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研究生:黃揮原
研究生(外文):Hui-Yan Huang
論文名稱:醫療廢棄物焚化爐的處理效能之研究
論文名稱(外文):Combustion Efficacy of Medical Waste IncineratorI
指導教授:林宜長林宜長引用關係宋鴻樟宋鴻樟引用關係郭春寶
指導教授(外文):Yi-Chang LinChun-Pao Kuo
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:環境衛生研究所
學門:醫藥衛生學門
學類:公共衛生學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:1999
畢業學年度:87
語文別:中文
論文頁數:88
中文關鍵詞:燃燒效率破壞去除效率燃燒率
外文關鍵詞:Combustion EfficiencyDestruction and Romoval EfficiencyBurning Rate
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:4
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摘要
行政院環境保護署於民國79年起,積極推動醫療廢棄物妥善清理處置工作,早期醫療廢棄物以衛生掩埋方式處理即於民國86年起於予禁止,現今土地取得不易,且環保抗爭激烈,焚化處理以成為無可取代的政策。近年來在各界努力下,台灣地區各醫療院所共計設有36座焚化爐,以焚化方式處理感染性醫療廢棄物。
然而由文獻資料及相關媒體報導得知,雖然有設置大量焚化處理硬體設施,惟國人缺乏事業廢棄物焚化處理的相關經驗與技術,時有操作不當、無法發揮原有設計功能的情形。除了要探討以現行焚化處理相關法規之內容為基礎,蒐集分析既有醫療性事業廢棄物相關研究內容、資料與數據;也致力於建立一適切焚化處理模式。
利用基本之燃燒熱值計算方程式,以溫度、壓力變化為主要參數進行燃燒模式之建立,將燃燒狀況對反應物組成與生成物組成進行整理,以期找出溫度與組成濃度之相關性,進而建立基本的燃燒模式,。並利用簡單的燃燒實驗,將實驗數據與建立的模式,進行比較,以得到模擬焚化爐處理的效能。由實驗數據證明汽油在燃燒室完全燃燒時,由油氣與空氣混合時間到燃燒完成止,其燃燒延遲時間大約1.5秒,實驗用燃燒室,待燃燒火焰擴散完成後,其平均溫度為攝氏924度,由實驗結果,得到裂解效率最佳溫度範圍為攝氏600度~640度,取其平均溫度620度,與法規上二次爐完全燃燒後,其生成氣體在出口處的平均溫度需要攝氏1000度以上穩合,並證明在考量熱傳損失及灰燼吸熱效應下,第一燃燒室為維持高裂解效率避免過度燃燒其設計值為攝氏750度。
參考A、B二醫院的醫療廢棄物中,分別就其組成成分的百分比及最低熱值含量,得到在適氧條件下,由廢棄物完全燃燒所得到的最高出口溫度值,且由第二次燃燒爐出口處,量取氧濃度、溫度值、與外加入的燃油量,估計廢棄物中可燃成分的能量損耗與不可燃成分的吸熱量、一、二次燃燒室爐體的熱傳損失與出口氣體溫度值,以達到焚化爐的處理效能結果。
本研究以實驗模擬焚化處理設施,從燃燒條件與燃燒過程的變化中,建立由進料到燃燒生成物的組成成分濃度之關係模式,配合量測燃燒廢氣主要生成氣體的濃度值,逆向求得燃燒室有害物質處理的結果,以組成成分及量測值,建立燃燒模式以改進燃燒室的燃燒條件,並建立醫療廢棄物焚化燃燒的最佳處理模式供各醫療院所參考使用。
ABSTRACT
The Environmental Protection Administration, the Executive Yuan, began to enforce laws for the proper treatment of medical waste in 1990. No medical infectious has been allowed to be disposed in sanitary landfill since 1997. Faced with the lack of available landfills at any price, incineration of solid wastes has become the primary police of solid waste treatment, included infectious waste disposal. After one decade of effort from all associated parties, 36 incinerators are currently available at hospitals and other organizations for the disposal of medical wastes.
With the lack of experience and technology of waste incineration, many medical waste incinerators of middle and small scales were not properly operated or not functioned to the conditions as originally designed. This study attempted to review literature on incineration theory and mechanism, to compile available data and information based on available regulations, literature and to develop a proper model incinerator for medical waste.
By the basic combustion equations, a waste incineration model with essential parameters such as temperature and pressure can be established. This model also can establish relationships between flue gas composition, waste composition, heating values of waste, auxiliary fuel and excess air used. A laboratory scale medical waste incinerator was built to test the findings generated from the model. We have generated data using this model incinerator from 5 sets of experiments. In the experiments of gasoline combustion, it took about 1.5 sec between the mixing of gasoline and air, and the completion of gasoline combustion. At the completion of gasoline combustion, the temperature of the combustion chamber was 924℃. The results also showed that the best pyrolysis temperature of waste was about 620℃. The combustion conditions fulfill the existing regulation that requires a temperature of 1000℃ in the secondary combustion. And the optimal temperature for pyrolysis operating mode ( to avoid excess combustion ) in primary chamber should be designed at 750℃ after consider the heat loss caused by heat conduction from incinerator body and the heat carried out by ash.
By simulating to the composition of the waste generated from two hospitals (hospital A and hospital B) and feeding in with proper amount of air to the incinerator by considering the heating value of waste and the auxiliary fuel we completed the experiment. The optimum temperature, residue oxygen and the content of fuel in the secondary combustion chamber were determined. And by the model generated, the energy loss due to the combustible content and the heat carried away due to the non-combustible content in waste were calculated. Energy balance, and the flue gas temperature from secondary combustion were thus obtained, and the function of incineration treatment was evaluated.
This research has simulated the incineration treatment facility using a small-scale medical waste incinerator. The simulation was conducted by varying the combustion parameter and combustion procedures, and by measures the flue gas, main component composition, and temperature to calculate the destroying condition of hazard materials in combustion. This model can be used to improve the combustion condition for medical waste incineration, and to establish the optimal operation condition.
第壹章概論1
一、 研究緣起
二、 醫療廢棄物管理現況
三、 醫療廢棄物焚化處理之簡介
四、 文獻回顧
第貳章 台灣地區現有焚化爐的設計分析及燃燒模式16
一、 現有醫療廢棄物焚化爐的種類
二、 焚化爐廢氣中排放污染物種類與來源
三、 燃燒理論依據
第參章 焚化爐操作處理模式33
一、 醫療廢棄物組成成分的模擬處理模式
二、 熱分解模式
第肆章 焚化爐處理實例結果與討論37
一、 實例說明
二、 實例討論
三、 實際醫療廢棄物焚化爐的處理模式
四、 排放標準討論
五、 實驗模擬
第伍章 結論與建議80
參考文獻84
參考文獻
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