臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

國內目前普遍面臨私人機動運具過盛，導致公共運輸發展受阻的問題，尤其在現有政策下私人機動運具較一般公共運具便利，而偏遠、非都市地區更因旅運需求密度低且具時空分散特性，使得公共運輸使用率更為偏低；因此，以固定路線、固定班次之傳統公路汽車客運業常有空車率偏高問題。基此，傳統營運方式較不適用於偏遠地區，而「需求反應式運輸服務」(Demand Responsive Transit Services, DRTS)是以使用者為導向的公共運輸服務，使用者可依本身的旅運需求向業者預訂服務，或應用現代科技提出動態即時需求，因此，相較傳統公車服務，DRTS可降低營運成本，同時因為使用者導向的運輸服務，民眾可享受高品質的服務，使用者感到該服務便利性後，其使用率將會提升，業者可自負盈虧後則能降低對政府補貼款的依賴，政府最後可達成發展公共運輸與永續經營等目標。近年市場上免費公車、復康巴士等新興運輸服務供不應求現象，具體顯示出市場上確有此需求，但法規上皆沒有給予適切的營運位置，政府若不加以輔導或管制，勢必會影響現有運輸市場生態。因此，本研究探討DRTS在我國的適用性及適法性，並研擬適合DRTS之營運業別與相關推動策略。本研究由目前相關公路法規出發、剖析運輸市場現況，並經由學者深入訪談，將問題分為「政府推動面」、「業者執行面」、「社會績效面」等三層面，研提十一項牌照管理方案評估準則，進而透過決策實驗室分析法(Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory, DEMATEL)釐清準則間之因果關連性，篩選重要評估準則，形成方案評估之基本架構。經分析後得知，影響需求反應式運輸服務之適合營運業別，主要應考量法規增修的可行性、現有業者的軟硬體技術、既有業者的阻力與服務對象的普及程度。因此，本研究擬定「公路/市區汽車客運業」、「計程車客運業」、「小客車租賃業」下推動DRTS服務等三種牌照管理方案，以網路分析程序法(Analytic Network Process, ANP)計算分析方案權重，再以多評準最佳化妥協解(VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje, VIKOR)進行方案排序，評選出「公路/市區汽車客運業」為最適方案。最後，本研究檢視現有營運公路/市區汽車客運業之相關法規，除研擬增修適合DRTS之法規，並對於相關的補貼與監理等機制提出具體建議。

Abstract
Taiwan is now experiencing excessive use of private vehicles, resulting in the disruption of public transport developments. This is more evident in the rural and remote areas where residents finding using private vehicles are more convenient than the public transportation system as the density of travel demand and trip generation in remote and rural areas are low. The conventional, scheduled services of intercity and regular city bus services in the rural areas are usually problematic and dysfunctional due to the fact that the market demands are usually insufficient in the rural areas. With the increase of operational costs, bus companies are experiencing difficulties in its operations in maintaining its service standards.
Demand Responsive Transit Service, DRTS is a public transport system which is not the traditional fixed-route, fixed-schedule public transport model. Instead, it is a service-driven public transport system that responds to passenger demands. It is a user-oriented transportation service system characterized by flexible routing and scheduling of using small/medium vehicles to operate in a shared-ride mode between pick-up and drop-off locations in accordance to passengers’ needs. Demand Responsive Transport Service can fill the geographical and service gaps created by the traditional public transport system. The essential role for DRTS is to create seamless and sustainable public transport services in the rural regions while maintaining high level of passenger service standards in response to passenger driven demands. Thus, DRTS enables passengers in the rural region to pre-book the services from the transportation providers to ensure the services are delivered in a cost effective manner while the service standards are maintained. In comparison to the traditional public transport system, DTRS allows passengers to have flexibilities in choosing the services in accordance to their demands, thus the transportation providers are able to respond to these demands to increase the level of passenger service efficiencies. Therefore, DTRS offers higher passenger service standards than the traditional public transport system and due to this demand driven characteristic, the increase of usage in DTRS will gradually reduce the operational costs for the transportation providers and ultimately reduce their reliance on government’s subsidies. As a result, DTRS offers an efficient and convenient system allowing the transportation providers meeting the demands of the passengers to increase the usage of the public transportation system while maintaining low operational costs. Thus, by developing DRTS, the government is able to achieve a sustainable public transportation system in the rural regions in a long term perspective.
In recent year, the rise of rehab bus and free medical transport bus, are based on the characteristics of DRTS. It can be seen, although there are demands on the market, but relevant legislations have not been established to assist the proper development of DRTS. If the Government does not regulate DRTS, it will affect the existing transportation market. Therefore, this study discusses the applicability and legality, in developing the appropriate DRTS regulatory strategies.
This study is an in-depth review of the current transport environment in the market as well as the current laws and regulations related to public transportation law. In order to comply with the assessment criteria, this essay evaluate and review the current transportation market based on the results of a seminar, and the outlined eleven project evaluation criterions of three dimensions - government, industries and the society. This study also examines the criterion that causes and effects the correlations, and rejects the secondary criterions by using “Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory”. The analysis results reveal that the Determine of the operating carrier for Demand Responsive Transit Service’s key problems are the feasibility of legality, the existing hardware and software technology of the carriers, the resistance of the existing industry, and the range of service groups of the carrier.
This study draws up “intercity bus/city bus carrier”, “taxi carrier” and “Sedan rental carrier,” in promoting DRTS to use the three plate management projects. In addition, this study uses the “Analytic Network Process” and “VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje” to evaluate projects and the result reveals that “intercity bus/city bus carrier” is the best project. Finally, this study examines the current regulations related to the intercity bus and city bus, to define and propose the relevant DRTS regulations, subsidies and supervision mechanism for the future development of DRTS.

誌謝 i
摘要 iii
Abstract v
目錄 vii
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xi
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 2
1.3 研究目的 4
1.4研究方法 4
1.5研究內容與流程 6
第二章 文獻回顧 9
2.1國內公共運輸市場問題 9
2.2 DRT相關文獻 12
2.2.1 DRT定義 12
2.2.2 DRT應用文獻 16
2.3 研究方法 25
2.3.1 多準則決策法應用文獻 26
2.3.2準則篩選方法介紹 31
2.3.3評估方案及準則權重計算方式介紹 36
2.3.4方案排序方法介紹 40
第三章 我國發展DRTS之課題探討 47
3.1運輸市場現況問題 47
3.1.1 偏遠地區運輸課題 48
3.1.2 免費公車營運問題 51
3.1.3 復康巴士營運問題 53
3.2 汽車運輸業轉型方案研議 55
3.2.1 現有汽車運輸業之營運規範 55
3.2.2 汽車運輸業方案研擬 64
3.3 專家學者深入訪談 72
3.3.1 專家學者意見歸納 76
3.3.2評估方案初步篩選 82
第四章 牌照管理方案研擬與評估 85
4.1方案評估準則建立 86
4.1.1方案評估準則研擬 86
4.1.2方案評估準則篩選（DEMATEL） 89
4.2 DRTS牌照管理方案研擬 97
4.2.1 DRTS牌照管理方案擬定 97
4.2.2DRTS牌照管理方案評估架構 104
4.3方案評估結果(ANP) 105
第五章 方案細部設計與推動策略 111
5.1方案細部設計 112
5.1.1現有「公路/市區汽車客運業」 114
5.1.2乙種、丙種公路/市區汽車客運業 121
5.2 桃園復興鄉需求反應式運輸服務案例 143
5.3應式運輸服務之發展策略 155
第六章 結論與建議 159
6.1 結論 159
6.2 建議 161
參考文獻 163
附錄A需求反應式運輸服務（DRTS）牌照管理議題訪談 169
附錄B 需求反應式運輸服務牌照管理方案評估準則問卷調查表 177
附錄C 需求反應式運輸服務牌照管理方案問卷調查表 187

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