防安全設備法規、火災人命安全因子及避難驗證計算之整理，建構可供人員避難之高樓層建築物，進行火災模擬及人員避難驗證。
本研究透過FDS軟體，以9層樓建築物的住宅火災，以及25層樓建築物的辦公室火災為火災場景進行模擬，火災情境分別以撒水系統流量、放射顆數及防火門開啟狀態不同做分類，共有37個模擬情境。在模擬建築物的走廊及樓梯間放置探測點，探測溫度、一氧化碳及能見度等不同的火場人命危害因子的數值。蒐集數據後，採用2008年用路人危害因子指標進行分析比對，比對過程以紅色、黃色、綠色等三種顏色判斷研究建築物內不同樓層的危險程度，之後透過偵測數據，繪製研究建築物的避難容許時間(ASET)，利於人員辨識。在人員的避難所需時間(RSET)中，本研究採用三種不同的避難計算方式，分別為建築物防火避難安全性能驗證計算、NFPA避難計算及體積控制理論，計算9層樓建築物及25層樓建築物內人員的避難所需時間(RSET)。最後，研究結果會結合兩項不同的時間，對高樓層建築物的可維持性、人命安全及避難逃生進行剖析和評估。
研究結果顯示，撒水系統的有效啟動可以降低火場內溫度及一氧化碳濃度，使建築物內人員有更多避難容許時間，可以進行避難；然而，研究結果也顯示即使有撒水系統，也只是延遲能見度下降的時間，能見度還是會降至10公尺以下，影響建築物的可維生性及避難人員的安全性。最後，研究結果也說明落實防火門管理的重要性，即使只有開啟10公分的縫隙，濃煙還是有一定機會透過防火門蔓延至其他空間，增加建築物內人員避難的危險性。

As the population increases, the trend in building construction is shifting towards high-rise structures. However, the fire dynamics in high-rise buildings are more complex and diverse compared to typical buildings. Recent devastating residential high-rise fires worldwide have raised awareness about the significant risks posed by fires in such structures. This study aims to investigate various fire scenarios in high-rise buildings to enhance domestic knowledge and capabilities in fire engineering for buildings. Additionally, it aims to provide essential references for related research.
This study focuses on fire incidents in high-rise buildings and evaluates factors such as tenability, hazards to human life, and feasibility of evacuation under different conditions of a sprinkler system flow rate, radiation state, and status of fire doors. Initially, recent fire statistics from Taiwan, Japan, and the United States are collected, along with domestic and international fire incident case data resulting in severe casualties. Through statistical analysis, six causative factors are identified: failure of fire compartmentation, arson, malfunction of fire safety equipment, accumulation of combustible materials, external fire spread, and mixed-use occupancy. This study primarily focuses on fire compartmentation failure and malfunction of fire safety equipment. Subsequently, experimental and simulation studies of high-rise building fires both domestically and internationally, domestic regulations on building and fire safety equipment, factors affecting fire safety for human life, and evacuation verification calculations are compiled to establish high-rise buildings capable of evacuation and conduct fire simulation and evacuation verification.
This study utilizes FDS software to simulate residential fires in 9-story buildings and office fires in 25-story buildings, categorizing fire scenarios based on different sprinkler system flow rates, radiation states, and fire door opening statuses, resulting in 37 simulation scenarios. Temperature, carbon monoxide, visibility, and other human life hazard factors are measured at detection points placed in building corridors and stairwells. After data collection, analysis is conducted using the 2008 Dutch pedestrian hazard index for comparison, indicating different levels of danger on different floors using red, yellow, and green colors. Subsequently, Available Safety Egress Time (ASET) for the study building is calculated based on detection data to facilitate personnel recognition. For Required Safety Egress Time (RSET), three different evacuation calculation methods are employed: building fire evacuation safety performance verification calculation, NFPA evacuation calculation, and volume control theory, to calculate the required evacuation time for personnel in 9-story and 25-story buildings. Finally, the study combines the results of these two different times to analyze and evaluate the tenability, human safety, and evacuation of high-rise buildings.
The results indicate that the effective activation of the sprinkler system can reduce temperature and carbon monoxide concentration inside the fire area, providing more evacuation permissible time for building occupants. However, the research also shows that even with sprinkler systems, it only delays the reduction in visibility, as visibility will still decrease to below 10 meters, affecting the habitability of the building and the safety of evacuating personnel. Finally, the research emphasizes the importance of proper management of fire doors; even with a gap as small as 10 centimeters, smoke still has a chance to spread through fire doors to other spaces, increasing the risk to occupants evacuating within the building.

摘要 I
Abstract III
目錄 V
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 XIII
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第三節 研究範圍與限制 5
第四節 研究方法與流程 8
第二章 文獻探討與回顧 11
第一節 高樓層建築物火災案例分析 11
第二節 FDS運用於建築物火災文獻探討 15
第三節 高樓層建築物法規探討 32
第四節 人命安全評估文獻 39
第五節 避難文獻探討 51
第三章 高樓層建築物火災模擬 63
第一節 火災模擬軟體介紹 63
第二節 高樓層建築物建置 66
第三節 火源設置 70
第四節 格點設置 74
第五節 撒水系統 76
第六節 火災情境設置 79
第七節 火災人命安全因子分析及模擬基準 85
第八節 避難驗證計算 90
第九節 小節 97
第四章 結果與分析 99
第一節 火災情境模擬結果 99
第二節 火災人命安全因子分析 119
第三節 避難容許時間(ASET)分析 129
第四節 避難所需時間(RSET)計算 136
第五節 研究討論 149
第五章 結論與建議 151
第一節 結論 151
第二節 建議 155
參考文獻 157

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