臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著數位化時代的來臨，數位錄音和錄影設備由於使用方便已在日常生活中被廣泛使用，而法院也漸漸接受數位多媒體資料作為證物，然而數位資料易拷貝和儲存的優點卻也產生另一個嚴重的威脅，由於數位多媒體的格式大多是對外公開，故惡意人士只需要修改部分錄音或是錄影的二進位內容，便可以創造出偽造的資料，並進而利用這些偽造過的資料陷害無辜的人士入獄。

在資料中加入碎弱性浮水印是解決上述數位資料易遭到變造的方法之一。在本論文中我們首先提出一套內容相依性浮水印產生機制，利用這套浮水印產生機制，我們可以偵測出數位資料遭到插入、移除和取代竄改的位置，也能判別出惡意人士所使用的竄改方式。除此之外，我們並嘗試改變語音訊號中激發訊號的位置，以便在語音壓縮過程中加入一碎弱性浮水印，根據我們以G.723.1為平台的實驗結果，加入浮水印後對音質之損失並不明顯。除了語音浮水印加入技術外，本文亦針對H.264視訊壓縮標準提出專屬的浮水印加入法，根據實驗結果，該浮水印加入法對於晝質和位元率的影響皆有限。除外，我們更進一步整合上述的語音浮水印和視訊浮水印的技術，形成一音視訊整合浮水印，以保護音視訊資料的完整性。綜合本文所提的各項技術，我們將可提高惡意人士竄改數位資料的難度。

With the advantage of easy copy, storage and, transmission, digital recorders based on compression techniques almost replace analog recording devices in various applications, such as surveillance systems and voice recorders. The media data recorded by these digital devices are also acceptable in a law court. However, these benefits from digital recorders may open a gate to Hell. Techniques of some media compression standards are open so that people can easily change the recorded information, causing someone to be arrested because of the faked data.
Fragile watermark skill is one of the tools to take care of this problem. In this thesis, a content-dependent watermark generating scheme is proposed. By using this scheme, insertion, deletion, and replacement attacks executed in the time domain can be detected. Additionally, two watermark embedding schemes are proposed in this thesis. One can hide information into Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) based compressed speech data; the other can conceal watermarks in H.264 compressed video data. Both of them embed watermarks during the encoding processes and induce low quality decays. Finally, the techniques of speech watermarking and video watermarking schemes are integrated to become a speech-visual watermarking scheme to further protect integrity of speech-visual data. With the abovementioned schemes, it is difficult for the attacker to fake the recorded media data.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF WATERMARK TECHNIQUES 7
2.1 REVIEW OF WATERMARK EMBEDDING SCHEMES 7
2.1.1 Low Bit Modulation 8
2.1.2 Spread Spectrum Modulation 9
2.1.3 Quantizer Index Modulation 13
2.1.4 Reversible Watermark 16
2.2 REVIEW OF CONTENT-DEPENDENT WATERMARKING METHODS 17
2.2.1 Block-Based Framework 18
2.2.2 Hierarchical-Based Framework 20
2.2.3 Region-Based Framework 22
2.3 SUMMARY 26
CHAPTER 3 SPEECH WATERMARKING 29
3.1 INTRODUCTION 29
3.2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF CONVENTIONAL WATERMARKS 32
3.3 PROPOSED WATERMARKING SCHEME 37
3.3.1 Design Concept 37
3.3.2 Introduction to G.723.1 Speech Codec and Hash Function 40
3.3.3 Watermark Generation 42
3.3.4 Watermark Embedding 45
3.3.5 Watermark Extraction 48
3.3.6 Watermark Verification 49
3.3.7 Determination of Manner and Location of Attack 50
3.4 RELIABILITY EVALUATION 55
3.4.1 Probability of Missing an Attacked Segment 56
A Probability that a Counterfeited Intersection not Identified 56
B Probability of Missing the First Frame in Each Group 59
3.4.2 Number of Misjudged Frames 61
3.5 COMPUTER SIMULATIONS 61
3.5.1 Preparation 61
3.5.2 Evaluation of Speech Quality 62
3.5.3 Verification Performance of Watermarks 63
3.5.4 Comparison between Proposed and Conventional Schemes 65
3.6 SUMMARY 75
CHAPTER 4 VIDEO WATERMARKING 77
4.1 INTRODUCTION 77
4.2 INTER AND INTRA-PREDICTION OF H.264/AVC 80
4.3 DATA HIDING IN THE INTER-PREDICTION MODE 81
4.3.1 Design Concept 81
4.3.2 Block Type Grouping for Watermarking 86
4.4 DATA HIDING IN THE INTRA-PREDICTION MODE 90
4.4.1 Design Concept 90
4.4.2 Block Type Grouping for Watermarking 91
4.5 PROCEDURE OF PROPOSED WATERMARK EMBEDDING SCHEME 96
4.6 VIDEO WATERMARK EXAMPLE 99
4.7 COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS 101
4.7.1 Performance Evaluations 101
4.7.2 Performance Comparisons 103
4.8 SUMMARY 108
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 109
5.1 DISCUSSION ON SPEECH-VISUAL WATERMARKING 109
5.1.1 Introduction 109
5.1.2 Proposed Speech-Visual Watermarking Scheme 110
5.2 CONCLUSION 111
REFERENCES 113
APPENDIX A: PUBLICATIONS OUT OF THE DISSERTATION WORK 119
VITA 121

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