References
Aggazzotti G, Righi E, Fantuzzi G, Biasotti B, Ravera G, Kanitz S, Barbone F, Sansebastiano E, Battaglia MA, Leoni
V, Fabiani L, Triassi M, Sciacca S. Collaborative Group
for the Study of Chlorinated Drinking Water and Pregnancy. 2004. Chlorination by-products (CBPs) in drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Italy. J Water Health 2:233-247.
Alston TA. 1991. Inhibition of vitamin B12-dependent methionine biosynthesis by chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Biochem Pharmacol 42:R25-R28.
Beddowes EJ, Faux SP, Chipman JK. 2003. Chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and glutathione depletion induce secondary genotoxicity in liver cells via oxidative stress. Toxicology 187:101-115.
Borzelleca JF, Carchman RA. 1982. Effects of selected organic drinking water contaminants on male reproduction. Research Triangle Park, NC:US Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA 600/1-82-009; NTIS PB82-259847; Contract No R804290).
Botto LD, Yang Q. 2000. 5,10-Methyienetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variants and congenital anomalies: a HUGE review. Am J Epidemiol 151:862-877.
Bove FJ, Fulcomer MC, Klotz JB, Esmart J, Dufficy EM, Savrin JE. 1995. Public drinking water contamination and birth outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 141:850-862.
Brown-Woodman PD, Hayes LC, Huq F, Herlihy C, Picker K, Webster WS. 1998. In vitro assessment of the effect of halogenated hydrocarbons:chloroform, dichloromethane, and
dibromoethane on embryonic development of the rat. Teratology 57:321-333.
Cben ATL, Reidy JA, Sever LE. 1996. Public drinking water contamination and birth outcomes (Letter). Am J Epidemiol 143:1179-1180.
Cedergren MI, Selbing AJ, Lofman O, Källen B. 2002. Chlorination byproducts and nitrate in drinking water and risk of congenital cardiac defects. Environ Res 89(2):124-130.
Chen J, Thirkill TL, Lohstroh PN, Bielmeier SR, Narotsky MG, Best DS, Harrison RA, Natarajan K, Pegram RA, Overstreet JW, Lasley BL, Douglas GC. 2004. Bromodichloromethane inhibits human placental trophoblast differentiation. Toxicol Sci 78:166-174.
Chen J, Douglas GC, Thirkill TL, Lohstroh PN, Bielmeier SR, Narotsky MG, Best DS, Harrison RA, Natarajan K, Pegram RA, Overstreet JW, Lasley BL. 2003. Effect of bromodichloromethane on chorionic gonadotrophin secretion by human placental trophoblast cultures. Toxicol Sci 76:75-82.
Chinery RL, Gleason AK. 1993. A compartmental model for the prediction of breath concentration and absorbed dose of chloroform after exposure while showering. Risk Anal 13:51-62.
Delaney JC, Wolfe GW, Kaiser LL, Klinefelter G, Hunter ES, Chapin RE. 1997. Short term reproductive and developmental effects of chlorodibromomethane in S-D rats when administered in drinking water. Toxicologist 36:257.
Dodds L, King W, Woolcott C, Pole J. 1999. Trihalomethanes in public water supplies and adverse birth outcomes. Epidemiology 10:233-237.
Dodds L, King W, Allen AC, Armson A, Fell DB, Nimrod C. 2004. Trihalomethanes in public water supplies and risk of stillbirth. Epidemiology 15:179-186.
Gallagher MD, Nuckols JR, Stallones L, Savitz DA. 1998. Exposure to trihalomethanes and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Epidemiology 9:484-489
Gemma S, Vittozzi L., Testai E. 2003. Metabolism of chloroform in the human liver and identification of the competent P450s. Drug Metab Dispos 31:266-274.
Gorden SM, Wallace L, Challaghan P, Kenny D, Brinkman M. 1998. Effect of water temperature on dermal exposure to chloroform. Environ Health Perspect 106:337-345.
Grazuleviciene R, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Vencloviene J, Kostopoulou-Karadanelli M, Krasner SW, Danileviciute A, Balcius G, Kapustinskiene V. 2011. Individual exposures to drinking water trihalomethanes, low birth weight and small for gestational age risk:a prospective Kaunas cihort study. Environmental Health 10:32 (19 April 2011).
Gulati DK, Hope E, Barnes LH. 1989. Bromoform:reproductive and fertility assessment in Swiss CD-1 mice when administered by gavage. Research Triangle Park, NC:National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences,(NTIS PB89-169254.)
Hertz-Picciotto I, Pastore LM, Beaumont JJ. 1996. Timing and patterns of exposures during pregnancy and their implications for study methods. Am J Epidemiol 143:597-607.
Hinckley AF, Bachand AM, Nuckols JR, Reif JS. 2005. Identifying public water facilities with low spatial variability of disinfection by-products for epidemiologic investigations. Occup Environ Med 62:494-499.
Hoffman CS, Mendola P, Savitz DA, Herring AH, Loomis D, Hartmann KE, Singer PC, Weinberg HS, Olshan AW. 2008a. Drinking water disinfection by-product exposure and fetal growth. Epidemiology 19:729-737.
Hoffman CS, Mendola P, Savitz DA, Herring, AH, Loomis D, Hartmann KE, Singer, PC, Weinberg, HS, Olshan AW. 2008b. Drinking water disinfection by-product exposure and duration of gestation. Epidemiology 19:738-746.
Hwang BF, Magnus P, Jaakkola JJK. 2002. Risk of specific birth defects in relation to chlorination and the amount of natural organic matter in the water supply. Am J Epidemiol 156:374-382.
Hwang BF, Jaakkola JJF, Guo HR. 2008. Water disinfection by-products and the risk of specific birth defects:a population-based cross-sectional study in Taiwan. Environ Health 7:23.
Infante-Rivard C, Amre D, Sinnett D. 2002. GSTTI and CYP2E1 polymorpbisms and trihalomethanes in drinking water:effect on cbildbood leukemia. Environ Health Perspect 110:591-593.
Infante-Rivard C. 2004. Drinking water contaminants, gene polymorphisms and fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect 112:1213-1216.
Jaakkola JJK, Magnus P, Skrondal A, Hwang BF, Becher G, Dybing E. 2001. Fetal growth and duration of gestation relative to water chlorination. Occup Environ Med 58:437-442.
Jo WK, Weisel CP, Lioy PJ. 1990. Routes of chloroform exposure and body burden from showering with chlorinated tap water. Risk Anal 10:575-580.
Källen BAJ, Robert E. 2000. Drinking water chlorination and delivery outcome-a registry-based study in Sweden. Reprod Toxicol 14:303-309.
Kanitz S, Franco Y, Patrone V, Caltabellotta M, Raffo E, Riggi C, Timitilli D, Ravera G. 1996. Association between drinking water disinfection and somatic parameters at birth. Environ. Health Perspect 104:516-520.
Kramer MD, Lynch CF, Isacson P, Hanson JW. 1992. The association of waterborne chloroform with intrauterine growth retardation. Epidemiology 3:407-413.
Kim H, Haltmeier P, Klotz JB, Weisel CP. 1999. Evaluation of biomarkers of environmental exposures:urinary HAAs associated with ingestion of chlorinated drinking water. Environ Res 80:185-195.
KimYJ, Hong YC, Lee KH, Park HJ, Park EA, Moon HS, Ha EH. 2005. Oxidative stress in pregnant women and birth weight reduction. Reprod Toxicol 19:487-492.
King WD, Dodds L, Allen AC. 2000. Relation between stillbirth and specific chlorination by-products in public water supplies. Environ Health Perspect 108:883-886.
King WD, Dodds L, Allen AC, Armson BA, Fell D, Nimrod C. 2005. Haloacetic acids in drinking water and risk for stillbirth. Occup Environ Med 62:124-12.
Kline J, Stein Z, Susser M. 1989. Conception to Birth: The Epidemiology of Prenatal Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
Klinefelter GR, Suarez JD, Roberts NL, Deangelo AB. 1995. Preliminary screening for the potential of drinking water disinfection by-products to alter male reproduction. Reprod Toxicol 9:571-578.
Klotz JB, Pyrch LA. 1999. Neural tube defects and drinking water disinfection by-products. Epidemiology 10:383-90.
Kuo HW, Chiang TF, Lo II, Lai JS, Chan CC, Wang JD. 1997. VOC concentration in Taiwan’s household drinking water. The Science of the Total Environment 208:41-47.
Levesque B, Ayotte P, LeBlanc A, Dewally E, Prud Homme D, Lavoie R, Allaire S, Levallois. 1994. Evaluation of dermal and respiratory chloroform exposure in humans. Environ Health Perspect 102:1082-1087.
Lewis C, Suffet IH, Ritz B. 2006. Estimated effects of disinfection by-products on birth weight in a population served by a single water utility. Am J Epidemiol 163:38-47.
Lin TF, Hoang SW. 2000. Inhalation exposure to THMs from drinking water in south Taiwan. The Science of the Total Environment 246:41-49.
Lindstorm AB, Pleil JD, Beerkoff DC. 1997. Alveolar breath sampling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during competitive swimming training. Environ Health Perspect 105(6):636-642.
Luben TJ, Nuckols JR, Mosley BS, Hobbs, C, Reif JS. 2008. Maternal exposure to water disinfection by-products during gestation and risk of hypospadias. Occup Environ Med 65:420-429.
Luben TJ, Olshan AF, Herring AH, Jeffay S, Strader L, Buus RM, Chan RL, Savitz DA, Singer PC, Weinberg HS, Perreault SD. 2007. The healthy men study: an evaluation of exposure to disinfection by-products in tap water and sperm quality.
Environ Health Perspect 115:1169-1176.
MacLehose RF, Savitz DA, Herring AH, Hartmann KE, Singer PC, Weinberg HS. 2008. Drinking water disinfection by-products and time to pregnancy. Epidemiology 19:451-458.
Magnus P, Jaakkola JJK, Skrondal A, Alexander J, Becher G, Krogh T, Dybing E. 1999. Water chlorination and birth defects. Epidemiology 10:513-517.
Maxwell NI, Burmaster DE, Ozonoff D. 1993. Trihalomethanes and maximum contaminant levels:the significance of inhalation and dermal exposures to chloroform in household water. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 14:297-312.
McKone T. 1993. Linking a PBPK model for chloroform with measured breath concentrations in showers:Implications for dermal exposure models. J Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiol 3:339-365.
Meek ME, Beauchamp R, Long G, Moir D, Turner L, Walker M. 2002. Chloroform: exposure estimation, hazard characterization, and exposure-response analysis. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 5:283-334.
Min J, Park H, Park B, Kim YJ, Park J, Lee H, Ha E, Park E, Hong YC. 2006. Paraoxonase gene polymorphism and vitamin levels during pregnancy: relationship with maternal oxidative stress and neonatal birth weights. Reprod Toxicol
22:418-424.
Murray FJ, Schwetz BA, McBride JF, Staples RE. 1979. Toxicity of inhaled chloroform in pregnant mice and their offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 50:515-22.
Myatt L, Cui X. 2004. Oxidative stress in the placenta. Histochem Cell Biol 122:369-382.
Narotsky MG, Pegram RA, Kavlock RJ. 1997. Effect of dosing vehicle on the developmental toxicity of bromodichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride in rats.
Fundam Appl Toxicol 40:30-36.
National toxicology program. 1999. Short term reproductive and development toxicity of bromodichloromethane administered in drinking water to Sprague-Dawley rats.
Research Triangle Park, NC:NTP, (NTIS/PB99-111262.)
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Martinez D, Grellier J, Bennett J, Best N, Iszatt N, Vrijheid M, Toledano MB. 2009a. Chlorination disinfection by-products in drinking water and
congenital anomalies:review and meta-analyses. Environ Health Perspect 117:1486-1493.
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Grellier J, Smith R, Iszatt N, Bennett J, Best N, Toledano M. 2009b. The epidemiology and possible mechanisms of disinfection by-products in drinking water. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 367:4043-4076.
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Smith R, Golfinopoulos S, Best N, Bennett J, Aggazzotti G, Righi E, Fantuzzi G, Bucchini L, Cordier S, Villanueva CM, Moreno V, La Vecchia C, Bosetti C, Vartiainen T, Rautiu R, Toledano M, Iszatt N, Grazuleviciene R, Kogevinas M. 2009c. Health impacts of long-term exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water in Europe:HIWATE. Water Health 7:185-207.
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB, Elliott P. 2000a. Uptake of chlorination disinfection by-products; a review and a discussion of its implications for epidemiological studies. J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol 10:586-599.
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB, Eaton NE, Elliott P, Fawell J. 2000b. Chlorination disinfection by-products in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: a review. Occup Environ Med 57:73-85.
Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Toledano MB, Benneft J, Best N, Hambly P, de Hoogh C, Wellesley D, Boyd PA, Abramsky L, Dattani N, Fawell J, Briggs D, Jarup L, Elliott P. 2008. The relationship between disinfection byproducts in drinking water and congenital anomalies in England and Wales. Environ Health Perspect 116:216-222.
Porter CK, Putnam SD, Hunting KL, Riddle MR. 2005. The effect of trihalomethane and haloacetic acid exposure on fetal growth in Maryland county. Am J Epidemiol
162:334-344.
Potter CL, Chang LW, DeAngelo AB, Daniel FB. 1996. Effects of four trihalomethanes on DNA strand breaks, renal hyaline droplet formation and serum testosterone in male F-344 rats. Cancer Lett 106:235-242.
Rook JJ. 1974. Formation of haloforms during chlorination of natural waters. J Soc Water Treat Exam 23:234-243.
Ruddick JA, Villeneuve DC, Chi I, Valli VE. 1983. A teratological assessment of four trihalomethanes in the rat. J Environ Sci Health B18:333-349.
Savitz DA, Andrews KW, Pastore LM. 1995. Drinking water and pregnancy outcome in central North Carolina:source, amount, and trihalomethane levels. Environ Health Perspect 103:592-596.
Savitz DA, Singer PC, Herring AH, Hartmann KE, Howard S, Weinberg HS, Makarushka C. 2006. Exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products and pregnancy loss. Am. J Epidemiol 164:1043-1051.
Scholl TO, Stein TP. 2001. Oxidant damage to DNA and pregnancy outcome. J Matern Fetal Med. 10:182-185.
Schwetz BA, Leong BKJ, Gehring PJ. 1974. Embryo and fetotoxicity of inhaled chloroform in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 28:442-51.
Shaw GM, Ranatunga D, Quach T, Neri E, Correa A, Neutra R. 2003. Trihalomethane exposures from municipal water supplies and selected congenital malformations.
Epidemiology 14:191-199.
Thompson DJ, Warner SD, Robinson VB. 1974. Teratology studies on orally administered chloroform in the rat and the rabbit. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 29:348-57.
Toledano MB, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Best N, Whitaker H, Hambly P, de Hoogh C, Fawell J, Jarup L, Elliott P. 2005. Relation of trihalomethane concentrations in public water supplies to stillbirth and birth weight in three water regions in England. Environ Health Perspect 113(2):225-32.
Tomasi A, Albano E, Biasi F, Slater T, Vannini V, Dianzani MU. 1985. Activation of chloroform and related trihalomethanes to free radical intermediates in isolated
hepatocytes and in the rat in vivo as detected by the ESP-spin trapping technique. Chem Biol Interact 55:303-316.
U.S. EPA. Stage 1 Disinfectant and Disinfection Byproduct Rule. 1998. Available at
http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/stage1/index.cfm. and http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/mdbp/upload/2001_05_23_mdbp_qrg_st1.pdf. Accessed July 27, 2011.
U.S. EPA. Stage 2 Disinfectant and Disinfection Byproduct Rule. 2006. Available at
http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/stage2/compliance.cfm.
http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/disinfection/stage2/pdfs/qrg_stage_2_dbpr_qrg_sch4_final.pdf. Accessed July 27, 2011.
Villanueva CM, Cantor KP, Grimalt JO, Malats N, Sliverman D, Tardon A, Garcia-Closas R, Serra C, Carrato A, Castaño-Vinyals G, Marcos R, Rothman N, Real FX, Dosemeci M, Kogevinas M, 2007. Bladder cancer and exposure to water
disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering and swimming in pools. Am J Epidemiol 165:148-156.
Waller K, Swan SH, DeLorenze G, Hopkins B. 1998. Trihalomethanes in drinking water and spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 9:134-40.
Wang G-S, Deng Y-C, Lin T-F. 2007. Cancer risk assessment from trihalomethanes in drinking water. Science of the Total Environment 387:86-95.
Weisel CP, Jo WK. 1996. Ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure to chloroform and trichloroethane from tap water. Environ Health Perspect 104:48-51.
Weisel CP, Kim H, Haltmeier P, Klotz JB. 1999. Exposure estimates to disinfection by-products of chlorinated drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 107:103-110.
WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, fourth edition. 2011. Available at
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/dwq_guidelines/en/index.html. and
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/9789241548151_ch12.pdf. Accessed July 27, 2011.
Wright JM, Schwartz J, Dockery DW. 2003. Effect of trihalomethane exposure on fetal development. Occup Environ Med 60:173-180.
Wright JM, Schwartz J, Dockery DW. 2004. The effect of disinfection by-products and mutagenic activity on birth weight and gestational duration. Environ Health
Perspect 112:920-925.
Yang C-Y, Cheng B-H, Tsai S-S, Wu T-N, Lin M-C, Lin K-C. 2000. Association between chlorination of drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcome in Taiwan. Environ Health Perspect 108:765-768.
Yang CY. 2004. Drinking water chlorination and adverse birth outcomes in Taiwan. Toxicology 198:249-254.
Yang C-Y, Xiao Z-P, Ho S-C, Wu T-N, Tsai S-S. 2007. Association between trihalomethane concentrations in drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcome in
Taiwan. Environ Res 104:390-395.
Yuan J, Wu XJ, Lu WQ, Cheng XL, Chen D, Li XY, Liu AL, Wu JJ, Xie H, Stahl T, Mersch-Sundermann V. 2005. Chlorinated river and lake water extract caused oxidative damage, DNA migration and cytotoxicity in human cells. Int J Hyg Environ Health 208:481-488.
飲用水水質標準。中華民國八十七年二月四日行政院環境保護署(87)環署毒字
第00四四二八號令訂定發布全文九條。
全民健康保險預防保健實施辦法。中華民國八十四年一月二十七日行政院衛生署(84)衛署健保字第八四○○八八五九號令發布。
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2010)。台灣菸害防制年報。台北縣:行政院衛生署國民健康局。
吳慧娜、歐名哲、張永生、黃禮偉、林陳立(2006)。臺北市立聯合醫院出生通報資料分析。北市醫學雜誌,3(4),385-396。林宜平、黎雅如、沈佩瑩、廖玫涵(2006)。台灣婚姻移民的人口學特性與公共衛生需求初探。台灣衛誌,25(6),482-493。
紀玉臨、周孟嫻、謝雨生(2009)。台灣外籍新娘之空間分析。人口學刊,38,67-113。
郭義興(2003)。台灣母血唐氏症篩檢對唐氏症出生趨勢之影響(已出版之碩士論文)。國立台灣大學,台北市。詹惠如(2009)。臺灣婦女產前檢查對生產健康的影響(未出版之碩士論文)。國立政治大學,台北市。劉乃維(2005)。妊娠婦女產前檢查對新生兒健康的影響(已出版之碩士論文)。國立中央大學,桃園縣。蕭慶華(2006年2月)。迎接第一孕期唐氏症篩檢的來臨。中華民國周產期會訊,120。