臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

根據研究指出，營建工程施工作業所產生之粒狀物是屬於逸散性污染物(fugitive emissions)，而營建工程勞工工作長時間暴露在高粉塵、高噪音等有害之環境因子下，可能會對勞工的呼吸系統、眼睛、皮膚以及聽力造成傷害，隨著近年來工商業的發展快速，且資訊、知識的發達，隨之而來人們就開始追求良好且舒適的生活品質，並開始注重室內空氣品質與室內環境，而營建工程勞工的工作環境品質卻鮮少有人重視，且四處可見在進行房屋興建或修繕，常常可見到一群營建業工人，在居家或新建工程場所進行工作。由於工作項目多半在室內進行，同時，國內外在這方面的研究較少且不完整，故為值得研究之主題。

本研究針對室內空氣品質建議值中的粒徑小於等於2.5微米(μm)之懸浮微粒(PM2.5)及粒徑小於等於10微米(μm)之懸浮微粒(PM10)而非採懸浮微粒的粒徑分類標準，並透過文獻回顧、問卷調查訪談、模擬實驗、對照實驗等方法，到正在進行營建工作的工地採取實驗數據，採集環境中的PM2.5及PM10同時以訪談或問卷的方式來驗證，將所測得的數據和問卷訪談的結果交叉比對，找出相關連性，並針對問題擬出解決對策或方法。

本研究經由施工工地所測得之實驗數據中發現，施工材料中所使用的水泥、砂和磁磚切割後，亦是因施工過程需要混合翻攪、裁切磁磚大小這些施工動作所產生的揚塵，即瀰漫在空氣中的粉塵會高於行政院環保署所建議的室內空氣品質建議值，實驗裡所提出的解決對策中，又以噴霧方式來降低空氣中的粉塵效果較佳，藉由問卷訪談得知施工工人的工作環境、衛生習慣與本實驗所得到之數據有明顯的相對關係，因本研究只針對新建工程部分做量測而且量測時間於冬季，故春、夏、秋這三季並未量測，後續延伸可探討整建修繕這個區塊，因新建工程漸漸飽和而整建修繕市場日趨擴大的情形下，可作為日後研究探討之主題，可針對春、夏、秋、冬這四個季節可分別量測，由於本研究只提出灑水及噴霧兩種解決方案，如在後續研究中將假人配戴口罩進行實驗量測，或許可得到比灑水或噴霧更顯著的效果。

Based on the research, the dust has been produced during engineering constructing which belongs to fugitive emissions. However, constructional engineering labors have exposed in a high percent environment of dust, noise and other pernicious factors whose respiratory systems, eyes, skins and listen comprehension might be harmed. The industry and commerce have been rapid growing lately and also the information and knowledge have well developed which influence human being start pursuing better living quality and concern about indoor air quality and indoor environment as well. Yet, the engineering construction environments have rarely concerned by the mass population, but there are still thousands of house repairing cases being processed. As the main constructions are proceeding indoor, but there are quite limited researches being in public, so it has been concerned a worth project to be analyzed.

This research targets on the dust diameter of suspended particulates is smaller then and or equal to 2.5 um and smaller then and or equal to 10 um, not catalogue the standard of suspended particulate diameter. The research methods will be used via literature review, questionnaires survey, simulation experiment, contrastive experiment and also sample experiment figures to collect PM2.5 and PM10 in a construction site and at the same time will use interview or questionnaire to test and verify. The data received from the experiments will cross check with the interview data to find out the related factors and bring up a method or a strategy.

The data of the experiment, which was measured on a construction site, found that when mixing cement and sand, and cutting ceramic tiles would produce more flying dust than the standard of indoor air quality recommended by Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan, R.O.C(Taiwan). Spraying is the most effective and best way to reduce the amount of dust in the air, thus serving as a solution in the experiment. It&;#39;s obvious that the data acquired from the questionnaires and interviews is relative to the workers&;#39; working environments and hygienic habits. The research only focused on some parts of the new constructions in winter; therefore, it didn&;#39;t include measurements during spring, summer and fall. The theme of the study in the future could consider revising this section due to the expansion of reconstruction markets and the saturation of new constructions. Measurements done separately in different seasons could be the future objective. Better effects might be achieved by using a mask on the mannequin to acquire a measurement in the future than by watering and spraying as the only proposed solutions.

摘要 iii
Abstract v
目錄 vi
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究動機與目的 1
1.2研究對象與範圍 2
1.3研究流程圖 3
1.4研究方法與限制 4
第二章 文獻回顧 6
2.1大氣懸浮微粒的來源與特性 6
2.2空氣中懸浮微粒對人體健康之影響 9
2.3營建工地粒狀物排放特性 10
2.4粉塵相關法令規定 13
2.4.1室內空氣品質 13
2.4.2勞工安全衛生建議值及相關法規 13
2.4.3大氣內建議值及相關法規 18
2.5國內外粉塵量測之方法 22
第三章 研究方法與設備 25
3.1研究架構 25
3.2實驗規劃與儀器 25
3.2.1實驗規畫 26
3.2.2建築作業動態監測規畫(仿真) 29
3.2.3儀器介 36
3.3實驗場地 38
3.3.1建築物使用類型 42
3.3.2透天厝的類型 44
第四章 研究結果與討論 45
4.1施工與管理活動分析 45
4.1.1人物之類型 46
4.1.2工種別之分析 46
4.2環境危害感知調查 63
4.2.1環境因素之影響 63
4.2.2PM2.5、PM10對人體所引發之徵狀或疾病 63
4.2.3訪談之問卷調查 65
4.3改善策略實驗 75
4.3.1灑水 75
4.3.2噴霧 78
4.4應用價值與後續 81
第五章 結論與建議 82
5.1結論 82
5.2建議 83
參考文獻 84
英文文獻 84
中文文獻 88
網路資料 90
國外網路資料 91
附錄 92

英文文獻
1.Hildesheim A, Dosemeci M, Chan CC, Chen CJ, Cheng YJ, Hsu MM, Chen IH, Mittl BF, Sun B, Levine PH, Chen JY, Brinton L, Yang CS, “Occupational exposure to wood, formaldehyde, and solvents and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma”, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers &; Prevention10, no.11(2001):1145-1153.
2.Kenneth W, Gegol FW, Wayne TD, “Definition and general listing of air pollutant”, Air pollution, no.3(1998).
3.Leclerc A, Cortes M, Gerin M, Luce D, Brugere J, “Sinonasal cancer and wood dust exposure: results from a case-control study”, American journal of Epidemiology140, no.4(1994):340-349.
4.Nylander LA, Dement JM, “Carcinogenic effects of wood dust:review and discussion”, American journal of industrial medicine24, no.5(1993):619-647.
5.Tuch T, Mirme A, Tamm E, Heinrich J, Heyder J, Brand P, Roth C, Wichmann HE, Pekkanen J, Kreyling WG, “Comparison of two particle-size spectrometers for ambient aerosol measurements”, Atmospheric environment34, no.1 (2000):139-149.
6.Vaughan TL, Stewart PA, Teschke K, Lynch CF, Swanson GM, Lyon JL, Berwick M, “Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and wood dust and nasopharyngeal carcinoma”, Occupational and environmental medicine57, no.6(2000):376-384.
7.Whitby KT, Sverdrup GM, “California aerosols-their physical and chemical characteristics”, Advances in environmental, no.9(1980):477-517.
8.Ward T, Noonan C, “Results of a residential indoor PM2.5 sampling program before and after a woodstove changeout”, Indoor air18, no.5(2008):408-415.
9.Kertesz Z, Szoboszlai Z, Angyal A, Dobos E, Borbely-Kiss I, “Identification and characterization of fine and coarse particulate matter sources in a middle-European urban environment”, Nuclear in strument&;methods in physics research section B-Beam interactions with materials and atoms268, no.11-12(2010):1924-1928.
10.Sakr W, Weschler CJ, Fanger PO, “The impact of sorption on perceived indoor air quality”, Indoor air16, no.2(2006):98-110.
11.Godwin C, Batterman S, “Indoor air quality in Michigan school”, Indoor air 17,no.2(2007):109-121.
12.Marsik T, Johnson R., “HVAC air-quality model and its use to test a PM2.5 control strategy”, Building and Environment 43, no.11(2008):1850-1857.
13.Siddiqui AR, Lee K, Bennett D, Yang X, Brown KH, Bhutta ZA, Gold EB, “Indoor carbon monoxide and PM2.5 concentrations by cooking fuels in Pakistan”, Indoor air 19, no.1(2009):75-82.
14.Kuo HW, Shen HY, “Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in the air during a dust storm”, Building and environment 45, no.3(2010):610-614.
15.Kuchen E, Fisch MN, Leao M, Leao EB, “Indoor air quality defined by measurements and questionnaires in office buildings”, Bauphysik 31, no.5(2009): 313-318.
16.Rios JLD, Boechat JL, Gioda A, dos Santos CY, “Symptoms prevalence among office workers of a sealed versus a non-sealed building: Associations to indoor air quality”, Environment international 35, no.8(2009):1136-1141.
17.Happo M, Markkanen A, Markkanen P, Jalava P, Kuuspalo K, Leskinen A, Sippula O, Lehtinen K, Jokinien J, Hirvonen MR, “ Seasonal variation in the toxicological properties of size-segregated indoor and outdoor air particulate matter”, Toxicology in vitro 27, no.5(2013):1550-1561.
18.Batterman S, Du L, Mentz G, Mukherjee B, Parker E, Godwin C, Chin JY, O’Toole A, Robins T, Rowe Z, Lewis T, “Particulate matter concentrations in residences: an intervention study evaluating stand-alone filters and air conditioners”, Indoor air 22, no.3(2012):235-252.
19.Zuraimi MS, Tham KW, Chew FT, Ooi PL, “The effect of ventilation strategies of child care centers on indoor air quality and respiratory health of children in Singapore”, Indoor air 17, no.4(2007):317-327.
20.Wilkins K, Wolkoff P, Knudsen HN, Clausen PA, “ The impact of information on perceived air quality - &;#39;organic&;#39; vs. &;#39;synthetic&;#39; building materials”, Indoor air 17, no.2(2007):130-134.
21.Fanger PO, “What is IAQ?”, Indoor air 16, no.5(2006):328-334.
22.Lin CC, Peng CK, “Characterization of Indoor PM10, PM2.5, and Ultrafine Particles in Elementary School Classrooms: A Review”, Environmental engineering science 27, no.11(2010):915-922.
23.Mohammadyan M, “Determinants of Personal Exposure to PM2.5 in Office Workers”, Indoor and built environment 21, no.5(2012):710-717.
24.Oeder S, Dietrich S, Weichenmeier I, Schober W, Pusch G, Jorres RA, Schierl R, Nowak D, Fromme H, Behrendt H, Buters JTM, “Toxicity and elemental composition of particulate matter from outdoor and indoor air of elementary schools in Munich, Germany”, Indoor air 22, no.2(2012):148-158.
25.BeruBe KA, Sexton KJ, Jonnes TP, Moreno T, Anderson S, Richards RJ, “The spatial and temporal variations in PM10 mass from six UK homes”, Science of the total environment 324, no.1-3(2004):41-53.
26.Smedje G, Mattsson M, Walinder R, “Comparing mixing and displacement ventilation in classrooms: pupils&;#39; perception and health”, Indoor air 21, no.6(2011):454-461.
27.Ware D, Lewis J, Hopkins S, Boyer B, Noonan C, Ward T, “Sources and Perceptions of Indoor and Ambient Air Pollution in Rural Alaska”, Journal of community health 38, no.4(2013):773-780.
28.Malig BJ, Green S, Basu R, Broadwin R, “Coarse Particles and Respiratory Emergency Department Visits in California”, American journal of epidemiology178, no.1(2013):58-69.
29.Noorpoor AR, Sadijhzadeh A, Habibnejad H, “Influence of Acoustic waves on Deposition and Coagulation of fine Particles”, International journal of environmental research7, no.1(2013):131-138.
30.Pianalto FS, Yool SR, “ Monitoring fugitive dust emission sources arising from construction: a remote-sensing approach”, Giscience &; Remote sensing50, no.3(2013):251-270.
中文文獻
1.王海山，「科學方法百科辭典」，恩楷股份有限公司，臺北(2003)。
2.行政院環境保護署環署，「中華民國94年12月30日行政院環境保護署環署空字第0940106804號室內空氣品質建議值」，(2005)。
3.林家和，「PM1/PM2.5/PM10氣懸微粒特性之探討」，國立臺灣大學碩士論文，臺北(1998)。
4.邱玲萱，「醫療院所室內空氣品質特徵研究」，國立高雄第一科技大學碩士論文，高雄(2009)。
5.美國工業衛生協會(AIHA)室內空氣品質委員會，「改善勞工作業場所之室內空氣品質，Last updated 2/17/09」，(2009)。
6.美國職業安全衛生協會(NIOSH)，「室內空氣品質之空氣品質指標，last modified on 2 May 2009, at 21：18 (UTC) 」(2009)。
7.美國職業安全衛生署(OSHA)，「聯邦準備理事會提議之59:15968-16039號室內空氣品質，04/05/1994」，(1994)。
8.香港特區政府環保署，「2007年度香港空氣污染物排放清單」，(2009)。
9.張文馨，「北投焚化爐附近社區空氣中PM2.5、PM10及PAHs濃度研究」，國立陽明大學碩士論文，臺北(2008)。
10.張景泰，「裝潢木工粉塵及甲醛暴露之健康效應評估」，台北醫學大學碩士論文，臺北(2003)。
11.張芳榮，「老舊住宅室內環境品質改善更新技術研究以獨棟透天厝住宅為例」，國立成功大學碩士論文，臺南(2010)。
12.曾志評，「桃園地區大氣懸浮的現場採樣分析及一個微粒採樣器的開發研究」，國立交通環工所碩士論文，新竹(2006)。
13.湯大同，「技術資訊與問題討論-何謂可呼吸性粉塵」，勞工安全衛生研究所，勞工安全衛生簡訊，No.58，(2003)。
14.楊宏隆，「大氣懸浮微粒PM2.5及PM10之特性及來源分析」，國立中興大學碩士論文，台中(1998)。
15.江哲銘、揚武泰、李俊璋、何明錦、陳瑞鈴、羅時麒(2009) 「建築室內空氣品質最佳化量測方法之研究-以辦公建築及寺廟建築為例」，建築學報，No.70，pp.93-110。
16.邱瓊萱，「通風管管頂型式對室內通風效益影響之研究」，國立成功大學碩士論文，臺南(2004)。
17.連憶菁，「水平導風百葉開口部對室內自然通風效果影響之研究」，國立成功大學碩士論文，臺南(2003)。
18.莊豐源「店舖裝修期間室內空氣品質診斷與改善之研究-以某連鎖便利商店為例」，台北科技大學碩士論文，臺北(2012)。
19.江哲銘，「建築物理」，三民書局，pp.76-79，(1997)。
20.彭定吉，「集合住宅室內空氣品質(CO2,CO,PM10)現場量測方法之探討」，國立成功大學碩士論文，臺南(1992)。
21.李炳興，「辦公建築室內空氣品質(CO2,CO,PM10)現場量測方法之探討」，國立成功大學碩士論文，臺南(1993)。
22.周伯丞，「建築軀殼開口部自然通風效果之研究，國立成功大學博士論文，臺南(2000)。
網路文獻
1.內政部營建署，2010，網址：http://www.cpami.gov.tw/，2010/11/02
2.行政院勞工委員會，2010，網址：http://www.cla.gov.tw/，2010/11/02
3.行政院環境保護署，2010，網址：http://www.epa.gov.tw/，2010/11/02
4.室內空氣品質資訊網，2010，網址：http://aqp.epa.gov.tw/iaq/page1-1.htm，2010/11/02
5.勞工安全衛生研究所，2010，網址：http://www.iosh.gov.tw/，2010/11/02
6.室內空氣品質資訊網-「室內空氣品質」的重要性，2010，網址：http://aqp.epa.gov.tw/iaq/page1-1.htm，2010/11/02
7.羅時麒，「日本病態住宅診斷評估制度之推動經驗」，內政部建築研究所，建築研究簡訊，No.54，2010，網址：http://www.abri.gov.tw/utcPageBox/CHIMAIN.aspx?ddsPageID=CHIMDCA&;EprHadDBID=41&;DBID=749 ，2010/11/02
8.國家標準(CNS)網路服務系統，2011，網址：http://www.cnsonline.com.tw/?locale=zh_TW，2011/11/2