臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣成為高齡化社會後面臨嚴峻的照顧議題，政府開辦社區延緩失能運動團體課程，作為高齡者延緩老化健康促進的政策。但現況為男性參與率低，效益難以惠及高齡男性。為了解其中參與的性別差異的原因，本研究以社會生態模式 (social ecological approach) (Sallis et al., 2006; Sallis et al., 2012)，應用政策、環境、社會、人際與個人由外到內多層次的模式為學理框架，從政策層次的國家政策制定社區團體形式運動方案為背景，在社會層次探討社會文化下高齡者的個人主義與集體主義傾向 (Triandis ＆ Geland, 1998)，以及個人層次中個體基本心理需求的歸屬需求 (need to belong) (Baumeister & Leary ,1995; Leary et al., 2013)，透過兩個研究調查社區高齡者的個人主義與集體主義和歸屬需求以及對團體運動課程形式的偏好與選擇，去探討可能造成高齡者參與社區團體運動性別差異的效應。研究一以問卷調查175位社區高齡參與者 (54男，121女)，平均年齡71.53歲 (SD = 5.02歲)。研究結果顯示參與者有較高的集體主義傾向，女性較具水平集體主義傾向與高歸屬需求，較男性偏好與他人一起運動並跟隨指導員練習的團體形式 ; 男性垂直集體主義傾向較高，較女性偏好獨自運動及能自由練習的團體形式，而混合性別成員且跟隨指導員練習運動的團體形式較能吸引高歸屬需求和水平集體主義的女性，及垂直集體主義的男性。研究二招募92位 (13男，79女) 社區高齡者參與團體運動課程體驗，平均年齡70.99歲 (SD = 4.71歲)。研究二參與者的集體主義傾向高於個人主義傾向，男女間則無其他心理特性的顯著差異，選擇不同團體形式的高齡者也未有顯著差異。此外女性較男性偏好一起運動與跟隨指導形式，男性較女性偏好獨自運動與自由練習形式，與研究一有相近的結果，但高齡男性與女性多數偏好與他人一起運動並跟隨指導員練習的形式。透過比較兩研究間參與者的差異，可以顯示社區團體參與的性別差異或許因社區高齡女性為水平集體主義傾向、男性為垂直集體主義傾向，且女性有較高的歸屬需求等心理特性的性別差異，且這些差異影響了高齡者參與運動的行為與選擇。目前國家政策提倡的社區團體運動形式雖能吸引多數社區高齡男性與女性的興趣，但團體形式的設置與推廣上的限制，使得較難招募到更多男性參與者。未來可以針對不同個人主義與集體主義傾向者的設計適合的招募廣告，或調整團體運動中的難度分級、運動類型、團體規範與設置，以更有彈性或符合多元偏好的形式，符合男性需求來提高男性高齡者的參與率，進而有助於達到高齡延緩失能與健康促進的目標。

Being an aged society, Taiwan faces serious caregiving issues. The government has developed a policy to implement community-based exercise group programs aimed at delaying aging and promoting health. However, the current low participation rate among men makes it difficult for these benefits to reach elderly males. The purpose of this study is based on a social ecological approach (Sallis et al., 2006; Sallis et al., 2012), implementing the policy at environmental, social, interpersonal, and intrapersonal levels, from inner to outer multiple levels, as the theoretical framework to explore the issue of gender differences in participation. Based on the national policy of implementing community-based exercise group programs, this article conducted two studies to investigate individualism and collectivism (Triandis ＆ Gelfand, 1998) at the social level, the need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Leary et al., 2013) at the intrapersonal level, as well as preferences and choices of exercise group forms to explore the effects that cause the gender difference. In study 1, the results of the questionnaire show that 175 community-dwelling elderly participants (54 male, 121 female, Mage = 71.53, SD = 5.02) exhibit higher collectivism. Elderly females exhibit higher horizontal collectivism and need to belong, and prefer doing exercise with others and following instructors more than males. However, elderly males reveal higher vertical collectivism and are more likely to exercise alone and practice by themselves compared to females. Exercise groups with mixed genders and instructor-led practices are more likely to attract females with a high need to belong and horizontal collectivism, as well as males with high vertical collectivism. In study 2, the 92 participants (13 male, 79 female, Mage = 70.99, SD = 4.71) exhibited higher collectivism, but there was no significant difference between females and males, nor were there differences among the elderly who chose different exercise groups. However, most elderly participants prefer to exercise with others and practice with instructors. Comparing the participants between these two studies, the results indicated that gender differences in participation may be influenced by psychological characteristics, such as females being higher in horizontal collectivism and need to belong, while males are higher in vertical collectivism. These differences affect elderly exercise behavior and choices. In general, although community-based exercise groups currently attract most elderly participants, limitations in the setup and promotion of these groups make it challenging to recruit more male participants. Future efforts should focus on designing suitable recruitment advertisements for those with different levels of collectivism and individualism, as well as grading the difficulty levels, types, norms, and formats of exercise groups. Diverse exercise groups could better meet the needs of elderly males, thereby increasing participation and achieving the goals of delaying disability and promoting health.

第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 高齡化社會與運動介入 5
第三節 社會生態模式 8
第四節 國家政策與現況 12
第五節 個人主義與集體主義 22
第六節 歸屬需求 37
第七節 研究目的 49
第貳章 研究一 51
第一節 緒論 51
第二節 研究方法 54
第三節 結果 58
第四節 討論 78
第參章 研究二 88
第一節 緒論 88
第二節 研究方法 90
第三節 結果 95
第四節 討論 113
第肆章 綜合討論 121
第一節 主要研究發現 121
第二節 學理上的意義 122
第三節 應用的意義 127
第四節 研究限制與未來研究方向 130
第五節 結論 134
引用文獻 135
附錄一、 152
附錄二、 158

戶政司 (2018)。老年人口突破 14% 內政部：臺灣正式邁入高齡社會。中華民國內政部，擷取於2023年9月23日，https://www.moi.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=2&s=1166
行政院國情簡介 (2023年8月11日)。人口。112年內政部國情簡介。https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/99B2E89521FC31E1/835a4dc2- 2c2d-4ee0-9a36-a0629a5de9f0
行政院主計處 (2020)。國情統計通報 (第231號)。行政院主計處。https://www.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/112616244W75YTOW0.pdf
行政院新聞傳播處(2023)。主持社福推動委員會 陳揆：運用智慧科技創新、強化中央地方連結 營造高齡友善環境，擷取於112年9月25日，行政院新聞傳播處，https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/9277F759E41CCD91/0a00d8e4-df51-4367-86a5-9b8814887ec1
行政院主計總處 (2022)。國情統計通報 (第155號)。55 歲以上樂齡學習參與者近 8 成為女性，擷取於112年9月29日，行政院主計總處。
勞工委員會職業訓練局 (2008)。高齡化時代的來臨—中高齡者及高齡者的就業問題與因應策略。台灣勞工，15，4-11。
吳蕙如、沈緯鈞、廖主民 (2023)。歸屬需求量表中文化編製與法則網絡。體育學報，56(3)，299-318。
林姿葶、鄭伯壎 (2007)。性別與領導角色孰先孰後? 主管-部屬性別配對, 共事時間及家長式領導。中華心理學刊，49(4)，433-450.
高錦德、陳儀蓉、陳芃諭 (2013)。船員之集體主義傾向與團隊衝突知覺對組織公民行為的影響，勞資關係論叢，15(1)，1-24。
教育部體育署 (2023)。中華民國 111 年運動現況調查。作者。
陳秀惠、林品瑄、楊尚育、李雅珍 (2017)。體能活動介入對社區高齡者功能性體適能之影響。臺灣職能治療研究與實務雜誌，13(2)，71-82。
統計處 (2023)。112年第32週內政統計通報。中華民國內政部。https://www.moi.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=9&s=282773
國家發展委員會 (無日期)。人口推估。國家發展委員會。擷取於2023年9月19日，https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=81ECE65E0F82773F
許詩淇、葉光輝 (2019)。 華人人際及群際關係主題研究的回顧與前瞻。本土心理學研究，(51)，33-88。
黃光國 (2012)。跳脫 [二元對立] 的思維框架。本土心理學研究，(37)，191-210。
齊力 (2003)。個人主義，集體主義與家族主義: 三角關係的概念格局。市師社教學報，(2)，115-145。
鄭碧月、邱文彬 (2007)。顧客知覺的服務行為與顧客滿意度的關係: 國民性格的調節效應與本土，外商公司的比較。輔仁管理評論，14(1)，155-176。
廖芳綿、蘇鈺雯、郭嘉昇、黃清雲、魏惠娟 (2019)。多元運動方案介入對社區高齡者功能性體適能之成效探討。長期照護雜誌，23(1)，45-60。
黎小甄 (2012)。由資源分配探討大學生的利社會行為，同理心，個人集體主義傾向 [未出版碩士論文]。中正大學。
衛生福利部 (2017年06月29日)。預防、延緩有配套 「模組」用用見成效〜長照2.0創新照護服務計畫開跑。106年衛生福利部新聞。https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-3250-36685-1.html
衛生福利部社會及家庭署（2022）。111年據點成果彙整表。社區照顧關懷入口網。https://ccare.sfaa.gov.tw/home/statistics
衛生福利部國民健康署 (2023年11月8日)。預防及延緩失能照護方案。衛生福利部國民健康署。https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/List.aspx?nodeid=4706
賴冠廷 (2019)。心理衛生社會工作者之文化傾向及精神疾病汙名與復元導向服務知識和態度之相關研究 [未出版碩士論文]。國立師範大學。
龍紀萱、許靜儀、李依臻 (2016)。日間照顧中心高齡者參與體適能活動對身心健康之影響。長期照護雜誌，20(3)，253-268。
羅文輝(2008)。個人主義/集體主義與第三人稱效果。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(編號：NSC 97-2410-H-004-062-SSS)，未出版。
Ackermann, R. T., Cheadle, A., Sandhu, N., Madsen, L., Wagner, E. H., & LoGerfo, J. P. (2003). Community exercise program use and changes in healthcare costs for older adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25(3), 232-237.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2021). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Anderson, C., Seff, L. R., Batra, A., Bhatt, C., & Palmer, R. C. (2016). Recruiting and engaging older men in evidence-based health promotion programs: perspectives on barriers and strategies. Journal of Aging Research, 2016.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Baumeister, R. F., & Sommer, K. L. (1997). What do men want? Gender differences and two spheres of belongingness: comment on Cross and Madson (1997). Psychological Bulletin, 122(1), 38-44.
Beauchamp, M. R., Ruissen, G. R., Dunlop, W. L., Estabrooks, P. A., Harden, S. M., Wolf, S. A., ... & Rhodes, R. E. (2018). Group-based physical activity for older adults (GOAL) randomized controlled trial: Exercise adherence outcomes. Health Psychology, 37(5), 451.
Belza, B., Shumway-Cook, A., Phelan, E. A., Williams, B., Snyder, S. J., & LoGerfo, J. P. (2006). The effects of a community-based exercise program on function and health in older adults: The EnhanceFitness Program. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 25(4), 291-306.
Bethancourt, H. J., Rosenberg, D. E., Beatty, T., & Arterburn, D. E. (2014). Barriers to and facilitators of physical activity program use among older adults. Clinical medicine & Research, 12(1-2), 10-20.
Biedenweg, K., Meischke, H., Bohl, A., Hammerback, K., Williams, B., Poe, P., & Phelan, E. A. (2014). Understanding older adults’ motivators and barriers to participating in organized programs supporting exercise behaviors. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 35(1), 1-11.
Brady, S., D’Ambrosio, L. A., Felts, A., Rula, E. Y., Kell, K. P., & Coughlin, J. F. (2020). Reducing isolation and loneliness through membership in a fitness program for older adults: implications for health. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 39(3), 301-310.
Bollen, K. A., & Stine, R. A. (1992). Bootstrapping goodness-of-fit measures in structural equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 205-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol.1. Attachment. Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation anxiety and anger. Basic Books.
Brownson, R.C., Hoehner, C.M., Day, K., Forsyth, A., & Sallis, J.F. (2009). Measuring the built environment for physical activity: State of the science. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(4, Suppl) S99–S123.
Card, K. G. (2022). Collectivism, individualism and COVID-19 prevention: A cross sectional study of personality, culture and behavior among Canadians. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 10(1), 415-438.
Chen, L. J., Ku, P. W., & Fox, K. R. (2018). Exercise for older people with mental illness. In B. Stubbs & S. Rosenbaum (Eds.), Exercise-Based interventions for mental illness: Physical activity as part of clinical treatment (pp. 121-148). Academic Press.
Chiou, J. S. (2001). Horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism among college students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(5), 667-678.
Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Singh, M. A. F., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009). Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(7), 1510-1530.
Dabiriyan Tehrani, H., & Yamini, S. (2022). Gender differences concerning the horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism: A meta-analysis. Psychological Studies, 67(1), 11-27.
De Groot, G. C. L., & Fagerström, L. (2011). Older adults' motivating factors and barriers to exercise to prevent falls. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 18(2), 153-160.
Donkers, J. L., Martin, L. J., & Evans, M. B. (2018). Psychological collectivism in youth athletes on individual sport teams. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 285-299.
Evans, M. B., Graupensperger, S., Benson, A. J., Eys, M., Hastings, B., & Gottschall, J. S. (2019). Groupness perceptions and basic need satisfaction: Perceptions of fitness groups and experiences within club environments. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 23(3-4), 170.
Eys, M., Bruner, M. W., & Martin, L. J. (2019). The dynamic group environment in sport and exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 40-47.
Falck, R. S., Davis, J. C., Best, J. R., Crockett, R. A., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2019). Impact of exercise training on physical and cognitive function among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiology of Aging, 79, 119-130.
Feng, H., Guo, J., & Hou, L. (2023). The moderating role of individualism/collectivism in predicting male Chinese university students' exercise behavior using the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Men's Health, 19(8), 10-21.
Franco, M. R., Tong, A., Howard, K., Sherrington, C., Ferreira, P. H., Pinto, R. Z., & Ferreira, M. L. (2015). Older people's perspectives on participation in physical activity: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(19), 1268-1276.
Freud, S. (1930). Civilization and its discontents. Hogarth Press.
Galloza, J., Castillo, B., & Micheo, W. (2017). Benefits of exercise in the older population. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 28(4), 659-669.
Gau, L. S., & Kim, J. C. (2011). The influence of cultural values on spectators' sport attitudes and team identification: An East-West perspective. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 39(5), 587-596.
Giné-Garriga, M., Roqué-Fíguls, M., Coll-Planas, L., Sitja-Rabert, M., & Salvà, A. (2014). Physical exercise interventions for improving performance-based measures of physical function in community-dwelling, frail older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(4), 753-769.
Hadjiyankova, P., & Iancheva, T. (2021). Individualism, collectivism, and goal orientation for athletes from individual and teams’ sports. Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 2, 66-76.
Hill, C. A. (1987). Affiliation motivation: People who need people… but in different ways. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(5), 1008-1018. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.1008
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7). Pearson.
Han, D., Mahony, D. F., & Greenwell, T. C. (2016). A comparative analysis of cultural value orientations for understanding sport fan motivations. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 17(3), 260-276.
Hayashi, C., Ogata, S., Okano, T., Toyoda, H., & Mashino, S. (2021). Long-term participation in community group exercise improves lower extremity muscle strength and delays age-related declines in walking speed and physical function in older adults. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 18(1), 1-9.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Huang, H. C., Chen, W., Tsai, C. F., Wu, C. Y., Wang, J. Y., Hao, F. M., & Fan, S. Y. (2020). The Effects of a 12-week Community-based Fitness Training Program in Frail and Prefrail Older Adults. Taiwan Geriatr Gerontol, 15(2), 100-114.
Hui, C. H. (1988). Measurement of individualism-collectivism. Journal of research in personality, 22(1), 17-36.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 8.
Kanamori, S., Takamiya, T., & Inoue, S. (2015). Group exercise for adults and elderly: determinants of participation in group exercise and its associations with health outcome. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, 4(4), 315-320.
Kelly, M. E., Loughrey, D., Lawlor, B. A., Robertson, I. H., Walsh, C., & Brennan, S. (2014). The impact of exercise on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 16, 12-31.
Kirk-Sanchez, N. J., & McGough, E. L. (2014). Physical exercise and cognitive performance in the elderly: current perspectives. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 9, 51.
Landi, F., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Tosato, M., Martone, A. M., D’Angelo, E., ... & Marzetti, E. (2018). Impact of habitual physical activity and type of exercise on physical performance across ages in community-living people. PLoS One, 13(1), e0191820.
Lau, P. W., Cheung, M. W., & Ransdell, L. (2007). Sport identity and sport participation: A cultural comparison between collective and individualistic societies. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(1), 66-81.
Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science: selected theoretical papers (Edited by Dorwin Cartwright.). Harpers.
Lok, N., Lok, S., & Canbaz, M. (2017). The effect of physical activity on depressive symptoms and quality of life among elderly nursing home residents: Randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 70, 92-98.
Mammen, G., & Faulkner, G. (2013). Physical activity and the prevention of depression. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45(5), 649–657. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.001
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a Psychology of Being. General Press.
McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 15(4), 351-377.
Meng, F. (2010). Individualism/collectivism and group travel behavior: a cross‐cultural perspective. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(4), 340-351.
Mochcovitch, M. D., Deslandes, A. C., Freire, R. C., Garcia, R. F., & Nardi, A. E. (2016). The effects of regular physical activity on anxiety symptoms in healthy older adults: a systematic review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 38(3), 255-261.
Nevitt, J., & Hancock, G. R. (2001). Performance of bootstrapping approaches to model test statistics and parameter standard error estimation in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 8(3), 353–377. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_2
Nicholson, N. R. (2012). A review of social isolation: an important but underassessed condition in older adults. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 33, 137-152.
Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. W. (2008). Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism. Psychological bulletin, 134(2), 311.
Park, S. H., Han, K. S., & Kang, C. B. (2014). Effects of exercise programs on depressive symptoms, quality of life, and self-esteem in older people: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Applied Nursing Research, 27(4), 219-226.
Qin, X., Chi Yam, K., Ye, W., Zhang, J., Liang, X., Zhang, X., & Savani, K. (2022). Collectivism impairs team performance when relational goals conflict with group goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 01461672221123776.
Rhodes, R. E., McEwan, D., & Rebar, A. L. (2019). Theories of physical activity behaviour change: A history and synthesis of approaches. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 100-109.
Robins, L. M., Hill, K. D., Finch, C. F., Clemson, L., & Haines, T. (2018). The association between physical activity and social isolation in community-dwelling older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 22(2), 175-182.
Ruoxi, W., Albattat, A., & Tham, J. (2023). How Individualistic and Collectivistic Psychological Values of Sport Players Influence Their Performance?. Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, 6(9s (2)), 1009-1018.
Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Frank, L. D., Pratt, M., ... & Davey, R. (2016). Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 387(10034), 2207-2217.
Sallis, J. F., Cervero, R. B., Ascher, W., Henderson, K. A., Kraft, M. K., & Kerr, J. (2006). An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annual Review of Public Health, 27, 297-322.
Sanders, L. M., Hortobágyi, T., la Bastide-van Gemert, S., van der Zee, E. A., & van Heuvelen, M. J. (2019). Dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 14(1), e0210036.
Sandlund, M., Skelton, D. A., Pohl, P., Ahlgren, C., Melander-Wikman, A., & Lundin-Olsson, L. (2017). Gender perspectives on views and preferences of older people on exercise to prevent falls: a systematic mixed studies review. BMC geriatrics, 17(1), 1-14.
Schermer, J. A., Branković, M., Čekrlija, Đ., MacDonald, K. B., Park, J., Papazova, E., ... & Kruger, G. (2023). Loneliness and vertical and horizontal collectivism and individualism: A multinational study. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 4, 100105.
Schreindorfer, L., & Leary, M. (1996, March). Seeking acceptance versus avoiding rejection: Differential effects on emotion and behavior. Southeastern Psychological Association annual meeting, Norfolk, VA, United States.
Sebastião, E., & Mirda, D. (2021). Group-based physical activity as a means to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 33, 2003-2006.
Shavitt, S., Johnson, T. P., & Zhang, J. (2011). Horizontal and vertical cultural differences in the content of advertising appeals. Journal of international consumer marketing, 23(3-4), 297-310.
Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-cultural research, 29(3), 240-275.
Sivadas, E., Bruvold, N. T., & Nelson, M. R. (2008). A reduced version of the horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism scale: A four-country assessment. Journal of Business Research, 61(3), 201-210.
Soh, S. (2002). Validity of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism in Singapore: Relationship with values and interests. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(1): 3-15.
Spiteri, K., Broom, D., Bekhet, A. H., de Caro, J. X., Laventure, B., & Grafton, K. (2019). Barriers and motivators of physical activity participation in middle-aged and older adults—a systematic review. Journal of aging and physical activity, 27(6), 929-944.
Stambulova, N., Alfermann, D., Statler, T., & CôTé, J. E. A. N. (2009). ISSP position stand: Career development and transitions of athletes. International journal of sport and exercise psychology, 7(4), 395-412.
Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: Toward a social ecology of health promotion. American Psychologist, 47(1), 6–22.
Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Richards, J., Schuch, F., ... & Vancampfort, D. (2017). Physical activity and anxiety: A perspective from the World Health Survey. Journal of affective disorders, 208, 545-552.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2018). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
Takano, Y., & Osaka, E. (1999). An unsupported common view: Comparing Japan and the US on individualism/collectivism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(3), 311-341.
Thandi, M. K. G., Phinney, A., Oliffe, J. L., Wong, S., McKay, H., Sims-Gould, J., & Sahota, S. (2018). Engaging older men in physical activity: Implications for health promotion practice. American journal of men's health, 12(6), 2064-2075.
Triandis, H. C., Chan, D. K. S., Bhawuk, D. P., Iwao, S., & Sinha, J. B. (1995). Multimethod probes of allocentrism and idiocentrism. International journal of psychology, 30(4), 461-480.
Triandis, H. C., Chen, X. P., & Chan, D. (1998). Scenarios for the measurement of collectivism and individualism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(2): 275-289.
Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(1), 118.
van Uffelen, J. G., Khan, A., & Burton, N. W. (2017). Gender differences in physical activity motivators and context preferences: a population-based study in people in their sixties. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-11.
Vernon, S., & Ross, F. (2008). Participation in community exercise classes: barriers to access. British journal of community nursing, 13(2), 89-92.
Wagner III, J. A. (1995). Studies of individualism-collectivism: Effects on cooperation in groups. Academy of Management journal, 38(1), 152-173.
Wagner, J. A., & Moch, M. K. (1986). Individualism-collectivism: Concept and measure. Group & organization studies, 11(3), 280-304.
Wang, Y., Shi, K., & Huang, X. (2003). A confirmatory study on the structure of individualism and collectivism in china. Psychological Science, 26, 996-999.
Weuve, J., Kang, J. H., Manson, J. E., Breteler, M. M., Ware, J. H., & Grodstein, F. (2004). Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women. The Journal of the American Medical Association , 292(12), 1454-1461.
Wienke, B., & Jekauc, D. (2016). A qualitative analysis of emotional facilitators in exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1296.
World Health Organization. (‎2002)‎. Active ageing : a policy framework. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67215
Yamada, M., Arai, H., Sonoda, T., & Aoyama, T. (2012). Community-based exercise program is cost-effective by preventing care and disability in Japanese frail older adults. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(6), 507-511.
Zeffane, R. (2020). Gender, individualism–collectivism and individuals’ propensity to trust: A comparative exploratory study. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(4), 445-459.
Zimmer, C., McDonough, M. H., Hewson, J., Toohey, A., Din, C., Crocker, P. R., & Bennett, E. V. (2021). Experiences with Social Participation in group physical activity programs for older adults. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 43(4), 335-344.