臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

計程車由於其方便、迅速、及戶、私密、舒適、營業時間長及免停車等使用特性，在都會區之公共運輸系統中被定義為「副大眾運輸」，相較於一般大眾運輸系統，在經濟活動頻繁之都會地區廣為旅行者所歡迎。近年來，由於資訊與通訊科技的發展，臺北地區之衛星派遣計程車比例已攀升至16%，隨著日益增高的行車成本，以及日益普及的衛星定位技術，衛星派遣計程車已逐漸成為計程車市場的趨勢與潮流。
本研究藉由雙層規劃數學分析模式描述衛星派遣計程車在巡迴計程車市場的營運績效，並輔以臺北地區2008年營運情形調查資料，在「社會福利最大」以及使「計程車駕駛營收最大」的雙層目標下，推估最適衛星派遣計程車的車隊規模，並研析駕駛營運形式變化對使用衛星派遣服務乘客數量之影響。針對臺北地區實證分析之研究結果顯示，在每日營業八小時之假設下，以現況衛星派遣計程車比例為16%、使用衛星派遣服務乘客比例為8.96%的情境下，欲滿足尖峰小時的旅次需求，僅需31,359輛計程車即可達到社會福利最大化之目標；若將外部環境成本合理內部化後，最適之計程車車隊規模將降至30,743輛。相較於現況之54,747輛，本模式所推估計程車總量顯著低於現況的供給，亦證明衛星派遣計程車的營運確實更有效率。此外，根據營運情形的調查資料，本研究分析發現，當衛星派遣計程車的比例高於60 %時，使用衛星派遣的乘客可望增加為現況之1.5倍。本研究亦針對計程車之外部性加以考量，研究結果對於相關單位推動總量管制以及計程車創新服務等政策將有具體助益。

Taxi service is featured with convenience, speediness, door-to-door, privacy and comfort so that it has become a popular mode in urban area. With the rapid development of information and communications technologies, GPS-taxi has become a new trend since the distinguished operation performance especially when taxi operation costs increase rapidly. The current fleet size of taxi in Taipei Metropolitan Area has reached 54,747 vehicles while the ratio of GPS-taxi rose to only 16% by 2008.
However, most researches had established models to analyze the performance of cruising taxi market only. To realize the difference features and interactions between the cruising taxi and the GPS-taxi, this study aims to develop a mathematical model with a bi-level concept to explain the interaction of maximum profit objective for drivers and maximum social welfare objective for public sector, respectively. Furthermore, taxi market in Taipei Metropolitan Area is considered as a case study to verify the applicability of the model.
Numerical results showed that the optimal fleet size of taxi was 31,359 vehicles under the current market in which 8.96% of passengers use the dispatch service while 16% of taxis equipped with GPS. Meanwhile, with considering external effects, the optimal fleet size of taxi reduced to 30,743 vehicles. Comparing the existing fleet size of 54,747 in Taipei metropolitan, these optimal results of fleet size have shown an over-supply problem in taxi market. However, the efficiency of GPS-Taxi can also be verified. It was also shown that the ratio of dispatch-used passenger will be 11.18% when the ratio of GPS-taxi is about 60 percentages. In conclusion, the optimal fleet size of taxis estimated by this model might support the public sector to manage the quantity regulation.

誌謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
Content v
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
ChapterⅠ Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objective 3
1.3 Methodology 3
1.4 Outline and Contents 4
ChapterⅡ Literature Review 7
2.1 Overview of the Taxi Industry 7
Operation Characteristics 7
Supply and Demand Characteristics 9
Control Policies 10
2.2 Operation Models 13
Introduction 13
GPS-based Dispatching Taxi 15
2.3 Review on Mathematical Models 18
2.4 Summary of Literature Review 22
ChapterⅢ Model Formulation 23
3.1 Basic Idea of Bi-level Programming Model 23
Upper level 26
Lower level 26
3.2 Model Assumptions 27
3.3 Cost Function 28
Driver Cost 28
Passenger Trip Cost 31
Control Center Cost 34
External Environmental Cost 34
3.4 Multi-Operation Model 36
ChapterⅣ Results and Discussions 39
4.1 Parameters setting 39
4.2 Optimization Solutions 41
4.3 Performance Evaluation 45
Preference of Passenger 45
Waiting time of passenger 48
4.4 Discussions of Results 49
ChapterⅤ Sensitivity Analysis 53
5.1 Effect of Supply Side Parameters 54
Driving cost of taxi driver (Cc) 54
Operating speed (S) 55
Fixed cost (λ) and coefficient of fixed cost (k) 56
Length of road network (L) 57
5.2 Effect of Demand Side Parameters 58
Length of taxi trip (Y) 58
Value of time of passengers off vehicle (tc) 59
Fare rate (P) 60
Trip generation density of taxi demand (D) 60
Ratio of dispatch-used passenger (β) 62
5.3 Summary of Sensitivity analysis 63
Chapter Ⅵ Conclusions and Recommendations 65
6.1 Conclusions 65
6.2 Future Research 67
References 69
Appendix 75

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