臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

東亞地區和中國大陸的快速工業和經濟增長，導致化石燃料消耗量和人為污染物排放量的急劇增加，進而惡化空氣品質。在全球環境污染問題中，大氣型態汞（atmospheric speciated mercury, ASM）污染日益備受關注，由於大規模的人為活動，如：工業製程和燃料燃燒，導致地殼中原本存在的含汞物質被高溫燃燒釋放到空氣中，形成全球ASM污染。
本研究團隊先前曾針對南海（South China Sea；SCS）海域大氣污染物的時空分佈和傳輸機制進行一系列研究，結果顯示來自中國華北和華中地區、日本、韓國等北方人為污染源排放的空氣污染物，可以透過台灣海峽長程傳輸至南海北部（西通道）。因此，本研究乃進一步針對台灣西側海域（西通道）的澎湖群島（台灣海峽），台灣東側海域（東通道）的綠島（西太平洋）和下風處之東沙島（南海北部），同步進行ASM之採樣和分析，以探討ASM的長程傳輸及其對目標海域空氣品質的影響。本研究擬進行更深入和更完整的調查，期能釐清台灣島東、西通道至南海北部海域的大氣汞污染傳輸現況，並研究其可能的污染源和貢獻率，同時探討污染氣團的傳輸路徑。
總大氣汞（total atmospheric mercury, TAM）季節變化趨勢為春季>冬季>秋季>夏季，氣態元素汞（gaseous elemental mercury, GEM）、氣態氧化汞（gaseous oxidized mercury, GOM）及顆粒態汞（particulate-bound mercury, PBM）的平均濃度分別為2.36 ± 0.71 ng/m3、22.12 ± 6.44 pg/m3及150.69 ± 93.52 pg/m3。空間分佈結果顯示，澎湖群島之GEM、GOM及PBM平均濃度分別為3.03 ± 0.65 ng/m3、27.81 ± 6.07 pg/m3及247.87 ± 64.27 pg/m3；綠島之GEM、GOM及PBM平均濃度分別為2.19 ± 0.41 ng/m3、22.30 ± 3.54 pg/m3及126.63 ± 62.23 pg/m3；而東沙島之GEM、GOM及PBM平均濃度分別為1.84 ± 0.41 ng/m3、16.25 ± 2.98 pg/m3及77.58 ± 54.26 pg/m3。三種大氣汞之最高平均濃度均位於澎湖群島，推測係受到盛行風向及鄰近地區人為污染的疊加效應之影響。此外，氣固相分佈結果顯示，三處採樣站均以GEM為主要物種，約佔TAM的 91.33~97.50%，反應性汞（reactive mercury, RM = GOM + PBM）則佔 2.51~8.70%。
由逆軌跡、全球火點圖及污染玫瑰圖結果顯示，春、冬季主要火點分佈於中南半島、菲律賓、中國華北、華東、華南地區等地，根據逆軌跡圖發現盛行風向將污染物吹至目標海域，使春、冬季大氣汞濃度上升；而夏、秋季的火點主要則分佈於越南、中國華北和華東地區，夏季之盛行風向為乾淨的南風，並不會將含汞污染物吹至採樣點，故夏季之大氣汞濃度相對較低。
另與東亞海島及海岸地區ASM濃度比較發現，台灣島西通道受到中國沿岸人為和工業的影響，其中澎湖群島受到人為污染源的影響較大，導致ASM濃度較高。台灣島東通道的ASM濃度受到東北季風的影響，來自中國華東地區和朝鮮半島的亞洲大陸污染出流（Asian continental outflow, ACO）傳輸至綠島，另有來自菲律賓海的氣團直接進入，因此東通道的ASM濃度較低。

Rapid industrial growth in East Asia and mainland China has led to an increase in the consumption of fossil fuels and the emissions of anthropogenic pollutants, thereby deteriorating ambient air quality. Among global environmental issues, atmospheric mercury pollution is a growing concern due to large-scale anthropogenic activities such as industrial processes and fuel burning, which release mercury from Earth''s crust to the atmosphere, forming global atmospheric mercury pollution.
Our research team has conducted many studies focusing on the spatiotemporal distribution and transport of atmospheric pollutants in South China Sea (SCS). The results indicated that air pollutants from anthropogenic sources in North China, Central China, Japan, and South Korea can be long-range transported through Taiwan Strait to northern SCS (i.e. West Channel). Therefore, this study further focused on simultaneous sampling and analysis of atmospheric speciated mercury (ASM) at Penghu Islands in Taiwan Strait on the waters of western Taiwan (i.e. West Channel). Green Island is located in West Pacific on the eastern side of Taiwan (i.e. East Channel), while Dongsha Island is located in northern SCS. This study aims to explore the long-range transport of ASM and its impact on ambient air quality in the target areas. We investigated the current status of ASM transported from the East and West Channels of Taiwan Island to northern SCS. Using source apportionment techniques, we identified potential sources and their contributions, and further clustered the transport routes/channels.
The seasonal variation of total atmospheric mercury (TAM) was ordered as: spring > winter > fall > summer. The average concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and particulate-bound mercury (PBM) were 2.36 ± 0.71 ng/m³, 22.12 ± 6.44 pg/m³, and 150.69 ± 93.52 pg/m³, respectively. It showed that the average concentrations of GEM, GOM, and PBM at Penghu Islands were 3.03 ± 0.65 ng/m³, 27.81 ± 6.07 pg/m³, and 247.87 ± 64.27 pg/m³, respectively. At Green Island, the averages were 2.19 ± 0.41 ng/m³, 22.30 ± 3.54 pg/m³, and 126.63 ± 62.23 pg/m³, respectively. At Dongsha Island, the averages were 1.84 ± 0.41 ng/m³, 16.25 ± 2.98 pg/m³, and 77.58 ± 54.26 pg/m³, respectively. The highest ASM concentrations were observed at Penghu Islands, primarily due to the co-effects of prevailing wind directions and nearby anthropogenic sources. The gas-solid partition showed that GEM was the predominant species at the three remote islands, accounting for 91.33-97.50% of TAM. Reactive mercury (RM=GOM+PBM) accounted for 2.51-8.70% of TAM.
Based on the results from backward trajectories, global fire maps, and pollution roses, we found that fire points during spring and winter appeared mainly in Indochina Peninsula, the Philippines, North China, East China, and South China, coinciding with prevailing winds, which transported ASM to the target islands, thus increasing atmospheric mercury levels. In contrast, during summer and fall, fire points appeared mainly in Vietnam, North China, and East China. The prevailing wind during summer was a clean southward wind, which carried less mercury-containing pollutants, resulting in relatively lower concentrations of ASM.
Comparing with East Asian islands and coastlines, we found that the West Channel of Taiwan Island was highly influenced by industrial emissions from both sides of Taiwan Strait, causing higher ASM concentrations at Penghu Islands. In contrast, the East Channel of Taiwan Island was mainly affected by Asian continental outflow (ACO) blown from East China and Korean Peninsula, transported to Green Island via the Philippine Sea, resulting in lower ASM concentrations.

論文審定書i
誌謝ii
摘要iii
Abstractv
目錄vii
圖目錄x
表目錄xii
第一章 前言1
1.1 研究緣起1
1.2 研究目的2
1.3 研究範圍與架構3
第二章 文獻回顧5
2.1 海島環境概況5
2.1.1 澎湖群島5
2.1.2 綠島7
2.1.3 東沙島7
2.2 汞之基本物化特性9
2.3 汞之型態與特徵12
2.3.1 汞之生成、轉化與全球循環機制13
2.3.2 汞之毒理性質與暴露標準16
2.4 大氣型態汞之採集、量測與分析方法18
2.5 污染傳輸路徑解析模式之原理與應用24
2.5.1 逆軌跡模式模擬24
2.5.2 風玫瑰圖與污染玫瑰圖25
2.5.3 全球火點分佈圖27
2.6 東亞海島及沿岸地區之大氣型態汞相關研究28
第三章 研究方法36
3.1 大氣型態汞之採樣規劃36
3.1.1 採樣地點之規劃36
3.1.2 採樣時間之規劃38
3.2 大氣型態汞之採樣方法與步驟39
3.2.1 大氣型態汞之採樣方法39
3.2.2 大氣型態汞之採樣步驟42
3.3 大氣型態汞之分析方法48
3.3.1 總氣態汞（TGM）之分析方法49
3.3.2 氣態氧化汞（GOM）之分析方法51
3.3.3 顆粒態汞（PBM）之分析方法52
3.4 冷蒸氣原子螢光光譜儀（CVAFS）之分析原理54
3.5 品保與品管（QA/QC）54
3.5.1 大氣型態汞採樣與分析之人員資格要求55
3.5.2 大氣型態汞採樣與分析方法之品保品管55
3.6 大氣型態汞之污染源解析方法59
3.6.1 逆軌跡模式模擬（Backward Trajectory Simulation）59
3.6.2 全球火點分佈圖（Global Fire Map）60
3.6.3 相關性分析（Correlation Analysis）60
第四章 結果與討論62
4.1 台灣島東、西部海域至南海海域氣象參數觀測結果62
4.1.1 環境氣溫62
4.1.2 相對濕度63
4.1.3 風速及風向64
4.1.4 降雨量66
4.2 採樣方法之驗證與測試結果67
4.2.1 總氣態汞採樣方法之驗證與試驗結果67
4.2.1.1 金汞齊吸附管之空白測試結果67
4.2.1.2 金汞齊吸附管之穿透率測試結果68
4.2.2 氣態氧化汞採樣方法之驗證與試驗結果69
4.2.2.1 鍍KCl環狀擴散管之空白測試結果70
4.2.2.2 鍍KCl環狀擴散管之穿透率測試結果70
4.2.2.3 鍍KCl環狀擴散管之平行比對測試結果71
4.3 台灣島東、西部海域至南海海域大氣型態汞濃度時空變化趨勢分析72
4.3.1 大氣型態汞濃度之季節變化趨勢分析72
4.3.2 大氣型態汞濃度之空間分佈趨勢分析75
4.4 大氣型態汞氣固相分佈特徵77
4.5 不同大氣型態汞發生頻率分佈79
4.6 台灣島東、西部海域至南海海域大氣型態汞污染源解析82
4.6.1 東亞地區火點分佈83
4.6.2 污染氣團傳輸路徑解析84
4.6.3 採樣期間之污染玫瑰圖90
4.6.4 大氣型態汞、氣象參數及空氣污染物之相關性分析91
4.7 與其他東亞地區大氣型態汞濃度之比較94
第五章 結論與建議98
5.1 結論98
5.2 建議100
參考文獻101
附錄A汞標準品體積與溫度關係表114
附錄B不同型態大氣汞量測數據表117
附錄C採樣期間空品測站氣象參數彙整表119

Ali, M. A., Islam, M. M., Islam, M. N., and Almazroui, M. "Investigations of MODIS AOD and cloud properties with CERES sensor based net cloud radiative effect and a NOAA HYSPLIT Model over Bangladesh for the period 2001–2016," Atmospheric Research, 215, 268-283, 2019.
Alizadeh, T., Ganjali, M. R., and Zare, M. "Application of an Hg2+ selective imprinted polymer as a new modifying agent for the preparation of a novel highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of ultratrace mercury ions," Analytica Chimica Acta, 689(1), 52-59, 2011.
Ariya, P. A., Amyot, M., Dastoor, A., Deeds, D., Feinberg, A., Kos, G., Poulain, A., Ryjkov, A., Semeniuk, K., Subir, M., and Toyota, K. "Mercury physicochemical and biogeochemical transformation in the atmosphere and at atmospheric interfaces: A review and future directions," Chemical Reviews, 115(10), 3760-3802, 2015.
Bagnato, E., Tamburello, G., Granieri, D., Caliro, S., D''Agostino, F., Avino, R., Capecchiacci, F., Carandente, A., D''Alessandro, A., Minopoli, C., Santi, A., Bitetto, M., and Oliveri, E. "First simultaneous mercury and major volatiles characterization of atmospheric hydrothermal emissions at the Pisciarelli''s fumarolic system (Campi Flegrei, Italy)," Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 406, 107074, 2020.
Bernhoft, R. A. "Mercury toxicity and treatment: A Review of the literature," Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2012, 460508, 2012.
Bishop, K., Shanley, J. B., Riscassi, A., de Wit, H. A., Eklöf, K., Meng, B., Mitchell, C., Osterwalder, S., Schuster, P. F., Webster, J., and Zhu, W. "Recent advances in understanding and measurement of mercury in the environment: Terrestrial Hg cycling," Science of the Total Environment, 721, 137647, 2020.
Čaplová, Z. and Švábová, P. "Chapter 7.1 - IBM SPSS Statistics," Statistics and Probability in Forensic Anthropology, 343-352, 2020.
Cheng, I., Zhang, L., Mao, H., Blanchard, P., Tordon, R., and Dalziel, J. "Seasonal and diurnal patterns of speciated atmospheric mercury at a coastal-rural and a coastal-urban site," Atmospheric Environment, 82, 193-205, 2014.
Choi, B. "Challenging wind power as a source of wealth in Penghu, Taiwan: Toward an anthropology of wind''s entangling materiality," Asian Anthropology, 21(2), 81-99, 2022.
Cleophas, T. J., Zwinderman, A. H., Cleophas, T. J., and Zwinderman, A. H. "Bayesian Pearson correlation analysis," Modern Bayesian Statistics in Clinical Research, 111-118, 2018.
Çolak, E. and Sunar, F. "The importance of ground-truth and crowdsourcing data for the statistical and spatial analyses of the NASA FIRMS active fires in the Mediterranean Turkish forests," Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 19, 100327, 2020.
Dat, N. D., Truong, M. T., Nguyen, L. S. P., Kim Tran, A. T., Duc, N. M., Vo, T. D. H., and Sheu, G. R. "Street dust mercury levels among different land-use categories in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Source apportionment and risk estimation," Atmospheric Pollution Research, 14(1), 101623, 2023.
Davies, D., Ederer, G., Olsina, O., Wong, M., Cechini, M., and Boller, R. "Nasa’s fire information for resource management system (firms): Near real-time global fire monitoring using data from modis and viirs," EARSel Forest Fires SIG Workshop, (GSFC-E-DAA-TN73770), 2019.
Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. "An overview of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system for trajectories," Australian Meteorological Magazine, 47(4), 295-308, 1998.
Driscoll, C. T., Mason, R. P., Chan, H. M., Jacob, D. J., and Pirrone, N. "Mercury as a global pollutant: sources, pathways, and effects," Environmental Science & Technology, 47(10), 4967-4983, 2013.
Dunham-Cheatham, S. M., Lyman, S., and Gustin, M. S. "Comparison and calibration of methods for ambient reactive mercury quantification," Science of the Total Environment, 856, 159219, 2023.
Fawer, R., De Ribaupierre, Y., Guillemin, M., Berode, M., and Lob, M. "Measurement of hand tremor induced by industrial exposure to metallic mercury," Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 40(2), 204-208, 1983.
Foley, T. A. and Kenski, D. "Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentration over Lake Superior and Lake Michigan," Journal of Great Lakes Research, 47(5), 1345-1357, 2021.
Gonzalez-Raymat, H., Liu, G., Liriano, C., Li, Y., Yin, Y., Shi, J., Jiang, G., and Cai, Y. "Elemental mercury: Its unique properties affect its behavior and fate in the environment," Environmental Pollution, 229, 69-86, 2017.
Gustin, M. S., Amos, H. M., Huang, J., Miller, M. B., and Heidecorn, K. "Measuring and modeling mercury in the atmosphere: A critical review," Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15(10), 5697-5713, 2015.
Gustin, M. S., Dunham-Cheatham, S. M., Huang, J., Lindberg, S., and Lyman, S. N. "Development of an understanding of reactive mercury in ambient air: A review," Atmosphere, 12(1), 73, 2021.
Gustin, M. S., Dunham-Cheatham, S. M., and Zhang, L. "Comparison of four methods for measurement of reactive, gaseous oxidized, and particulate bound mercury," Environmental Science & Technology, 53(24), 14489-14495, 2019.
Gworek, B., Dmuchowski, W., and Baczewska-Dąbrowska, A. H. "Mercury in the terrestrial environment: A review," Environmental Sciences Europe, 32(1), 128, 2020.
Harada, M. "Minamata disease: Methylmercury poisoning in japan caused by environmental pollution," Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 25(1), 1-24, 1995.
Havarinasab, S. and Hultman, P. "Organic mercury compounds and autoimmunity," Autoimmunity Reviews, 4(5), 270-275, 2005.
Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Corbitt, E. S., Mao, J., Yang, X., Talbot, R., and Slemr, F. "Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms," Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(24), 12037-12057, 2010.
Horvat, M., Nolde, N., Fajon, V., Jereb, V., Logar, M., Lojen, S., Jacimovic, R., Falnoga, I., Liya, Q., Faganeli, J., and Drobne, D. "Total mercury, methylmercury and selenium in mercury polluted areas in the province Guizhou, China," Science of the Total Environment, 304(1), 231-256, 2003.
Huang, J. and Gustin, M. S. "Uncertainties of gaseous oxidized mercury measurements using KCl-coated denuders, cation-exchange membranes, and nylon membranes: Humidity influences," Environmental Science & Technology, 49(10), 6102-6108, 2015.
Hung, K. N., Yuan, C. S., Lee, C. E., Ie, I. R., Yeh, M. J., Soong, K. Y., and Fang, S. C. "Spatiotemporal distribution and long-range transport of atmospheric speciated mercury at three remote islands in Taiwan Strait and South China Sea," Atmospheric Research, 248, 105193, 2021.
Kalinchuk, V., Yatsuk, A., Marchesini, L. B., Lopatnikov, E., Nesterova, O., Valentini, R., and Aksentov, K. "The first simultaneous and continuous underway measurements of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury, carbon dioxide and methane in the marine boundary layer: Results of cruise study in the Sea of Japan in May 2018," Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13(7), 101458, 2022.
Kamaljeet and Sharma, A. "Emerging the role of mercury in stroke: A mini review," Health Sciences Review, 9, 100122, 2023.
Kogut, K., Gorecki, J., and Burmistrz, P. "Opportunities for reducing mercury emissions in the cement industry," Journal of Cleaner Production, 293, 126053, 2021.
Landis, M. S., Stevens, R. K., Schaedlich, F., and Prestbo, E. M. "Development and characterization of an annular denuder methodology for the measurement of divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air," Environmental Science & Technology, 36(13), 3000-3009, 2002.
Lee, S. H., Lee, J. I., Kim, P. R., Kim, D. Y., Jeon, J. W., and Han, Y. J. "Factors influencing concentrations of atmospheric speciated mercury measured at the farthest island West of South Korea," Atmospheric Environment, 213, 239-249, 2019.
Li, Z., Chen, B., Li, Y., and Le, X. C. "Reduction of mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources including coal combustion," Journal of Environmental Sciences, 100, 363-368, 2021.
Lin, I. I., Chen, J. P., Wong, G. T. F., Huang, C. W., and Lien, C. C. "Aerosol input to the South China Sea: Results from the MODerate resolution imaging spectro-radiometer, the quick scatterometer, and the measurements of pollution in the troposphere sensor," Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(14), 1589-1601, 2007.
Lindberg, S. E. and Stratton, W. J. "Atmospheric mercury speciation:  concentrations and behavior of reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air," Environmental Science & Technology, 32(1), 49-57, 1998.
Lindqvist, O. and Rodhe, H. "Atmospheric mercury-A review," Tellus B, 37(3), 136-159, 1985.
Liu, B. Y., Chen, I. W., Chen, P. W., Chen, T. Y., and Hwang, D. F. "Risk assessment of methylmercury and species identification in shark meats ingested by Taiwan children," Food Control, 145, 109461, 2023.
Liu, C., Fu, X., Xu, Y., Zhang, H., Wu, X., Sommar, J., Zhang, L., Wang, X., and Feng, X. "Sources and transformation mechanisms of atmospheric particulate bound mercury revealed by mercury stable isotopes," Environmental Science & Technology, 56(8), 5224-5233, 2022.
Liu, K., Wu, Q., Wang, S., Chang, X., Tang, Y., Wang, L., Liu, T., Zhang, L., Zhao, Y., and Wang, Q. G. "Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations," Journal of Environmental Sciences, 119, 106-118, 2022.
Lu, J. Y., Schroeder, W. H., Berg, T., Munthe, J., Schneeberger, D., and Schaedlich, F. "A device for sampling and determination of total particulate mercury in ambient air," Analytical Chemistry, 70(11), 2403-2408, 1998.
Lyman, S. N., Cheng, I., Gratz, L. E., Weiss-Penzias, P., and Zhang, L. "An updated review of atmospheric mercury," Science of the Total Environment, 707, 135575, 2020.
Lyman, S. N., Gratz, L. E., Dunham-Cheatham, S. M., Gustin, M. S., and Luippold, A. "Improvements to the accuracy of atmospheric oxidized mercury measurements," Environmental Science & Technology, 54(21), 13379-13388, 2020.
Marumoto, K., Suzuki, N., Shibata, Y., Takeuchi, A., Takami, A., Fukuzaki, N., Kawamoto, K., Mizohata, A., Kato, S., and Yamamoto, T. "Long-term observation of atmospheric speciated mercury during 2007–2018 at Cape Hedo, Okinawa, Japan," Atmosphere, 10(7), 362, 2019.
Miller, M. B., Howard, D. A., Pierce, A. M., Cook, K. R., Keywood, M., Powell, J., Gustin, M. S., and Edwards, G. C. "Atmospheric reactive mercury concentrations in coastal Australia and the Southern Ocean," Science of the Total Environment, 751, 141681, 2021.
Munthe, J., Wängberg, I., Pirrone, N., Iverfeldt, Å., Ferrara, R., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X., Gårdfeldt, K., Keeler, G., Lanzillotta, E., Lindberg, S. E., Lu, J., Mamane, Y., Prestbo, E., Schmolke, S., Schroeder, W. H., Sommar, J., Sprovieri, F., Stevens, R. K., Stratton, W., Tuncel, G., and Urba, A. "Intercomparison of methods for sampling and analysis of atmospheric mercury species," Atmospheric Environment, 35(17), 3007-3017, 2001.
Ngim, C., Foo, S., Boey, K., and Jeyaratnam, J. "Chronic neurobehavioural effects of elemental mercury in dentists," Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49(11), 782-790, 1992.
Nguyen, H. T., Kim, M. Y., and Kim, K. H. "The influence of long-range transport on atmospheric mercury on Jeju Island, Korea," Science of the Total Environment, 408(6), 1295-1307, 2010.
Nguyen, L. S. P. and Hien, T. T. "Long-range atmospheric mercury transport from across East Asia to a suburban coastal area in southern Vietnam," Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 112(1), 14, 2023.
Nguyen, L. S. P., Hien, T. T., Truong, M. T., Chi, N. D. T., and Sheu, G. R. "Atmospheric particulate-bound mercury (PBM10) in a Southeast Asia megacity: Sources and health risk assessment," Chemosphere, 307, 135707, 2022.
Nguyen, L. S. P., Pham, T. D. H., Truong, M. T., and Tran, A. N. "Characteristics of total gaseous mercury at a tropical megacity in Vietnam and influence of tropical cyclones," Atmospheric Pollution Research, 14(8), 101813, 2023.
Nguyen, L. S. P., Sheu, G. R., Chang, S. C., and Lin, N. H. "Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the partitioning of atmospheric oxidized mercury at a high-altitude mountain background site in Taiwan," Atmospheric Environment, 261, 118572, 2021.
Nguyen, L. S. P., Sheu, G. R., Lin, D. W., and Lin, N. H. "Temporal changes in atmospheric mercury concentrations at a background mountain site downwind of the East Asia continent in 2006–2016," Science of the Total Environment, 686, 1049-1056, 2019.
Nie, X., Mao, H., Li, P., Li, T., Zhou, J., Wu, Y., Yang, M., Zhen, J., Wang, X., and Wang, Y. "Total gaseous mercury in a coastal city (Qingdao, China): Influence of sea-land breeze and regional transport," Atmospheric Environment, 235, 117633, 2020.
Obrist, D., Kirk, J. L., Zhang, L., Sunderland, E. M., Jiskra, M., and Selin, N. E. "A review of global environmental mercury processes in response to human and natural perturbations: Changes of emissions, climate, and land use," Ambio, 47(2), 116-140, 2018.
Pavithra, K. G., SundarRajan, P., Kumar, P. S., and Rangasamy, G. "Mercury sources, contaminations, mercury cycle, detection and treatment techniques: A review," Chemosphere, 312, 137314, 2023.
Petry-Podgorska, I., Schrenková, V., Migašová, M., Matoušek, T., and Kratzer, J. "Speciation analysis of mercury employing volatile species generation: Approaches to reliable determination in blood and hair," Microchemical Journal, 170, 106606, 2021.
Piikivi, L. and Hänninen, H. "Subjective symptoms and psychological performance of chlorine-alkali workers," Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 69-74, 1989.
Piikivi, L. and Ruokonen, A. "Renal function and long-term low mercury vapor exposure," Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 44(3), 146-149, 1989.
Piikivi, L. and Tolonen, U. "EEG findings in chlor-alkali workers subjected to low long term exposure to mercury vapour," Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(6), 370-375, 1989.
Poddaeva, O. and Fedosova, A. "Extreme wind speeds analysis using extended wind rose based on statistic methods," Energy Reports, 8, 1177-1184, 2022.
Prete, D., Davis, M., and Lu, J. "Factors affecting the concentration and distribution of gaseous elemental mercury in the urban atmosphere of downtown Toronto," Atmospheric Environment, 192, 24-34, 2018.
Qin, X., Wang, X., Shi, Y., Yu, G., Zhao, N., Lin, Y., Fu, Q., Wang, D., Xie, Z., and Deng, C. "Characteristics of atmospheric mercury in a suburban area of east China: Sources, formation mechanisms, and regional transport," Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(9), 5923-5940, 2019.
Reiminger, N., Jurado, X., Vazquez, J., Wemmert, C., Blond, N., Wertel, J., and Dufresne, M. "Methodologies to assess mean annual air pollution concentration combining numerical results and wind roses," Sustainable Cities and Society, 59, 102221, 2020.
Sather, M. E., Mukerjee, S., Smith, L., Mathew, J., Jackson, C., and Flournoy, M. "Gaseous oxidized mercury dry deposition measurements in the Four Corners area, USA, after large power plant mercury emission reductions," Atmospheric Pollution Research, 12(1), 148-158, 2021.
Schroeder, J. R. and Beyer, K. D. "Deliquescence relative humidities of organic and inorganic salts important in the atmosphere," The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 120(50), 9948-9957, 2016.
Schroeder, W. H. and Munthe, J. "Atmospheric mercury-An overview," Atmospheric Environment, 32(5), 809-822, 1998.
Sheu, G. R., Phu Nguyen, L. S., Truong, M. T., and Lin, D. W. "Characteristics of atmospheric mercury at a suburban site in northern Taiwan and influence of trans-boundary haze events," Atmospheric Environment, 214, 116827, 2019.
Shie, R. H., Yuan, T. H., and Chan, C. C. "Using pollution roses to assess sulfur dioxide impacts in a township downwind of a petrochemical complex," Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 63(6), 702-711, 2013.
Slemr, F., Schuster, G., and Seiler, W. "Distribution, speciation, and budget of atmospheric mercury," Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 3(4), 407-434, 1985.
Stratton, W. J. and Lindberg, S. E. "Use of a refluxing mist chamber for measurement of gas-phase mercury(II) species in the atmosphere," Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 80(1), 1269-1278, 1995.
Stratton, W. J., Lindberg, S. E., and Perry, C. J. "Atmospheric mercury speciation:  Laboratory and field evaluation of a mist chamber method for measuring reactive gaseous mercury," Environmental Science & Technology, 35(1), 170-177, 2001.
Streets, D. G., Horowitz, H. M., Jacob, D. J., Lu, Z., Levin, L., Ter Schure, A. F. H., and Sunderland, E. M. "Total mercury released to the environment by human activities," Environmental Science & Technology, 51(11), 5969-5977, 2017.
Teng, H. and Altaf, A. R. "Elemental mercury (Hg0) emission, hazards, and control: A brief review," Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 5, 100049, 2022.
Tuzen, M., Sarı, A., Afshar Mogaddam, M. R., Kaya, S., Katin, K. P., and Altunay, N. "Synthesis of carbon modified with polymer of diethylenetriamine and trimesoyl chloride for the dual removal of Hg (II) and methyl mercury ([CH3Hg]+) from wastewater: Theoretical and experimental analyses," Materials Chemistry and Physics, 277, 125501, 2022.
Wang, C., Wang, Z., and Zhang, X. "Two years measurement of speciated atmospheric mercury in a typical area of the north coast of China: Sources, temporal variations, and influence of regional and long-range transport," Atmospheric Environment, 228, 117235, 2020.
Wang, F., Wang, S., Zhang, L., Yang, H., Gao, W., Wu, Q., and Hao, J. "Mercury mass flow in iron and steel production process and its implications for mercury emission control," Journal of Environmental Sciences, 43, 293-301, 2016.
Wängberg, I., Munthe, J., Pirrone, N., Iverfeldt, Å., Bahlman, E., Costa, P., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X., Ferrara, R., Gårdfeldt, K., Kock, H., Lanzillotta, E., Mamane, Y., Mas, F., Melamed, E., Osnat, Y., Prestbo, E., Sommar, J., Schmolke, S., Spain, G., Sprovieri, F., and Tuncel, G. "Atmospheric mercury distribution in Northern Europe and in the Mediterranean region," Atmospheric Environment, 35(17), 3019-3025, 2001.
Xiao, Z., Sommar, J., Wei, S., and Lindqvist, O. "Sampling and determination of gas phase divalent mercury in the air using a KCl coated denuder," Fresenius'' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 358(3), 386-391, 1997.
Xu, L., Zhang, Y., Tong, L., Chen, Y., Zhao, G., Hong, Y., Xiao, H., and Chen, J. "Gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric reactive mercury and its contribution to particle bound mercury in a coastal city of the Yangtze River Delta, China," Atmospheric Environment, 239, 117744, 2020.
Yassin, M. F., Almutairi, S. K., and Al-Hemoud, A. "Dust storms backward trajectories'' and source identification over Kuwait," Atmospheric Research, 212, 158-171, 2018.
Yeh, M. J., Yuan, C. S., Hung, K. N., Ie, I. R., Lee, C. E., Chiang, K. C., and Soong, K. Y. "Temporal variation and potential origins of atmospheric speciated mercury at a remote island in South China Sea based on two-year field measurement data," Scientific Reports, 11(1), 5678, 2021.
Yen, P. H., Yuan, C. S., Soong, K. Y., Jeng, M. S., and Cheng, W. H. "Identification of potential source regions and long-range transport routes/channels of marine PM2.5 at remote sites in East Asia," Science of the Total Environment, 915, 170110, 2024.
Yi, H., Tong, L., Lin, J. M., Cai, Q. L., Wang, K. Q., Dai, X. R., Li, J. R., Chen, J. S., and Xiao, H. "Temporal variation and long–range transport of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) over a coastal site of East China," Atmospheric Research, 233, 104699, 2020.
Yuan, C. S., Chen, T. S., Hung, K. N., Tsai, M. Y., Bagtasa, G., and Soong, K. Y. "Pollution status and source resolution of atmospheric mercury in the intersectional region of Northern Philippines, southern Taiwan, and northern South China Sea," Atmospheric Pollution Research, 15(3), 102022, 2024.
Yuan, C. S., Chiang, K. C., Yen, P. H., Ceng, J. H., Lee, C. E., Du, I. C., Soong, K. Y., and Jeng, M. S. "Long-range transport of atmospheric speciated mercury from the eastern waters of Taiwan Island to northern South China Sea," Environmental Pollution, 318, 120899, 2023.
Yuan, C. S., Jhang, Y. M., Ie, I. R., Lee, C. E., Fang, G. C., and Luo, J. "Exploratory investigation on spatiotemporal variation and source identification of atmospheric speciated mercury surrounding the Taiwan Strait," Atmospheric Pollution Research, 12(3), 54-64, 2021.
Zhang, H., Wang, Z., Wang, C., and Zhang, X. "Concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric reactive mercury at an urban site in Beijing, China," Environmental Pollution, 249, 13-23, 2019.
Zheng, W., Chandan, P., Steffen, A., Stupple, G., De Vera, J., Mitchell, C. P. J., Wania, F., and Bergquist, B. A. "Mercury stable isotopes reveal the sources and transformations of atmospheric Hg in the high Arctic," Applied Geochemistry, 131, 105002, 2021.
方莹莹, 王颖, 史建波, 阴永光, 蔡勇, 及江桂斌. "大气中活性气态汞的分析方法和赋存转化," 化学进展, 33(1), 151, 2021.
邓小光 "基于随机森林算法对贵阳龙洞堡机场能见度的可预报性研究," Open Journal of Natural Science, 11, 373, 2023.
洪國寧，南中國海及台灣海峽大氣型態汞長程傳輸探討，國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文，2018。
郭愛華，台灣與美國燃煤電廠排放汞污染物管制規定及其排放係數建立之差異性，國立臺北科技大學環境規劃與管理研究所碩士論文，2014。
陳亭碩，菲律賓北部與台灣南部不同大氣汞污染物時空分佈與長程傳輸，國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文，2017。
顏晟容，台灣地區汞之物質流分析及其衝擊評估，國立臺北科技大學環境工程與管理研究所碩士論文，2011。