臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

研究背景及目的：呼吸肌肉表現是評估肺功能的重要指標，良好的肺功能可確保器官正常運作。空軍飛行員需具備高體能標準，長時間暴露於高G力的作用下和海拔變化會增加呼吸肌肉負擔。本研究旨在探討不同背景軍事人員的呼吸肌肉表現差異，特別是一般軍校學員生(非飛行生)和飛行生，評估其影響因素及對高G環境的適應性，並比較飛行生與非飛行生的呼吸肌肉表現差異，探討飛行生呼吸肌肉表現與G耐力的關聯，期望為提升空軍人員的高G耐力提供指導，增強作戰效能和生存能力。
研究方法：本研究採用橫斷性研究，比較飛行生與非飛行生的呼吸肌肉表現(包括最大吸氣壓力、最大吸氣流速及用力吸氣容積)，並探討其與高G耐受性之間的關係，所有受試者接受呼吸肌肉表現測驗，飛行生進行高G耐力訓練，非飛行生則無生理訓練。透過自填問卷蒐集基本資料，使用電子血壓計和非侵入式呼吸肌訓練器(Power Breathe K5, UK)收集生理參數和呼吸肌肉表現，本研究排除條件為無法配合受試者和有呼吸系統疾病者。結果進行描述性和推論性統計分析，包括次數分配、百分比、平均值±標準差、四分位距、獨立樣本t檢定、卡方檢定、費雪精確檢定、無母數檢定、相關係數和線性迴歸。
研究結果：研究對象共51位，飛行生24位(男性22位、女性2位)，非飛行生27位(男性19位、女性8位)，平均年齡為24.33歲及22.93歲，飛行生的呼吸肌肉表現優於非飛行生，其最大吸氣壓力、最大吸氣流速和用力吸氣容積分別為158.15 cmH2O、8.5 L/s和3.45 L，非飛行生則為93.11 cmH2O、5.14 L/s和3.14 L，年齡、身高、體重、身體質量指數(body mass index, BMI)及地面收縮壓與最大吸氣壓力平均值相關係數為(0.283、0.449、0.554、0.370、0.677)；與最大吸氣流速平均值相關係數為(0.305、0.445、0.556、0.373、0.667)；與用力吸氣容積平均值相關係數為(0.440、0.504、0.332、0.424)皆達顯著相關。多元線性迴歸分析中，結果顯示身份別、性別及BMI與最大吸氣壓力有相關(β=-56.571, p<0.001、β=-25.214, p=0.012、β=2.941, p=0.020)；身份別、性別及BMI與最大吸氣流速有相關(β=-2.364, p=0.001、β=-1.241, p=0.016、β=0.155, p=0.018)；用力吸氣容積平均值與身份別、性別有關(β=-0.129, p=0.445、β=-0.609, p=0.006)。三項呼吸肌肉表現對飛行生的高G耐力訓練結果無顯著影響，但身高、BMI與鬆弛性G耐力及緊張性G耐力具有高度相關性（r=-0.656、r=-0.546；r=0.445、r=0.449）。
結論：本研究探討呼吸肌肉表現對G耐力的影響，發現飛行生與非飛行生在呼吸肌肉表現上有顯著差異，但對高G耐力訓練結果無影響，這一結果有助於理解呼吸肌肉訓練對提升肺功能和戰鬥力的作用。

Background and Objective: Respiratory muscle performance is a crucial indicator of lung function, essential for ensuring proper organ operation. Air Force pilots, subjected to high physical standards, face increased respiratory muscle strain due to prolonged exposure to high G-forces and altitude changes. This study aims to investigate the differences in respiratory muscle performance among military personnel from various backgrounds, particularly comparing general military academy cadets and pilot trainees exposed to high G-force environments. The study evaluates influencing factors and adaptability to high G environments, compares respiratory muscle performance between pilots and non-pilots, and explores the relationship between respiratory muscle performance and high G endurance. The ultimate goal is to provide guidance for enhancing high G-force endurance in Air Force personnel, thereby improving combat effectiveness and survivability.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare respiratory muscle performance, including maximum inspiratory pressure, maximum inspiratory flow rate, and lung capacity, between pilots and non-pilots. The relationship between these metrics and high G endurance was examined. All subjects underwent respiratory muscle performance tests, with pilots receiving high G endurance training. Basic information was collected via self-administered questionnaires, and physiological parameters and respiratory muscle performance were measured using an electronic sphygmomanometer and a non-invasive respiratory muscle trainer (Power Breathe K5, UK). Exclusion criteria included subjects unable to cooperate and those with respiratory system diseases. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed, including frequency distribution, percentages, mean ± standard deviation, quartile ranges, independent sample t-tests, chi-square tests, Fisher's exact tests, non-parametric tests, correlation coefficients, and linear regression.
Results: A total of 51 case were included in this study, 24 pilots (22 males and 2 females) and 27 non-pilots (19 males and 8 females), with an average age of 24.33 and 22.93 years, respectively. Pilots demonstrated superior respiratory muscle performance compared to non-pilots, with maximum inspiratory pressure, maximum inspiratory flow rate, and lung capacity recorded at 158.15 cm H2O, 8.5 L/s, and 3.45 L, respectively, compared to 93.11 cmH2O, 5.14 L/s, and 3.14 L for non-pilots. Correlation coefficients for maximum inspiratory pressure with age, height, weight, body mass index, and ground systolic blood pressure were 0.283, 0.449, 0.554, 0.370, 0.677, respectively. For maximum inspiratory flow rate, the coefficients were 0.305, 0.445, 0.556, 0.373, and 0.667. For lung capacity, the coefficients were 0.440, 0.504, 0.332, and 0.424. In the multiple regression, identification, gender, and BMI had the significant effects on maximum inspiratory pressure (β=-56.571, p<0.001; β=-25.214, p=0.012; β=2.941, p=0.020), maximum inspiratory flow rate (β=-2.364, p=0.001; β=-1.241, p=0.016; β=0.155, p=0.018), and lung capacity (β=-0.129, p=0.445; β=-0.609, p=0.006; β=0.049, p=0.076). However, respiratory muscle performance had no significant impact on high G endurance, while height and BMI showed a high correlation with relaxed G tolerance and strain G tolerance (r=-0.656, r=-0.546; r=0.445, r=0.449).
Conclusion: This study explores the impact of respiratory muscle performance on high G tolerance, revealing significant differences between pilots and non-pilots. However, respiratory muscle performance did not influence high G endurance training results. These findings contribute to understanding the role of respiratory muscle training in enhancing lung function and combat effectiveness.

目錄 I
表目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
中文摘要 VII
ABSTRACT VIII
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與重要性 1
第二節 研究動機 3
第三節 研究目的 6
第四節 名詞解釋 7
第二章 文獻探討 12
第一節 肺功能指標與吸氣肌力表現 12
第二節 呼吸肌訓練對於肺功能及運動表現之影響 15
第三節 G力對飛行員的影響 21
第四節 影響飛行員 G耐力因素 27
第五節 抗 G動作或抗 G能力與肌肉適能之相關研究 33
第三章 研究方法 36
第一節 研究設計與架構 36
第二節 研究假設 38
第三節 研究對象選取與資料收集 39
第四節 研究工具 41
第五節 研究變項與操作型定義 45
第六節 資料處理與統計分析 48
第七節 研究倫理 50
第四章 研究結果 51
第一節 研究樣本之特性 51
第二節 研究對象呼吸肌肉指標分布情形 57
第三節 呼吸肌肉指標之影響因子 97
第四節 呼吸肌肉表現與 G耐力相關 103
第五章 討論 131
第一節 基本人口學與呼吸肌肉表現 131
第二節 生理參數與呼吸肌肉表現 135
第三節 健康行為與呼吸肌肉表現 137
第四節 呼吸肌肉表現影響因素與 G耐力之相關可能因素 142
第一節 研究限制與優勢 146
第六章 結論與建議 148
第一節 結論 148
第二節 建議 150
參考文獻 151

英文文獻
Adame, D. D., Johnson, T. C., & Cole, S. P. (1989). Physical fitness, body image, and locus of control in college freshman men and women. Percept Mot Skills, 68(2), 400-402. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.400
Aguilar, X., Fiz, J. A., Texidó, A., Vilalta, P., Abad, J., Richart, C., & Morera, J. (1996). Maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures have no daytime variation in healthy men. Respir Med, 90(4), 231-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0954-6111(96)90292-9
Albery, W. B. (2004). Acceleration in other axes affects +Gz tolerance: dynamic centrifuge simulation of agile flight. Aviat Space Environ Med, 75(1), 1-6.
Aliverti, A. (2016). The respiratory muscles during exercise. Breathe (Sheff), 12(2), 165-168. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.008116
Alnuman, N., & Alshamasneh, A. (2022). The Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on The Pulmonary Function in Mixed Martial Arts and Kickboxing Athletes. Journal of human kinetics, 53-63.
https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0005
Alvarenga, G. M., Charkovski, S. A., Santos, L. K. D., Silva, M., Tomaz, G. O., & Gamba, H. R. (2018). The influence of inspiratory muscle training combined with the Pilates method on lung function in elderly women: A randomized controlled trial. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 73, e356. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e356
Alvim K.M. (1995). Greyout, blackout, and G-loss of consciousness in the Brazilian Air Force: a 1991-92 survey. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 675-677.
Alway, S. E., Bennett, B. T., Wilson, J. C., Sperringer, J., Mohamed, J. S., Edens, N. K., & Pereira, S. L. (2015). Green tea extract attenuates muscle loss and improves muscle function during disuse, but fails to improve muscle recovery following unloading in aged rats. J Appl Physiol (1985), 118(3), 319-330. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00674.2014
Aslan, S. C., McKay, W. B., Singh, G., & Ovechkin, A. V. (2019). Respiratory muscle activation patterns during maximum airway pressure efforts are different in women and men. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 259, 143-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2018.09.004
Bain, B., Jacobs, I., & Buick, F. (1997). Respiratory muscle fatigue during simulated air combat maneuvering (SACM). Aviat Space Environ Med, 68(2), 118-125.
Bascuas, P. J., Gutiérrez, H., Piedrafita, E., Rabal-Pelay, J., Berzosa, C., & Bataller-Cervero, A. V. (2023). Running Economy in the Vertical Kilometer. Sensors (Basel), 23(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239349
Beaumont, M., Forget, P., Couturaud, F., & Reychler, G. (2018). Effects of inspiratory muscle training in COPD patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J, 12(7), 2178-2188. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.12905
Blue, R. S., Riccitello, J. M., Tizard, J., Hamilton, R. J., & Vanderploeg, J. M. (2012). Commercial spaceflight participant G-force tolerance during centrifuge-simulated suborbital flight. Aviat Space Environ Med, 83(10), 929-934. https://doi.org/10.3357/asem.3351.2012
Brellenthin, A. G., Bennie, J. A., & Lee, D. C. (2022). Aerobic or Muscle-Strengthening Physical Activity: Which Is Better for Health? Curr Sports Med Rep, 21(8), 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000981
Britt, L. D., Weireter, L. J., Jr, Riblet, J. L., Asensio, J. A., & Maull, K. (1996). Priorities in the management of profound shock. The Surgical clinics of North America, 76(4), 645–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70474-6
Brotto, A. R., Phillips, D. B., Rowland, S. D., Moore, L. E., Wong, E., & Stickland, M. K. (2023). Reduced tidal volume-inflection point and elevated operating lung volumes during exercise in females with well-controlled asthma. BMJ Open Respir Res, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2023-001791
Burtscher, J., Raberin, A., Brocherie, F., Malatesta, D., Manferdelli, G., Citherlet, T., Krumm, B., Bourdillon, N., Antero, J., Rasica, L., Burtscher, M., & Millet, G. P. (2024). Recommendations for Women in Mountain Sports and Hypoxia Training/Conditioning. Sports Med, 54(4), 795-811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01970-6
Bustamante-Sánchez, Á., Nikolaidis, P. T., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2022, 7 15). Body Composition of Female Air Force Personnel: A Comparative Study of Aircrew, Airplane, and Helicopter Pilots. International journal of environmental research and public health,.
Campbell Jenkins, B. W., Sarpong, D. F., Addison, C., White, M. S., Hickson, D. A., White, W., & Burchfiel, C. (2014). Joint effects of smoking and sedentary lifestyle on lung function in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study cohort. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11(2), 1500-1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201500
Chen L. K., Liu, L. K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T. W., Bahyah, K. S., Chou, M. Y., Chen, L. Y., Hsu, P. S., Krairit, O., Lee, J. S., Lee, W. J., Lee, Y., Liang, C. K., Limpawattana, P., Lin, C. S., Peng, L. N., Satake, S., Suzuki, T., Won, C. W., … Arai, H. (2014). Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,15(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.025
Chung, Y., Huang, T. Y., Liao, Y. H., & Kuo, Y. C. (2021). 12-Week Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Respiratory Muscle Strength in Adult Patients with Stable Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063267
Comens, P., Reed, D., & Mette, M. (1987). Physiologic responses of pilots flying high-performance aircraft.Aviation, space, and environmental medicine,58(3), 205–210.
Costa, T. R., Lima, T. P., Gontijo, P. L., Carvalho, H. A., Cardoso, F. P., Faria, O. P., & Cavalcanti Neto, F. F. (2010). Correlation of respiratory muscle strength with anthropometric variables of normal-weight and obese women. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992), 56(4), 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-42302010000400011
da Silva Guimarães, B., de Souza, L. C., Cordeiro, H. F., Regis, T. L., Leite, C. A., Puga, F. P., Alvim, S. H., & Lugon, J. R. (2021). Inspiratory Muscle Training With an Electronic Resistive Loading Device Improves Prolonged Weaning Outcomes in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Crit Care Med, 49(4), 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000004787
de Oliveira-Nunes, S. G., Castro, A., Sardeli, A. V., Cavaglieri, C. R., & Chacon-Mikahil, M. P. T. (2021). HIIT vs. SIT: What Is the Better to Improve V˙O(2)max? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413120
Dempsey, J. A., Sheel, A. W., St Croix, C. M., & Morgan, B. J. (2002). Respiratory influences on sympathetic vasomotor outflow in humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 130(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5687(01)00327-9
Dominelli, P. B., Archiza, B., Ramsook, A. H., Mitchell, R. A., Peters, C. M., Molgat-Seon, Y., Henderson, W. R., Koehle, M. S., Boushel, R., & Sheel, A. W. (2017). Effects of respiratory muscle work on respiratory and locomotor blood flow during exercise. Exp Physiol, 102(11), 1535-1547. https://doi.org/10.1113/ep086566
Eastwood, P. R., Hillman, D. R., & Finucane, K. E. (2001). Inspiratory muscle performance in endurance athletes and sedentary subjects. Respirology, 6(2), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2001.00314.x
Edwards, A. M., Wells, C., & Butterly, R. (2008). Concurrent inspiratory muscle and cardiovascular training differentially improves both perceptions of effort and 5000 m running performance compared with cardiovascular training alone. Br J Sports Med, 42(10), 823-827. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.045377
Forster, E. M. (1994). Heart rate response of aircrew during recovery from gradual onset rate +Gz exposures. Aviat Space Environ Med, 65(1), 55-59.
Forster, E. M., & Shender, B. S. (1999). The Effect of Aircrew Age on +Gz Tolerance as Measured in a Human-Use Centrifuge. (Abstracts).
Fuertes, E., Carsin, A. E., Antó, J. M., Bono, R., Corsico, A. G., Demoly, P., Gislason, T., Gullón, J. A., Janson, C., Jarvis, D., Heinrich, J., Holm, M., Leynaert, B., Marcon, A., Martinez-Moratalla, J., Nowak, D., Pascual Erquicia, S., Probst-Hensch, N. M., Raherison, C., . . . Garcia Aymerich, J. (2018). Leisure-time vigorous physical activity is associated with better lung function: the prospective ECRHS study. Thorax, 73(4), 376-384. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210947
Gallinat, A., Vilahur, G., Padro, T., & Badimon, L. (2023). Effects of Antioxidants in Fermented Beverages in Tissue Transcriptomics: Effect of Beer Intake on Myocardial Tissue after Oxidative Injury. Antioxidants (Basel), 12(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051096
Gillingham, K. K., Schade, C. M., Jackson, W. G., & Gilstrap, L. C. (1986). Women's G tolerance. Aviat Space Environ Med, 57(8), 745-753.
Glaister, D. H. (1988). Current and emerging technology in G-LOC detection: noninvasive monitoring of cerebral microcirculation using near infrared. Aviat Space Environ Med, 59(1), 23-28.
Goldenberg, M., Danovitch, I., & IsHak, W. W. (2014). Quality of life and smoking.The American journal on addictions,23(6), 540–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12148.x
Griffiths R.D., & Hall, J. B. (2010). Intensive care unit-acquired weakness.Critical care medicine,38(3), 779–787. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181cc4b53
Guenette, J. A., Witt, J. D., McKenzie, D. C., Road, J. D., & Sheel, A. W. (2007). Respiratory mechanics during exercise in endurance-trained men and women. J Physiol, 581(Pt 3), 1309-1322. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.126466
Hancox, R. J., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2004). Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Lancet, 364(9430), 257-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16675-0
Hancox, R. J., & Rasmussen, F. (2018). Does physical fitness enhance lung function in children and young adults? Eur Respir J, 51(2). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01374-2017
Harms, C. A., Babcock, M. A., McClaran, S. R., Pegelow, D. F., Nickele, G. A., Nelson, W. B., & Dempsey, J. A. (1997). Respiratory muscle work compromises leg blood flow during maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985), 82(5), 1573-1583. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.5.1573
Harms, C. A., McClaran, S. R., Nickele, G. A., Pegelow, D. F., Nelson, W. B., & Dempsey, J. A. (1998). Exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia in healthy young women. J Physiol, 507 ( Pt 2)(Pt 2), 619-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.619bt.x
Harms, C. A., Wetter, T. J., St Croix, C. M., Pegelow, D. F., & Dempsey, J. A. (2000). Effects of respiratory muscle work on exercise performance. J Appl Physiol (1985), 89(1), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.131
Hautmann, H., Hefele, S., Schotten, K., & Huber, R. M. (2000). Maximal inspiratory mouth pressures (PIMAX) in healthy subjects--what is the lower limit of normal? Respir Med, 94(7), 689-693. https://doi.org/10.1053/rmed.2000.0802
Health, U, Boris D, &Services, H.(2014). The Health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress : a report of the Surgeon General.
Helgerud, J., Høydal, K., Wang, E., Karlsen, T., Berg, P., Bjerkaas, M., Simonsen, T., Helgesen, C., Hjorth, N., Bach, R., & Hoff, J. (2007). Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO2max more than moderate training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(4), 665-671. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180304570
Hoffman, M. (2021). Inspiratory muscle training in interstitial lung disease: a systematic scoping review. J Bras Pneumol, 47(4), e20210089. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20210089
Honkanen, H., Oikarinen, S., Nurminen, N., Laitinen, O. H., Huhtala, H., Lehtonen, J., Ruokoranta, T., Hankaniemi, M. M., Lecouturier, V., Almond, J. W., Tauriainen, S., Simell, O., Ilonen, J., Veijola, R., Viskari, H., Knip, M., & Hyöty, H. (2017). Detection of enteroviruses in stools precedes islet autoimmunity by several months: possible evidence for slowly operating mechanisms in virus-induced autoimmunity. Diabetologia, 60(3), 424-431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-4177-z
Jakes, R. W., Day, N. E., Patel, B., Khaw, K. T., Oakes, S., Luben, R., Welch, A., Bingham, S., & Wareham, N. J. (2002). Physical inactivity is associated with lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second : European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. Am J Epidemiol, 156(2), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf021
Jamshidi, M., & Ahmadian, M. T. (2013). Investigation of the effect of high +Gz accelerations on human cardiac function. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 27, 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.06.008
Kölegård, R., Mekjavic, I. B., & Eiken, O. (2013). Effects of physical fitness on relaxed G-tolerance and the exercise pressor response.European journal of applied physiology,113(11), 2749–2759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2710-z
Kasture, S., Sharma, M., & Nataraja, M. S. (2020). Correlation of age, height, and gender with +Gz tolerance among healthy Indian participants. Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine, 64, 14-17. https://doi.org/10.25259/IJASM_13_2020
Kelley, G. A., Kelley, K. A., & Tran, Z. V. (2001). Aerobic exercise and resting blood pressure: a meta-analytic review of randomized, controlled trials. Prev Cardiol, 4(2), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1520-037x.2001.00529.x
Kilding, A. E., Brown, S., & McConnell, A. K. (2010). Inspiratory muscle training improves 100 and 200 m swimming performance. Eur J Appl Physiol, 108(3), 505-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1228-x
Kostianev, S., & Karakashian, M. (1994). Tobacco smoking (up to 10 cigarettes daily) and lung functions in pregnant women. Folia Med (Plovdiv), 36(3), 21-25.
Kress J.P., & Hall, J. B. (2014). ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness.The New England journal of medicine,370(17), 1626–1635. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1209390
Kuo, M. H., Lin, Y. J., Huang, W. W., Chiang, K. T., Tu, M. Y., Chu, C. M., & Lai, C. Y. (2023). G Tolerance Prediction Model Using Mobile Device-Measured Cardiac Force Index for Military Aircrew: Observational Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, 11, e48812. https://doi.org/10.2196/48812
Kurobe, K., Nakao, S., Nishiwaki, M., & Matsumoto, N. (2017). Combined effect of coffee ingestion and repeated bouts of low-intensity exercise on fat oxidation. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 37(2), 148-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12279
Laing, C., Green, D. A., Mulder, E., Hinghofer-Szalkay, H., Blaber, A. P., Rittweger, J., & Goswami, N. (2020). Effect of novel short-arm human centrifugation-induced gravitational gradients upon cardiovascular responses, cerebral perfusion and g-tolerance. . The Journal of physiology, 4237-4249. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273615
LeBouthillier, D. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2017). The efficacy of aerobic exercise and resistance training as transdiagnostic interventions for anxiety-related disorders and constructs: A randomized controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord, 52, 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.09.005
Leith, D. E., & Bradley, M. (1976). Ventilatory muscle strength and endurance training. J Appl Physiol, 41(4), 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1976.41.4.508
Li, Y., Zhang, T., Deng, L., & Wang, B. (2014). Acquisition technology research of EEG and related physiological signals under +Gz acceleration. Ir J Med Sci, 183(2), 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-013-0988-9
Lista-Paz, Ana et al.. (2023). Maximal Respiratory Pressure Reference Equations in Healthy Adults and Cut-off Points for Defining Respiratory Muscle Weakness. Arch Bronconeumol, 59(12), 813-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2023.08.016
Lomax, M. E., & McConnell, A. K. (2003). Inspiratory muscle fatigue in swimmers after a single 200 m swim. J Sports Sci, 21(8), 659-664. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000101999
Looga, R. (2005). The Valsalva manoeuvre--cardiovascular effects and performance technique: a critical review. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 147(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2005.01.003
Luzak, A., Karrasch, S., Thorand, B., Nowak, D., Holle, R., Peters, A., & Schulz, H. (2017). Association of physical activity with lung function in lung-healthy German adults: results from the KORA FF4 study. BMC Pulm Med, 17(1), 215. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-017-0562-8
Mackała, K., Kurzaj, M., Okrzymowska, P., Stodółka, J., Coh, M., & Rożek-Piechura, K. (2019). The Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training on the Pulmonary Function, Lung Ventilation, and Endurance Performance of Young Soccer Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010234
Magnani, K. L., & Cataneo, A. J. (2007). Respiratory muscle strength in obese individuals and influence of upper-body fat distribution. Sao Paulo Med J, 125(4), 215-219. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802007000400004
Maiolo, C., Mohamed, E. I., & Carbonelli, M. G. (2003). Body composition and respiratory function. Acta Diabetol, 40 Suppl 1, S32-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-003-0023-0
Marchesini, M., Ippolito, C., Ambrosini, L., Bignami, E. G., Fasani, M., & Abbenante, D. (2021). Prevalence of Low Back and Cervical Back Pain in Military Helicopter Crews: An Underestimated Italian Problem.Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals,21(2), 67–71. https://doi.org/10.55460/MQZT-YXMK
Mark Elkins, & Dentice, R. (2015). Inspiratory muscle training facilitates weaning from mechanical ventilation among patients in the intensive care unit: a systematic review.Journal of physiotherapy,61(3), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2015.05.016
Mateika, J. H., Demeersman, R. E., & Kim, J. (2002). Effects of lung volume and chemoreceptor activity on blood pressure and R-R interval during the Valsalva maneuver. Clin Auton Res, 12(1), 24-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s102860200007
McLean, D. J. (1996). Dynamics of Flight: Stability and Control — Third edition, B. Etkin and L.D. Reid, John Wiley & Sons, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex P019 1UD. 1996. 382pp. Illustrated. £24.95. The Aeronautical Journal, 100(996), 255-255. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001924000067257
McNarry, M. A., Berg, R. M. G., Shelley, J., Hudson, J., Saynor, Z. L., Duckers, J., Lewis, K., Davies, G. A., & Mackintosh, K. A. (2022). Inspiratory muscle training enhances recovery post-COVID-19: a randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03101-2021
Menden, T., Alcain, GB., Stevenson, A., Pollock, R., Tank, H., Hodkinson, P., Jolley, C., Smith, T., Leonhardt, S., & Walter, M. . (2021). Dynamic Lung Behavior under high G acceleration monitored with Electrical Impedance Tomography. Physiological Measurement, 42.
Metzler, M. M. (2020). G-LOC Due to the Push-Pull Effect in a Fatal F-16 Mishap. Aerosp Med Hum Perform, 91(1), 51-55. https://doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5461.2020
Milanović, Z., Sporiš, G., & Weston, M. (2015). Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Sports Med, 45(10), 1469-1481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0
Miller, M. R., Hankinson, J., Brusasco, V., Burgos, F., Casaburi, R., Coates, A., Crapo, R., Enright, P., van der Grinten, C. P., Gustafsson, P., Jensen, R., Johnson, D. C., MacIntyre, N., McKay, R., Navajas, D., Pedersen, O. F., Pellegrino, R., Viegi, G., & Wanger, J. (2005). Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J, 26(2), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00034805
Moreno-Cabañas, A., Ortega, J. F., Morales-Palomo, F., Ramirez-Jimenez, M., Alvarez-Jimenez, L., & Mora-Rodriguez, R. (2021). Concurrent endurance and resistance training enhances muscular adaptations in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 31(7), 1440-1449. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13950
Moro, T., Tinsley, G., Bianco, A., Marcolin, G., Pacelli, Q. F., Battaglia, G., Palma, A., Gentil, P., Neri, M., & Paoli, A. (2016). Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. J Transl Med, 14(1), 290. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-1044-0
Murase, T., Haramizu, S., Shimotoyodome, A., Nagasawa, A., & Tokimitsu, I. (2005). Green tea extract improves endurance capacity and increases muscle lipid oxidation in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 288(3), R708-715. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00693.2004
Nanas, S., Nanas, J., Kassiotis, C., Alexopoulos, G., Samakovli, A., Kanakakis, J., Tsolakis, E., & Roussos, C. (1999). Respiratory muscles performance is related to oxygen kinetics during maximal exercise and early recovery in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation, 100(5), 503-508. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.100.5.503
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2010). NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology (Fourth Edition Revised ed.). Best Publishing Company. The United States.
Ng, T. P., Gao, Q., Gwee, X., Chua, D. Q. L., & Tan, W. C. (2021). Tea Consumption and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Middle-Aged and Older Singaporean Adults. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 16, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.2147/copd.S273406
Nishida, Y., Maruyama, S., Shouji, I., Kemuriyama, T., Tashiro, A., Ohta, H., Hagisawa, K., Hiruma, M., & Yokoe, H. (2016). Effects and biological limitations of +Gz acceleration on the autonomic functions-related circulation in rats.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS,66(6), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-016-0461-4
Park, J., Yun, C., & Kang, S. (2016). Physical Condition Does Not Affect Gravity-Induced Loss of Consciousness during Human Centrifuge Training in Well-Experienced Young Aviators. PLoS One, 11(1), e0147921. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147921
Peinado, V. I., Guitart, M., Blanco, I., Tura-Ceide, O., Paul, T., Barberà, J. A., & Barreiro, E. (2023). Atrophy signaling pathways in respiratory and limb muscles of guinea pigs exposed to chronic cigarette smoke: role of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 324(5), L677-l693. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00258.2022
Pendergast, D. R., Olszowka, A., & Farhi, L. E. (2012). Cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to increased acceleration forces during rest and exercise. Aviat Space Environ Med, 83(5), 488-495. https://doi.org/10.3357/asem.3127.2012
Peng, L. N., Lee, W. J., Liu, L. K., Lin, M. H., & Chen, L. K. (2018). Healthy community-living older men differ from women in associations between myostatin levels and skeletal muscle mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 9(4), 635-642. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12302
Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., George, S. M., & Olson, R. D. (2018). The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Jama, 320(19), 2020-2028. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854
Pilarski, J. Q., Leiter, J. C., & Fregosi, R. F. (2019). Muscles of Breathing: Development, Function, and Patterns of Activation. Compr Physiol, 9(3), 1025-1080. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c180008
Posch, M., Schranz, A., Lener, M., Senn, W., Äng, B. O., Burtscher, M., & Ruedl, G. (2019, 1 29). Prevalence and potential risk factors of flight-related neck, shoulder and low back pain among helicopter pilots and crewmembers: a questionnaire-based study. MC musculoskeletal disorders.
Rakobowchuk, M., Tanguay, S., Burgomaster, K. A., Howarth, K. R., Gibala, M. J., & MacDonald, M. J. (2008). Sprint interval and traditional endurance training induce similar improvements in peripheral arterial stiffness and flow-mediated dilation in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 295(1), R236-242. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00069.2008
Ramli, M. I., Hamzaid, N. A., Engkasan, J. P., & Usman, J. (2023). Respiratory muscle training: a bibliometric analysis of 60 years' multidisciplinary journey. Biomed Eng Online, 22(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-023-01103-0
Ramos, J. S., Dalleck, L. C., Tjonna, A. E., Beetham, K. S., & Coombes, J. S. (2015). The impact of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training on vascular function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med, 45(5), 679-692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0321-z
Rehder-Santos, P., Minatel, V., Milan-Mattos, J. C., Signini É, F., de Abreu, R. M., Dato, C. C., & Catai, A. M. (2019). Critical inspiratory pressure - a new methodology for evaluating and training the inspiratory musculature for recreational cyclists: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 20(1), 258. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3353-0
Richards, J. C., McKenzie, D. C., Warburton, D. E., Road, J. D., & Sheel, A. W. (2004). Prevalence of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia in healthy women. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36(9), 1514-1521. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000139898.30804.60
Rickards, & Newman, D. G. (2005). G-induced visual and cognitive disturbances in a survey of 65 operational fighter pilots. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine,, 496-500.
Rintala, H., Häkkinen, A., Siitonen, S., & Kyröläinen, H. (2015). Relationships Between Physical Fitness, Demands of Flight Duty, and Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Military Pilots. Mil Med, 180(12), 1233-1238. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-14-00467
Rodrigues, G. D., Gurgel, J. L., Gonçalves, T. R., & da Silva Soares, P. P. (2018). Inspiratory muscle training improves physical performance and cardiac autonomic modulation in older women. Eur J Appl Physiol, 118(6), 1143-1152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-3844-9
Romer, L. M., & Polkey, M. I. (2008). Exercise-induced respiratory muscle fatigue: implications for performance. J Appl Physiol (1985), 104(3), 879-888. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01157.2007
Romuald, M., Mariusz, Z., Artur, D., & Krzysztof, R. (2001). LBNP as useful tool for pilot candidates selection to the Polish Air Force: a preliminary study. J Gravit Physiol, 8(1), P147-148.
Rosenow, J., Sachwitz, T., Kamo, S., Chen, G., & Fricke, H. (2022). Aircraft-Type-Specific Impact of Speed Brakes on Lift and Drag. Aerospace, 9(5), 263. https://www.mdpi.com/2226-4310/9/5/263
Roy L. DeHart, J. R. D. (2002). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Fundamentals of aerospace medicine.
Russo, M. A., Santarelli, D. M., & O'Rourke, D. (2017). The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human. Breathe (Sheff), 13(4), 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.009817
Salmon, D. M., Harrison, M. F., & Neary, J. P. (2011, 10). Neck pain in military helicopter aircrew and the role of exercise therapy. . Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 978-987.
Scano, G., Grazzini, M., Stendardi, L., & Gigliotti, F. (2006). Respiratory muscle energetics during exercise in healthy subjects and patients with COPD. Respir Med, 100(11), 1896-1906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.02.030
Schoser, B., Fong, E., Geberhiwot, T., Hughes, D., Kissel, J. T., Madathil, S. C., Orlikowski, D., Polkey, M. I., Roberts, M., Tiddens, H. A., & Young, P. (2017). Maximum inspiratory pressure as a clinically meaningful trial endpoint for neuromuscular diseases: a comprehensive review of the literature. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 12(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-017-0598-0
Sclauser Pessoa, I. M., Franco Parreira, V., Fregonezi, G. A., Sheel, A. W., Chung, F., & Reid, W. D. (2014). Reference values for maximal inspiratory pressure: a systematic review. Can Respir J, 21(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/982374
Segizbaeva, M. O., & Aleksandrova, N. P. (2021). Respiratory Muscle Strength and Ventilatory Function Outcome: Differences Between Trained Athletes and Healthy Untrained Persons. Adv Exp Med Biol, 1289, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2020_554
Seixas, M. B., Almeida, L. B., Trevizan, P. F., Martinez, D. G., Laterza, M. C., Vanderlei, L. C. M., & Silva, L. P. (2020).Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Older Adults. Respiratory care, 535-544. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.06945
Simon, L., & Molina, P. E. (2022). Cellular Bioenergetics: Experimental Evidence for Alcohol-induced Adaptations. Function (Oxford, England),3(5). https://doi.org/10.1093/function/zqac039
Sperlich, B., Fricke, H., de Marées, M., Linville, J. W., & Mester, J. (2009). Does Respiratory Muscle Training Increase Physical Performance? Military Medicine, 174(9), 977-982. https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-04-6408
Stutz, J., Casutt, S., & Spengler, C. M. (2022). Respiratory muscle endurance training improves exercise performance but does not affect resting blood pressure and sleep in healthy active elderly. Eur J Appl Physiol, 122(12), 2515-2531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-05024-z
Takeshi Ogawa, M. N., Naoto Fujii, Takeshi Nishiyasu. (2020). Effect of inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training on peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory response during incremental exercise under normoxia and hypoxia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil.
Ogawa, T., Nagao, M., Fujii, N., & Nishiyasu, T. (2020). Effect of inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training on peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory response during incremental exercise under normoxia and hypoxia.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation,12, 25.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-020-00172-1
Tan, W. C., Bourbeau, J., Hernandez, P., Chapman, K., Cowie, R., FitzGerald, M. J., Aaron, S., Marciniuk, D. D., Maltais, F., O'Donnell, D. E., Goldstein, R., & Sin, D. (2011). Canadian prediction equations of spirometric lung function for Caucasian adults 20 to 90 years of age: results from the Canadian Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD) study and the Lung Health Canadian Environment (LHCE) study. Can Respir J, 18(6), 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/540396
To, D., Rezai, M., Murnaghan, K., & Cancelliere, C. (2021). Risk factors for low back pain in active military personnel: a systematic review. Chiropr Man Therap, 29(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-021-00409-x
Varacallo., M., Waxenbaum, J. A., Reddy, V., & Varacallo,. (2023). Anatomy, Autonomic Nervous System. InStatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Vašíčková, J., Neumannová, K., & Svozil, Z. (2017). The Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training on Fin-Swimmers' Performance. J Sports Sci Med, 16(4), 521-526.
Webb, J. T., Oakley, C. J., & Meeker, L. J. (1991). Unpredictability of fighter pilot G tolerance using anthropometric and physiologic variables. Aviat Space Environ Med, 62(2), 128-135.
Welch, J. F., Kipp, S., & Sheel, A. W. (2019). Respiratory muscles during exercise: mechanics, energetics, and fatigue. Current Opinion in Physiology, 10, 102-109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.023
Welsh, E. J., Bara, A., Barley, E., & Cates, C. J. (2010). Caffeine for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010(1), Cd001112. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001112.pub2
Wu, J., Kuang, L., & Fu, L. (2018). Effects of inspiratory muscle training in chronic heart failure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Congenit Heart Dis, 13(2), 194-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/chd.12586
Yang, P., Frier, B. C., Goodman, L., & Duffin, J. (2007). Respiratory muscle training and the performance of a simulated anti-G straining maneuver. Aviat Space Environ Med, 78(11), 1035-1041.
Yilmaz, U., Cetinguc, M., & Akin, A. (1999). Visual symptoms and G-LOC in the operational environment and during centrifuge training of Turkish jet pilots.Aviation, space, and environmental medicine,70(7), 709–712.
Zhu, H., Han, X., Miao, G., & Yan, Q. (2024). A preliminary exploration of the regression equation for performance in amateur half-marathon runners: a perspective based on respiratory muscle function. Front Physiol, 15, 1340513. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1340513
 
中文文獻
吳怡昌、何邦立(1996)。戰鬥機飛行員高G耐力訓練之探討。中華民國航空醫學會刊，10(1)，17-32。 https://doi.org/10.7011/tamaroc.199606.0017
吳淑芬、吳清平、謝國洲、黃忠智(2010)。應用肺部復原治療於加護病房之成效初探。台灣急診專科醫師期刊，2(4)，115-119。https://doi.org/10.29749/jtcep.201012.0001
林珮珊、陳伃媜、張愷妍、彭子容、蔡瑋明、蔡孟書(2022)。呼吸訓練對新型冠狀病毒患者之呼吸困難之影響：系統性回顧。物理治療，47(4)，303-303。https://doi.org/10.6215/fjpt.202212.P06
郭堉圻、蔣孝珍(2009)。呼吸肌訓練在運動表現上的應用。中華體育季刊，23(3)，55-61。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.2303.200909.1906
陳建良、唐景俠(2005)。飛行員下背痛的原因與防治。中華民國航空醫學暨科學期刊，19(1)，35-40。https://doi.org/10.7011/jamsrc.200506.0035
陸逸中、莊易倫、陳永立、鄭馥宗、賴重宇(2020)。飛行員體適能與抗G動作效益的評估。中華民國航空醫學暨科學期刊，34(1&2)，51-58。https://doi.org/10.7011/jamsroc.202012_34(1_2).0005
楊嘉惠、林耀豐(2011)。不同性別其身體意象差異性之探討。國立屏東教育大學，屏東縣。
邱文耀 (1994，10 21)。戰機飛行員G力昏迷之調查研究。醫學研究 J Med Sci，237-277。
蔡玉敏、吳柏翰(2019，12)。戰機飛行員抗G力之體能訓練策略。中華體育季刊，231-242。
賴重宇、杜旻育(2018，12)。參加美國航太醫學會第89屆年度學術會議報告。中華民國航空醫學暨科學期刊，119-134。
國軍高雄總醫院岡山分院(2016)。國軍航空生理醫學(頁49-57)。高雄市。
國軍高雄總醫院岡山分院(2023)。高G耐力訓練。高雄市。
黃淑玲(2015)。呼吸肌群訓練增強表現與應用。醫藥雜誌，31(3)，21-25。
國防部空軍司令部(2019)。空軍戰轟機部隊空勤人員抗G力重量訓練暨測驗實施計畫。臺北市。
郭明達(2003)。利用肌電訊號作為戰鬥機飛行員抗G動作評估模式之研究。義守大學，高雄市。
溫德生(1994)。戰鬥機飛行員體適能計畫。臺北市：國防部軍醫局。
陳映君(2005)。探討年齡、身高、BMI在吸菸因子影響下與戰鬥機飛行員Ｇ耐力之關係。
曾偉光，邱桂鳳，范家珊等。探討肺功能檢測對慢性阻塞性肺疾病診治的重要性。四川醫學，2009(12)，1921-1922。
衛生福利部。(2023)。112年國人死因統計結果。取自：https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-16-79055-1.html
衛生福利部屏東醫院。(2020)。三球式呼吸訓練器。取自：https://netreg.pntn.mohw.gov.tw
衛生福利部國民健康署。(2018)。成人健康體位標準。取自：https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=542&pid=9737
衛生福利部雙和醫院。(2018)。代謝及體重管理中心。取自：https://xn--kpuv6xm9uhvi.com/
台中榮民總醫院。(2015)。肌少症簡介。取自：https://ihealth.vghtc.gov.tw/media/1111
新竹馬偕醫院。(2020)。肺功能檢查。取自：https://www.hc.mmh.org.tw/know_health_view.php?docid=460