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研究生:張育彤
研究生(外文):JHANG, YU-TUNG
論文名稱:食品接觸材料相關之奈米塑膠微粒對 3T3-L1 細胞攝取與脂質代謝之機轉
論文名稱(外文):Effects of food contact material-related nanoplastics on 3T3-L1 cell uptake and lipid metabolism
指導教授:蕭伊倫蕭伊倫引用關係
指導教授(外文):HSIAO, I-LUN
口試委員:蕭伊倫李青澔廖伯霖
口試委員(外文):HSIAO, I-LUNLI, CHING-HAOLIAO, PO-LIN
口試日期:2024-07-16
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:臺北醫學大學
系所名稱:食品安全碩士學位學程
學門:農業科學學門
學類:食品科學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2024
畢業學年度:112
語文別:中文
論文頁數:111
中文關鍵詞:奈米塑膠食品接觸材料3T3-L1脂肪細胞細胞攝取脂質代謝
外文關鍵詞:nanoplasticsfood contact materials3T3-L1adipocytescellular uptakefat metabolism
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近年來微/奈米塑膠被發現存在於自然環境、海洋生物體、食用的調味料(糖、鹽、蜂蜜)中,甚至是日常的塑膠茶包或奶瓶接觸熱水後都會釋放出塑膠微粒,人類透過攝食或呼吸不可避免的會暴露到塑膠微粒,因此對於塑膠微粒導致的健康影響議題受到關注。然而目前為止對微米塑膠的研究較多,而奈米塑膠的生物效應影響相關研究較缺乏。有限的證據顯示塑膠微粒可能於脂肪累積並影響脂肪的代謝,因此奈米塑膠可能作為環境因子,增進脂肪的形成及累積,與代謝症候群的引發相關。本研究採用自行合成的 100 nm 聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(polyethylene terephthalate, PET)及商業 250 nm 聚乳酸(poly lactic acid, PLA)兩種與塑膠食品接觸材料相關的材質,來探討不同奈米塑膠種類對脂肪細胞的影響。首先對於奈米塑膠的粒徑、型態、界達電位、親脂性、染料釋出性進行微粒物化特性的分析,其次使用已分化為脂肪細胞的 3T3-L1 細胞,觀察細胞攝取微粒的速率、攝取量及攝取機制。最後探討奈米塑膠是否能夠影響脂肪細胞油滴的生成及發炎因子的釋放。實驗結果顯示 PET 塑膠微粒可透過網格蛋白調節的胞吞作用和巨胞飲作用進入溶酶體中,24 小時暴露後平均每個細胞攝入12014 ± 2356 顆 PET。當塑膠微粒暴露於最高劑量(5×109 #/cm2)的 PET 時,細胞內的三酸甘油酯含量下降,然而暴露於劑量 1×107 #/cm2的 PET 時,荷爾蒙敏感型脂肪酶(p-HSL/HSL)的蛋白表現比例下降。此外,雖然 PLA 塑膠微粒對於脂質的積累、脂解蛋白的調控皆無顯著影響,但暴露濃度 1×109 #/cm2 的PLA 時,脂肪合成相關蛋白硬脂醯輔酶 A 去飽和酶 (SCD-1)表現量會上升。總而言之,在本研究使用的劑量下雖然沒有觀察到奈米塑膠對脂肪細胞造成任何細胞毒性或發炎反應,但是對於脂質的代謝可造成一定的干擾。
Recently, micro/nanoplastics have been found in the natural environment, marine organisms, and condiments (sugar, salt, honey), and even plastic food contact materials such as tea bags or milk bottles can release a large amount of invisible plastic particles when they contact with hot water. Human beings are inevitably exposed to plastic particles through ingestion or inhalation, and therefore, the issue of its impact on human health has attracted attention. However, more research has been conducted on microplastics, while there is a lack of research on the biological effects of nanoplastics. Limited evidence showed that nanoplastics might accumulate in fat tissue and affected lipid metabolism. Therefore, nanoplastics may act as an environmental factor to promote the formation and accumulation of fat, potentially causing metabolic syndrome. In this study, two types of plastic food contact materialrelated nanoplastics, self-synthesized 100 nm polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and commercial 250 nm poly lactic acid (PLA), were used to investigate the effects of different types of nanoplastics on adipocytes. The size, morphology, zeta potential, lipophilicity and dye leakage of the nanoplastics were measured, and then the uptake quantification/pathways and localization of nanoplastics were studied in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Finally, lipid accumulation, lipogenesis/lipolysis pathways and cytokines release were studied. Results showed that PET nanoplastics was taken up by cells through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and micropinocytosis with an average uptake of 12014 ± 2356 particles per cell after 24 h. At the highest dose (5×109 #/cm2), PET treatment decreased triglycerides content. However, at a dose of 1×107 #/cm2, expression of lipolysis-related protein phosphate hormone sensitive lipase/hormone sensitive lipase (p-HSL/HSL) decreased. Although PLA nanoplastics had no significant effect on either lipid accumulation or lipolysis in this study, the protein expression of lipogenesis related stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1) increased at a dose of 1×109 #/cm2. In conclusion, although there’s no cytotoxicity or inflammation caused by nanoplastics to adipocytes, they still caused certain disruption in lipid metabolism.
摘要iAbstractiii目錄vii圖目錄x表目錄xi縮寫表xii第一章緒論11-1 研究背景11-2 研究動機及目的7第二章文獻回顧82-1 塑膠的種類82-2 微米塑膠微粒及奈米塑膠微粒的定義122-3 人類暴露於奈米或微米塑膠的途徑及證據132-4 細胞對奈米塑膠微粒的攝入機制172-5 奈米塑膠的細胞毒性202-6 塑膠微粒的動物實驗232-7 脂肪組織對人體的重要性252-8 脂肪組織對人體的重要性272-9 本研究模型之選擇29第三章研究架構31第四章材料與方法344-1 材料344-1-1 細胞344-1-2 塑膠微粒344-1-3 實驗藥品344-1-4 實驗設備374-2 方法414-2-1 奈米聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)合成414-2-2 奈米聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)螢光染色414-2-3 茶包袋之材質測定424-2-4 茶包袋釋出之奈米塑膠微粒製備424-2-5 粒徑及形態分析424-2-6 二次粒徑及表面電位434-2-7 高解析二次粒徑及數目濃度444-2-8 奈米塑膠表面親水/親脂性444-2-9 螢光奈米聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET-F)的螢光光譜454-2-10 細胞培養454-2-11 細胞分化464-2-12 細胞存活率試驗464-2-13 半定量細胞攝取奈米塑膠之速率474-2-14 定量細胞接觸及攝取奈米塑膠微粒之數量484-2-15 奈米塑膠於細胞之分布494-2-15-1 共軛焦螢光顯微鏡494-2-15-2 飛行時間式二次離子質譜儀(ToF-SIMS)504-2-16 螢光奈米塑膠微粒(PET-F、PLA-F)之螢光染劑洩漏測試514-2-17 細胞對奈米塑膠的攝取途徑514-2-18 三酸甘油酯定量524-2-19 西方墨點(Western blot analysis)534-2-20 酵素結合免疫吸附分析法544-2-21 統計分析55第五章結果與討論565-1 奈米塑膠微粒之物化特性量測565-1-1 奈米塑膠微粒之粒徑及表面電位565-1-2 茶包袋材質定性分析及其釋出奈米塑膠之特性分析605-1-3 奈米塑膠微粒表面之親水/親脂性665-1-4 螢光奈米聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET-F)的螢光光譜685-2 細胞攝取奈米塑膠之能力與機制695-2-1 暴露奈米塑膠24小時之細胞存活率695-2-2 半定量細胞攝取奈米塑膠之速率715-2-3 定量細胞接觸及攝取奈米塑膠微粒之數量745-2-4 螢光奈米塑膠與已分化的3T3-L1細胞共定位分析765-2-5 螢光奈米塑膠微粒(PET-F、PLA-F) 之螢光染劑洩漏測試785-2-6 細胞對奈米塑膠的攝取途徑805-2-7 螢光奈米聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET-F)與已分化的3T3-L1細胞溶酶體共定位835-2-8 奈米聚乳酸(PLA)在細胞內的證據855-3 細胞的脂質代謝與發炎因子895-3-1 細胞型態895-3-2 三酸甘油酯含量905-3-3 脂質新生及脂解作用酵素的蛋白表現量915-3-4 以酵素結合免疫吸附分析法觀察發炎因子98第六章結論100第七章參考文獻101Figure 1. The pathways of cellular uptake of particles18Figure 2. Internalization mechanisms of extracellular particles into cells19Figure 3. TG synthesis and metabolism26Figure 4. Lipolytic and lipogenic pathways29Figure 5. Research structure33Figure 6. TEM images and corresponding particle size distribution of nano-PET and PLA with (-F) and without fluorescent labelling (n = 50)59Figure 7. Photos of tea bags and their corresponding infrared (IR) spectra62Figure 8. TEM image and particle size distribution of nanoplastics released from PET and PLA tea bag leachates (n=50)63Figure 9. NTA particle size distribution of as-prepared PET, commercial PLA nanoplastics and corresponding nanoplastics released from tea bags64Figure 10. Surface hydrophobicity of the four nanoplastics (-F:fluorescent labelled)67Figure 11. Excitation and emission spectrum of fluorescent labelled PET nanoplastics (PET-F)68Figure 12. Cell viability of PET and PLA nanoplastics (NPls)70Figure 13. Internalization of NPls in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells73Figure 14. Quantification of nanoplastics (NPls) internalization75Figure 15. Cell localization of (A) PET and (B) PLA NPls77Figure 16. Fluorescent dye leakage test for NPls in cell medium79Figure 17. (A) Cell viability of endocytosis inhibitors used in this study (B) Cellular uptake pathways of PET NPls82Figure 18. Co-localization of NPls with lysosomes after endocytosis84Figure 19. Determination of PLA NPls in cells by ToF-SIMS87Figure 20. Optical images of the differentiated 3T3-L1 cells89Figure 21. Triglycerides level of differentiated 3T3-L1 cells90Figure 22. De novo lipogenesis pathway93Figure 23. Protein expression of ATGL in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells95Figure 24. Protein expression of p-HSL/HSL in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells96Figure 25. Protein expression of SCD-1 in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells97Figure 26. The release of inflammatory factors from differentiated 3T3-L1 cells (A) RANTES (B) IL-6 (C) CXCL299Tabel 1. Common plastics with their physical/chemical properties and applications8Tabel 2. TEM, DLS (water and culture medium), NTA particle size and surface charge of PET and PLA nanoplastics65
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