臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要針對迷信制約的安慰劑效果進行探討。實驗一主要在以臺灣的樣本驗證制約迷信及制約迷信的安慰劑效果；實驗二則在探討在迷信制約下，時間距離與迷信與否對安慰劑效果的影響。
本研究主要使用採因子設計進行探討，實驗一包括一組制約組和一組控制組，再將制約組依是否選擇幸運產品牌區分為迷信與非迷信兩組，故共為三組的實驗設計。實驗內容以證照考試來設計情境，實驗一研究結果發現迷信制約歷程對安慰劑效果具有顯著影響，且進一步分析發現，制約迷信組的安慰劑效果顯著大於控制組與制約非迷信組，而控制組與制約非迷信組的安慰劑效果則無顯著差異，故可見制約迷信組所產生的安慰劑效果最高。
實驗二則以時間距離(遠/近)與迷信與否為自變數，故為一2×2的實驗設計。實驗內容同樣以證照考試來設計情境，但在實驗中加入時間距離的操弄。主要研究結果發現時間距離與迷信與否皆對安慰劑效果具有顯著影響，且時間距離短的安慰劑效果顯著高於時間距離長，而迷信受測者的安慰劑效果亦高於非迷信受測者。另外時間距離與迷信與否對安慰劑效果具有顯著交互作用，即不論時間距離是長或短，受測者迷信與否都對安慰劑效果具有顯著的影響，且迷信的受測者之安慰劑效果都顯著高於沒有迷信的受測者。

The study examined the placebo effect of conditioned superstition. Experiment 1 explored conditioned superstition and its placebo effect using Taiwanese subjects. Experiment 2 explored the effect of temporal distance and superstition on the placebo effect under superstitious conditioning.
The study has a factorial design. Experiment 1 had a conditioning group and a control group, and the conditioning group was further divided into superstitious and unsuperstitious groups depending on whether the subjects select the "lucky brand". Therefore, the experiment had a three-group experimental design. The experiment was based on the scenario of certification examination. Experiment 1 results showed that conditioned superstition can significantly influence the placebo effect. Further analysis showed that the placebo effect in the superstitious conditioning group was significantly greater than in the control group or in the unsuperstitious conditioning group. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between the control group and the unsuperstitious conditioning group in the magnitude of the placebo effect. Therefore, the superstitious conditioning group generated the greatest placebo effect.
In Experiment 2, temporal distance (short vs. long) and being superstitious or not were treated as the independent variables, and therefore, it also had a 2x2 experimental design. The scenario of the experiment was also about certification examination, but temporal distance was included into the experimental design. The key findings are that temporal distance and being superstitious or not both had significant impacts on the placebo effect, and a shorter temporal distance showed a significantly bigger placebo effect than a longer temporal distance did. As for superstitious subjects, their placebo effect was also greater than that of unsuperstitious subjects. In addition, there is a significant interaction between temporal distance and being superstitious or not on the placebo effect. Regardless of the length of the temporal distance, whether the subject was superstitious or not was shown to have a significant impact on the placebo effect, and moreover, the placebo effect of superstitious subjects was significantly greater than of unsuperstitious subjects.

中文摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
誌謝 iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURE ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Research objectives 4
1.3 Research Procedure 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Placebo Effect 6
2.1.1 Implications of Placebo Effect 6
2.1.2 Impacts from Placebo Effect on Consumer Behavior 7
2.2 Superstitions 9
2.2.1 Definition of Superstition 9
2.2.2 Superstition Related Studies 10
2.3 Operant Conditioning and Superstitious Conditioning 12
2.3.1 Operant Conditioning 12
2.3.2 Key Operant Conditioning Phenomena 14
2.3.3 Conditioned Superstitious Related Studies 16
2.4 Temporal Distance 18
2.4.1 Construal Level Theory 18
2.4.2 Temporal Distance Related Studies 19
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 22
3.1 Research Design 22
3.1.1 Experiment Design 22
3.1.2 Research Subjects 23
3.2 Pilot Test 23
3.2.1 Experiment 1 23
3.2.2 Experiment 2 25
3.3 Formal Experiments 26
3.3.1 Experiment 1 26
3.3.2 Experiment 2 29
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENT 1 RESULTS 31
4.1 Reliability and Manipulation test 31
4.1.1 Reliability of Experiment 1 Scales 31
4.1.2 Manipulation Test 31
4.2 Impacts from Superstition Conditioning on the Placebo Effect 32
4.2.1 Each Group’s Exam Passing Probability Difference 32
4.2.2 ANCOVA 33
4.2.3 Scheffe’s Test on Each Group’s Placebo Effect 34
CHAPTER 5 EXPERIMENT 2 RESULTS 36
5.1 Reliability and Manipulation Tests 36
5.1.1 Reliability of Experiment 2 Scales 36
5.1.2 Manipulation Test 36
5.2 Impacts from Being Superstitious or Not and Temporal Distance on the Placebo Effect 38
5.2.1 Each Group’s Placebo Effect 38
5.2.2 ANCOVA of Impacts from Being Superstitious or Not and Temporal Distance on the Placebo Effect 39
5.2.3 Simple Main Effect Analysis 41
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 42
6.1 Conclusions 42
6.2 Research Suggestions 44
6.2.1 Empirical Suggestions 44
6.2.2 Research Limitations 46
6.2.3 Suggestions for Future Research 46
REFERENCE 48
Chinese Reference 48
English Reference 49
APPENDIX 54
Appendix A：Pilot Test of Consumers’ Preference 54
Appendix B：Experiment 1 Control Group 56
Appendix C：Experiment 1 Conditioning Group 59
Appendix D：Pilot Test of Short Temporal Distance 62
Appendix E：Pilot Test of Long Temporal Distance 64
Appendix F：Experiment 2 Near Future 66
Appendix G：Experiment 2 Far Future 69

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