臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文利用商業流通之新型態聖誕紅種間雜交種進行秋水仙素誘變以恢復其花粉稔性。此外調查聖誕紅近緣種如猩猩草 (Euphorbia cyathophora)、台灣大戟 (E. formosana)、羽毛花 (E. fulgens)、岩大戟 (E. jolkini) 及白雪木 (E. leucocephala) 其開花生理及花粉活力，並評估收集之大戟屬種源及具稔性之秋水仙素誘變株與聖誕紅進行雜交之可能性及釐清雜交障礙之因素，亦使用胚拯救技術解除雜交障礙以創造具新穎血緣之聖誕紅雜交後代。

聖誕紅種間雜交種以不同濃度之秋水仙素佐羊毛脂膏或棉花處理，ʻDulce Rosa™’共獲得3株多倍體誘變株；ʻPrincettiaR- Hot Pink’共獲得29株多倍體誘變株；ʻLuv U Pink™’共獲得4株多倍體誘變植株。此外ʻDulce Rosa™’和ʻPrincettiaR- Hot Pink’經秋水仙素處理後，均可成功獲得恢復稔性之誘變植株，花粉活力最高可達26.5%，且獲得多樣性植物性狀型態改變之誘變植株。

觀察聖誕紅種間雜交種及其誘變株苞葉顏色，並調查苞葉上表皮細胞與苞葉橫向切面和原品種之差異。苞葉顏色與表皮細胞色素濃度、具色素之細胞數量、具色素之表皮細胞層數，及色素細胞排列相關。此外以掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察苞葉表皮細胞形狀，圓錐狀與乳突型細胞形狀亦影響其苞葉呈色。

大戟屬原生物種自然花期，猩猩草可周年開花；台灣大戟之花期為3月到10月；羽毛花之花期為11月至翌年4月；岩大戟花期為2月至7月；而白雪木之花期為10月至翌年4月。聖誕紅商業品種與種間雜交種之花期皆為11月至翌年4月。大戟屬原生物種花粉培養於Brewbaker and Kwack (1963) 培養基中，其最適蔗糖濃度約為15%~20%，花粉發芽適宜溫度主要為25℃。而聖誕紅品種之最適蔗糖濃度約為20%~25%，其花粉發芽最適溫度為20℃。

聖誕紅與大戟屬原生物種進行正反雜交，僅於以猩猩草為母本與聖誕紅雜交後能成功獲得後代，其餘雜交組合均無法獲得成熟種子。然而該雜交後代性狀與母本猩猩草相似，且其DNA含量與母本猩猩草完全相同。使用花粉管體內螢光觀察發現猩猩草授予自體花粉及聖誕紅商業品種花粉，其花粉管均無法伸長進入花柱，僅萌發停滯於柱頭表面組織，然其雜交蒴果仍能持續膨大並獲得成熟種子。

聖誕紅被授予大戟屬近緣種及恢復稔性之誘變株花粉，其兩者之花粉管均可順利萌發並抵達胚珠。評估不同雜交組合及授粉後日數對胚拯救之影響，授粉後26-32天之胚珠切片培殖體進行培養較易再生發育。目前已獲得經流式細胞儀驗證之真實雜交後代 (聖誕紅ʻ閃亮之星’ × ʻPrincettiaR- Hot Pink’誘變株P-M13)。

The present research aims to obtain the mutants with fertility of novel poinsettia cultivars by colchicine treatment, then used as pollen donor to cross with E. pulcherrima. We investigated the flowering physiology and pollen viability in Euphorbia pulcherrima and its endemic relatives ex. Euphorbia cyathophora, E. formosana, E. fulgens, E. jolkini, and E. leucocephala. It also assesses the possibility of individual hybridization between E. pulcherrima and other species or colchicine mutants. Moreover, the factor of cross barriers were also clarified and applied embryo rescue technique to resolve cross barriers to create desirable poinsettia progeny containing new Euphorbia germplasm.

After the treatment of different concentrations of colchicine in poinsettia interspecific hybrid cultivars, each with lanolin or with cotton, 3 polyploidy mutants were obtained from ʻDulce Rosa™’, 29 polyploidy mutants were obtained from ʻPrincettiaR-Hot Pink’, and 4 polyploidy mutants were obtained from ʻLuv U Pink™’.Furthermore, the fertility of ʻDulce Rosa™’ mutants and ʻPrincettiaR-Hot Pink’ were recovered, and the highest pollen germination rate was reached to 26.5%. It also obtained morphological difference mutants.

The bract color was observed in order to investigate the difference of between the poinsettia interspecific cultivars and their mutants in the epidermal layer and longitudinal-section of bract. Pigment concentration, amount of epidermal cell & epidermal layers each with a pigment, and the arrangement of epidermal cells all were related to bract color. Moreover, the forms of bract epidermal cell with onical or papillae cells observed by scanning electron microscope were also leaded to different colors of bract in poinesettia.

The result of this research shows that the anthesis of Euphorbia endemic species is as follows: E. cyathophora blossomed all year-round, E. formosana blossomed from March to October; E. fulgens blossomed from November to April of next year; E. jolkini blossomed from February to July; E. leucocephala blossomed from October to April of next year, and poinsettia commercial interspecific hybrid cultivars all blossomed from November to April of next year. The optimal sucrose concentration in Brewbaker and Kwack (1963) medium for pollen germination of Euphorbia species were 15%~20% and of poinsettia cultivars were 20%~25%. Moreover, the optimum temperature for pollen germination of Euphorbia species was 25℃ and poinsettia cultivars was 20℃.

The reciprocal crossing between poinsettia and Euphorbia species were also conducted. It couldn’t harvest mature seeds in the other cross combinations, only obtain progenies when E. cyathophora as maternal donor crossed with poinsettia, However, the progenies traits were similar to E. cyathophora, and the DNA content was exactly the same as maternal donor. The in vivo pollen tube was observed by fluorescence microscope, and the result indicated that the pollen tubes stopped only in the stigma surface tissue on the self-pollination of E. cyathophora, but the hybrid capsule still continued to enlarge, and also get mature seeds when the cross combinations between E. cyathophora with poinsettia as pollen donor.

Observed in vivo pollen tube by fluorescence microscope, the pollen tube could enter into ovule when the crosses between Euphorbia pulcherrima with Euphorbia species or the fertile mutants. This research also evaluated the efficiency of different cross combinations and period of day after pollination in embryo rescue, the results indicated that it were easier to regenerate when the section of ovule as expants which were obtained from the capsule on 26-32 day after pollination. The real hybrids were successfully obtained in present research which confirmed the relative DNA content by flow cytometry (poinsettia ʻSparkle Star’× ʻPrincettiaR-Hot Pink’mutant P-M13).

中文摘要............................................................................................................................i
Abstract.............................................................................................................................ii
目次..................................................................................................................................iv
表目次..............................................................................................................................v
圖目次..............................................................................................................................vi
前言(Introduction) ............................................................................................................1
前人研究(Literature review).............................................................................................2
一、 聖誕紅起源與育種史.......................................................................................2
二、 大戟屬分類與原生物種...................................................................................6
三、 聖誕紅育種方法.............................................................................................12
四、 聖誕紅苞葉色素之組成.................................................................................14
五、 雜交障礙與解決方法.....................................................................................16
材料與方法(Materials and methods)..............................................................................20
一、 試驗材料繁殖與管理.....................................................................................20
二、 試驗方法.........................................................................................................20
(一) 聖誕紅種間雜交種之多倍體誘變…………………………….............20
(二) 聖誕紅苞葉表皮結構之觀察.............................................................22
(三) 大戟屬原生物種與聖誕紅商業品種自然花期及花粉活力之調查….22
(四) 聖誕紅種間雜交、體內花粉管螢光觀察及胚拯救...............................23
(五) 統計分析.................................................................................................25
結果(Result)....................................................................................................................26
一、 聖誕紅種間雜交種之誘變處理...………………………………..................26
二、 聖誕紅秋水仙素誘變株之苞葉色素分佈…….............................................31
三、 大戟屬原生種與聖誕紅商業品種自然花期與花粉活力.............................32
四、 大戟屬原生種與聖誕紅商業品種雜交試驗.................................................35
討論(Discussion).............................................................................................................39
一、 多倍體誘變……………………….................................................39
二、 色素與表皮細胞形狀對聖誕紅苞葉顏色之影響......................................42
三、 自然花期與花粉活力.....................................................................................44
四、 聖誕紅之種間雜交.........................................................................................46
參考文獻(Reference)......................................................................................................82

丁川翊。2003。朱槿雜交育種之改進。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。95pp。
王長泉、魏小兵。2006。一品紅苞葉花色素的分離及初步鑑定。植物學通報23: 256-362。
王麗娟。2005。一品紅 (Euphorbia pulcherrima) 葉色變化機制及再生體系的建立。東北農業大學博士論文。107pp。
朱建鏞。1998。聖誕紅育種技術。聖誕紅生產技術與消費。台灣省桃園區農業改良場特刊第12號p. 5-11。
朱建鏞。2004。農業生物國家型計畫-應用生物技術於聖誕紅育種(二) 93農-4.2.1-技-a1(2)。農糧署。
吳俊瑤。2009。無刺麒麟花雜交育種。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。58pp。
呂勝由、郭城孟。1997。臺灣稀有及瀕危植物之分級彩色圖鑑(II)。行政院農業委員會。台北。162pp。
李玉萍、湯庚國、羅鳳霞。2015。木槿屬 4 種植物花粉活力和雜交親合性研究。南京林業大學學報 39: 183-186。
李俊賢。1999。百合LA 及LO 雜交種之組織培養及四倍體誘變。國立台灣大學園藝系碩士論文。64pp。
林政行。1984。植物與昆蟲的共同演化。台灣省立博物館。205pp。
邱金春、王三太。2011。遠緣雜交育種障礙及克服策略。農業試驗所技術服務 85: 19-22。
邱金春、林楨祐、陳甘澍、林子凱。2009。胚培養技術在十字花科蔬菜遠緣雜交育種的應用。農業試驗所技術服務79: 25-27。
金菁、王國良、劉冠楠。2010。薔薇屬植物遠緣雜交組合的幼胚拯救。林業科技開發 24: 72-76。
金鑫、許明子、李美善、劉憲虎、張雪蓮。2007。不同蔗糖濃度對高山紅景天花粉發芽率及花粉管生長的影響。延邊大學農學學報29: 37-39。
侯宇龍。2003。鵝鸞鼻燈籠草與長壽花之種間雜交育種。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。90pp。
洪若玫。2013。大花麒麟與無刺麒麟ʻ粉仙子’秋水仙素誘變株之雜交。國立中興大學園藝學研究所碩士論文。53pp。
胡適宜。1990。被子植物胚胎學。曉圓出版有限公司。台北。307pp。
夏奇鈮、黃健覃、陳威臣、曹進義、梁淑惠、蔡新聲。2010。利用莖節培養誘導多倍體台灣金線連之研究。台灣農業研究 59: 165-176。
徐文輝、高海卿、陳華進。2000。菊花某些性狀遺傳規律的初步探討。浙江林學院學報17: 37-41。
馬金雙。1997。中國植物志 被子植物。科學出版社。北京。217pp。
高瑞卿。2010。台灣海濱植物圖鑑。晨星出版社。台北。427pp。
康江漢。2000。聖誕紅實生苗性狀之相關性及嫁接對實生苗插穗營養系性狀之影響。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。145pp。
張蕙芬、張碧員、呂勝由、陳一銘、傅蕙苓。2006a。台灣野花365天春夏篇。天下遠見股份有限公司。台北。223pp。
張蕙芬、張碧員、呂勝由、陳一銘、傅蕙苓。2006b。台灣野花365天秋冬篇。天下遠見股份有限公司。台北。223pp。
章錦瑜。2004。灌木賞花圖鑑。晨星出版有限公司。台北。352pp。
陳俊源。2012。麒麟花種間雜交及多倍體誘導。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。67pp。
陳美華。2005。馬鈴薯異EBN體細胞雜種EBN於其自交後代分離之探討及FIE基因的選殖與分析。國立屏東科技大學農園生產系碩士論文。93pp。
傅仰人、吳麗春。1998。聖誕紅─生產技術與消費。臺灣省桃園區農業改良場特刊。桃園區農業改良場特刊12: 12-27。
傅仰人、楊雅淨、鄭隨和。2009。聖誕紅新品種桃園核研1 號及2 號之育成。桃園區農業改良場研究彙報64: 27-37。
傅仰人。2004。聖誕紅之γ射線誘變育種。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。166pp。
彭寶儀。2007。台灣原生石竹之開花習性及其種間雜交。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。64pp。
馮莉真。2003。聖誕紅單節培養及經由體胚之誘變育種。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。109pp。
黃柄龍。2011。疊氮化鈉與γ射線對蜻蜓屬及擎天屬觀賞鳳梨器官分化過程誘變效應之初探。高雄區農業改良場研究彙報 21: 18-27。
黃倉海。2002。聖誕紅實生苗選拔、芽接轉殖菌質及組培苗對稔實性之影響。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。104pp。
黃敏展。1996。亞熱帶花卉學總論。中興大學園藝系。台中。367pp。
黃祥益。2008。無融合生殖在植物生殖中的角色。高雄區農業改良場研究彙報 19: 58-67。
楊梨玲。1998。聖誕紅實生育種之研究。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。100pp。
雷家軍、林翼飛。2009。卷丹與亞洲百合和東方百合種間雜交。東北林業大學學報37: 37-38。
廖衛奇。1974。植物的演化。中央書局。台中。113pp。
褚哲維。2012。台灣原生石竹新品種之開發。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。67pp。
趙玉真。2000。聖誕紅之莖頂培養及體胚形成。國立中興大學園藝系碩士論文。104pp。
鄭隨和。2009。超有愛心的聖誕紅神仙伴侶-莊瀛正夫婦。桃園區農業專訊70: 17。
盧守耕。1961。現代作物育種學。國立台灣大學農學院。台北。385pp。
薛聰賢、楊宗愈。2008。台灣景觀植物大圖鑑1 木本花卉760種。台灣普綠有限公司出版部。台北。240pp。
謝順景、謝日鑫 合譯。1981。誘變育種學。國立編譯館。台北。348pp。
魏子耀。2010。夏堇之花朵性狀遺傳與遠緣雜交障礙。國立台灣大學園藝學系碩士論文。80pp。
蘇家樂、李暢、劉曉青、陳尚平、何麗斯。2013。一品紅雌花發育特性及柱頭的可授性。江蘇農業學報29: 1154-1158。
Abdolmohammadi, M., M. J. Kermani, H. Zakizadeh, and Y. Hamidoghli. 2014. In vitro embryo germination and interploidy hybridization of rose (Rosa sp). Euphytica 198: 255-264.
Addicott, F. T. 1965. Physiology of abscission. Encyclopedia Plant physiol. 15: 194-1126.
Adhikari, K. N., and C. G. Campbell. 1998. In vitro germination and viability of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) pollen. Euphytica 102: 87-92.
Afkhami-Sarvestani, R., M. Serek, and T. Winkelmann. 2012. Interspecific crosses within the Streptocarpus subgenus Streptocarpella and intergeneric crosses between Streptocarpella and Saintpaulia ionantha genotypes. Sci. Hort. 148: 215-222.
Amendola R., E. Castillo, and P. A. Martinez. 2006. Country pasture/forage resource profiles Mexico. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 14 pp.
Anderson, C. and T. Tischer. 1997. Poinsettias: Myth & Legend. Waters Edge Press, Tiburon, California.
Ascher, P. D. and S. J. Peloquin. 1966. Effect of floral aging on the growth of compatible and incompatible pollen tubes in Lilium longiflorum. Amer. J. Bot. 53: 99-102.
Asen, S. 1958. Anthocyanins in bracts of Euphorbia pulcherrima as revealed by paper chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Plant Physiology. 33: 14-17.
Asen, S. 1979. Flavonoid chemical markers in poinsettia bracts. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104: 223-226.
Asen, S. and P. S. Budin. 1966. Cyanidin 3- arabinoside-5-glucoside, an anthocyanin with a new glycosidic pattern, from flowers of ‘Red Wing’azaleas. Phytochem. 13: 1219-1223.
Bailey, C. C. 2006. Plant Profile - Snowflake Euphorbia. PBCC Department of Environmental Horticulture. Florida. USA.
Bally, P. R. O. 1961. The Genus Monadenium. Benteli, Berne.
Barres, L., R. Vilatersana, J. Molero, A. Susanna, and M. Galbany-Casals. 2011. Molecular phylogeny of Euphorbia subg. Esula sect. Aphyllis (Euphorbiaceae) inferred from nrDNA and cpDNA markers with biogeographic insights. Taxon 60: 705-720.
Berger, F. 1999. Endosperm development. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2: 28-32.
Blunt, W. 1950. Tulipomania. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK. breeding of lilies. Acta. Uni. Lat. Biol. 676: 213-217.
Brewbaker, J. L. and B. H. Kwack. 1963. The essential role of calcium ion in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Am. J. Bot. 50: 859-865.
Britton, N. and A. Brown. 1913. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. vol. 2. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York.
Bushell, C., M. Spielman, and R. J. Scott. 2003. The basis of natural and artificial postzygotic hybridization barriers in Arabidopsis species. Plant Cell 15: 1430-1442.
Butt, S. J., A. Sarwar, N. A. Abbasi, and S. K. Chaudhari. 2014. Performance of in vitro Rosa mutant lines developed by the application of gamma irradiation and colchicine. Int. J. Biosci. 5: 256-264.
Carter, S. 1985. New species and taxonomic changes in Euphorbia from East and Northeast tropical Africa and a new species from Oman. Kew Bull. 40: 809-825.
Chauvin, J. E., A. Label, and M. P. Kermarrec. 2005. In vitro chromosome-doubling in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.). J. Hort. Sci. biotechnol. 80: 693-698.
Chen, Y. M. and M. Mii. 2012a. Interspecific hybridization of Begonia semperflorens (section Begonia) with B. pearcei (section Eupetalum) for introducing yellow flower color. Plant Biotechnol. 29: 77-85.
Chen, Y. M. and M. Mii. 2012b. Inter-sectional hybrids obtained from reciprocal crosses between Begonia semperflorens (section Begonia) and B. 'Orange Rubra' (section Gaerdita x section Pritzelia). Breed Sci. 62: 113-123.
Chen, Y., P. Jiang, and H. D. Wilde. 2014. A self-pollinating mutant of Petunia hybrid. Sci. Hort. 177:10-13.
Chen, Z. J. 2007. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for gene expression and phenotypicvariation in plant polyploids. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 58: 377-406.
Cheung, A. Y., L. C. Boavida, M. Aggarwal, H. M. Wu, and J. A. Feijo. 2010. The pollen tube journey in the pistil and imaging the in vivo process by two-photon microscopy. J. Exp. Bot. 61: 1907-1915.
Clausen, M. H., W. G. T. Willats, and J. P. Knox. 2003. Synthetic methyl hexagalacturonate hapten inhibitors of anti-homogalacturonan monoclonal antibodies LM7, JIM5 and JIM7. Carbohydr. Res. 338: 1797-1800.
Croizat, L. 1937. On the classification of Euphorbia II. How should the cyathium be interpreted? Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 64: 523-536.
Dansi, A., H. D. Mignouna, M. Pillay, and S. Zok. 2001. Ploidy variation in the cultivated yams (Dioscorea cayenensis-Dioscorea rotundata complex) from Cameroon as determined by flow cytometry. Euphytica 119: 301-307.
Data, S. K. 1990. Role ofmutation breeding in floriculture. IAEA-SE-311/85. p. 273-281
Dhooghe, E., K. Van Laere, T. Eeckhaut, L. Leus, and J. Van Huylenbroeck. 2011. Mitotic chromosome doubling of plant tissues in vitro. Plant Cell Tissue Organ. Cult. 104: 359-373.
Dhooghe, E., S. Denis, T. Eeckhaut, D. Recheul, and M. C. V. Labeke. 2009. In vitro induction of tetraploids in ornamental Ranunculu. Euphytica 168: 33-40.
Dole, J. and H. Wilkins. 1988. A graft-transmissible factor in Euphorbia pulcherrima causing permanent changes in branching and other morphological characteristics. Acta. Hort. 226: 283-291.
Dole, J. M. and H. F. Wilkins. 1991. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics of poinsettia altered by a graft-transmissible agent. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116: 307-311.
Ecke, P. Ⅲ, J. Williams, A. Higgins, and J. E. Faust. 2004. The Ecke Poinsettia Manual. Ball Publi. Batavia, Illinois.
Ecke, P. J., O. A. Matkin, and D. E. Hartley. 1990. The Poinsettia Manual. Paul Ecke Poinsettias. Encinitas, California. 267pp.
Eeckhaut, T., E. De Keyser, J. Van Huylenbroeck, J. De Riek, and E.Van Bockstaele. 2007. Application of embryo rescue after interspecific crosses in the genus Rhododendron. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ. Cult. 89: 29-35.
Ehler, N. 1976. Mikromorphologie der Samenoberflachen der Gattung Euphorbia. Plant Syst. Evol. 126: 189-207.
Fereol, L., S. Louis, and L. Luce. 1996. Effects of gamma radiation on in vitro plantlets of Alpinia purpurata. J. Hort. Sci. 71: 243-247.
Franklin-Tong, V. E., B. K. Dr?bak, A. C. Allan, and A. J. Trewavas. 1996. Growth of pollen tubes of Papaver rhoeas is regulated by a slow moving calcium wave propagated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Plant Cell 8: 1305-1321.
Fritz, R. S., C. M. Nichols-Orians, and S. J. Brunsfeld. 1994. Interspecific hybridization of plants and resistance to herbivores: hypotheses, genetics, and variable responses in a diverse herbivore community. Oecologia 97: 106-117.
Frodin, D., 2004. History and concepts of big plant genera. Taxon 53: 753-776.
Fry, J. T. 1995. The introduction of the poinsettia at Bartram’s Garden. Bartram’s Broadside (Winter).
Gallone, A., A. Hunter, and G. C. Douglas. 2014. Polyploid induction in vitro using colchicine and oryzalin on Hebe ‘Oratia Beauty’: Production and characterization of the vegetative traits. Sci. Hort. 79: 59-66.
Gillman, J. D., S. Bentolila, and M. R. Hanson. 2007. The petunia restorer of fertility protein is part of a large mitochondrial complex that interacts with transcripts of the CMS associated locus. Plant J. 49: 217-227.
Gorton, H., and T. C. Vogelmann. 1996. Effects of epidermal cell shape and pigmentation on optical properties of Anfirrhinum petals at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. Plant Physiol. 112: 879-888.
Govaerts, R., D. G. Frodin, and A. Radcliffe-Smith. 2000. World checklist and bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (with Pandaceae). vol. 4. Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew. UK.
Haevermans, T. 2003. Le genre Euphorbia L. a Madagascar: phylogenie moleculaire et systematique. These doctorale. Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Paris. France.
Haevermans, T., P. Hoffmann, P. P. Lowry, J. N. Labat, and E. Randrianjohany. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of the Madagascan Euphorbia subgenus Lacanthis based on ITS sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 247-259.
Hartley, D. E. 1992. Poinsettias. In: R.A. Larson (ed.). Introduction to floriculture. Academic, San Diego. p. 305-331.
Honda, K., H. Watanabe, and K. Tsutsui. 2002. Cryopreservation of Delphinium pollen at -30℃. Euphytica 126: 315-320.
Horn, J. W., B. W. van Ee, J. J. Morawetz, R. Riina, V. W. Steinmann, P. E. Berry, and K. J. Wurdack. 2012. Phylogenetics and the evolution of major structural characters in the giant genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae). Mol. Phylogent. Evo. 63: 305-326.
Horn, W. 2002. Breeding methods and breeding research. In: Vainstein, A. (Eds.), Breeding for Ornamental: Classical and Molecular Approaches. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands. p. 47-83.
Huang, Z., C. P. Xu, Y. Li, P. Q. Wang, Y. Li, and X. Y. Kang. 2015. Induction of somatic embryogenesis by anther-derived callus culture and plantlet ploidy determination in poplar (Populus x beijingensis). Plant Cell Tiss. Organ. Cult. 120: 949-959.
Ichimura, K. and Y. Yamamoto. 1991. Effects of the quantity and composition of stylar canal exudate on in vitro and in vivo growth of pollen tubes in self-incompatible Lilium longiflorum. J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. 60: 659-668.
Ichimura, K. and Y. Yamamoto. 1992. Changes in the amount and composition of stylar canal exudate after self- and cross-pollination in self-incompatible Lilium longiflorum Thunb. J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Sci. 61: 609-617.
Iida, S., Y. Morita, J. D. Choi, K. I. Park, and A. Hoshino. 2004. Genetics and epigenetics in flower pigmentation associated with transposable elements in morning glories. Adv. Biophys. 39: 141-159.
Ikeda, N., Y. Niimi, and D. S. Han. 2003. Production of seedlings from ovules excised at the zygote stage in Lilium spp. Plant Cell Tissue Organ. Cult. 73: 159-166.
Jackson, M. B. and D. J. Osborne. 1970. Ethylene, the natural regulator of leaf abscission. Nature 225: 1019-1022.
Jang, T. S., K. Emadzade, J. Parker, E. M. Temsch, A. R. Leitch, F. Speta, and H. Weiss-Schneeweiss. 2013. Chromosomal diversification and karyotypeevolution of diploids in the cytologically diversegenus Prospero (Hyacinthaceae). BMC Evolutionary Biol. 13:136.
Jiang, L., Y. W. Wang, and B. L. Dunn. 2014. Cross-compatibility in intraspecific and interspecific hybridization within Lychnis and intergeneric hybridization between Lychnis and Silene. Hort. Sci. 49: 1136-1141.
Kapil, R. N. 1961. Some embryological aspects of Euphorbia dulcis L. Phytomorphology 11: 24-36.
Kashihara, Y., K. Shinoda, H. Araki, and Y. Hoshino. 2012. Towards intergeneric hybridization between Alstroemeria L. and Bomarea Mirb. Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnol. 6: 146-149
Kato, J., R. Ishikawa, and M. Mii. 2001. Different genomic combinations in inter-section hybrids obtained from the crosses between Primula sieboldii (Section Cortusoides) and P. obconica (Section Obconicolisteri) by the embryo rescue technique. Theor. Appl. Genet. 102: 1129-1135.
Kermani, M. J., V. Sarasan, A. V. Roberts, A. Yokoya, J. Wentworth, and V. K. Sieber. 2003. Oryzalin-induced chromosome doubling in Rosa and its effects on plant morphology and pollen viability. Theor. Appl. Genet. 107: 1195-1200.
Kho, Y. O. and J. Baer. 1968. Observing pollen tubes by means of fluorescence. Euphytica 17: 298-302.
Kimbara, J., T. R. Endo, and S. Nasuda. 2004. Characterization of the genes encoding for MAD2 homologues in wheat. Chrom. Res. 12: 703-714.
Kishor, R. and G. J. Sharma. 2009. Intergeneric hybrid of two rare and endangered orchids, Renanthera imschootiana Rolfe and Vanda coerulea Griff. ex L. (Orchidaceae): Synthesis and characterization. Euphytica 165: 247-256.
Kleffel. B., F. Walther, and W. Preil. 1986. X-ray-induced mutability in embryogenic suspension cultures of Euphorbia pulcherrima. Nuclear Techniques and In Vitro Culture for Plant Improvement. Intl Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, p. 113-120.
Kleinhofs, A., C. Sander, R. A. Nilan, and C. F. Konzak. 1974. Polyploidy and induced mutations in plant breeding. Vienna: 195-199.
Kodym, A. and R. Afza. 2003. Physical and chemical mutagenesis. In: Grotewold, E. (ed.). Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 236: Plant functional genomics: methods and protocols. Humana Press Inc, Totawa. p. 189-203.
Kuligowska, K., H. Lutken, B. Christensen, I. Skovgaard, M. Linde, T. Winkelmann, and R. Muller. 2015. Evaluation of reproductive barriers contributes to the development of novel interspecific hybrids in the Kalanchoe genus.
Lawrence, W. J. C., J. R. Price, G. M. Robinson, and R. Robinson. 1941. The distribution of anthocyanins in flowers, fruits and leaves. Proc. Roy. Soc. 230: 149-172.
Lee, I. M., M. Klopmeyer, I. M. Bartoszyk, D. E. Gundersen-Rindal, T. S. Chou, K. L. Thomson, and R. Eisenreich. 1997. Phytoplasma induced free-branching in commercial poinsettia cultivars. Nature Biotechnol. 15: 178-182.
Lee, Y. K., P. Derbyshire, J. P. Knox, and A. K. Hvoslef-Eide. 2008. Sequential cell wall transformations in response to the induction of a pedicel abscission event in Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia). Plant J. 54: 993-1003.
Li, Qin, J. Wang, H. Y. Sun, and X. Shang. 2014. Flower color patterning in pansy (Viola×wittrockiana Gams.) is caused by the differential expression of three genes from the anthocyanin pathway in acyanic and cyanic flower areas. Plant Physiol. Biochemi. 84: 134-141.
Lin, C. M., Y. T. Lin, R. D. Lin, W. J. Huang, and M. H. Lee. 2015. Neurocytoprotective Effects of aliphatic hydroxamates from lovastatin, a secondary metabolite from monascus-fermented red mold rice, in 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 Cells. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 6: 716-724.PLoS ONE 8: 8.
Lopez, R. G. and B. A. Krug,. 2009. Cold finishing up north. Greenhouse Grower 27: 88-94.
Lord, E. M. and S. D. Russell. 2002. The mechanisms of pollination and fertilization in plants. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 18: 81-105.
Loupassaki, M., M. Vasilakakis, and I. Androulakis. 1997. Effect of pre-incubation humidity and temperature treatment on the in vitro germination of avocado pollen grains. Euphytica 94: 247-251.
Lucia Lucia, G. R., I. Jesica, C. Andrea, B. Veronica, B. Paula, P. A. Sandra, and E. Alejandro. 2015. A protocol for the in vitro propagation and polyploidization of aninterspecific hybrid of Glandularia (G. peruviana × G. scrobiculata). Sci. Hort. 184: 46-54.
Margaret, S. 1977. The effect of temperature on floral behavior, pollen tube growth and fruit set in avocado. J. Hort. Sci. 52: 135-141.
Martin, W. R., W. Morgan, W. L. Sterling, and C. M. Kenerley. 1988. Cotton fleahopper and associated microorganisms as components in the production of stress ethylene by cotton. Plant Physiol. 87: 280-285.
Matzk, F., S. Prodanovic, H. Baumlein, and I. Schubert. 2005. The inheritance of apomixis in Poa pratensis confirms a five locus model with differences in gene expressivity and penetrance. Plant Cell 17: 13-24.
Mazza, G. and E. Miniati. 1993. Anthocyanins in fruits, vegetables, and grains. CRC Press. USA. p. 1-28.
McCartney, L., S. E. Marcus, and J. P. Knox. 2005. Monoclonal antibodies to plant cell wall xylans and arabinoxylans. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 53: 543-546.
Mears, J. A. 1980. Chemistry of polyploids: a summary with comments on Parthenium (Asteraceae-Ambrosiinae). In: Lewis W. H. (ed) Polyploidy: biological relevance, vol 13. Plenum Press. New York. p. 77-102.
MeAvoy, R. J. and B. B. Bible. 1998. Localized accumulation of condensed tannins associated with poinsettia bract necrosis. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123: 916-920.
Mei, J., D. Wei, Q. Li, J. Li, and W. Qian. 2015. Effective accumulated temperature is associated with the efficiency of hybrid ovary culture between Brassica napus and B. oleracea. Acta. Physiol. Plant 37:18.
Migue, T. P. and K. W. Leonhardt. 2011. In vitro polyploid induction of orchids using oryzalin. Sci. Hort. 130: 314-319.
Molero, J., T. Garnatje, A. Rovira, N. Garcia-Jacas, and A. Susanna. 2002. Karyological evolution and molecular phylogeny in Macaronesian dendroid spurges (Euphorbia subsect. Pachycladae). Plant Syst. Evol. 231: 109-132.
Mont, J., M. Iwanaga, G. Orjeda, and K. Watanabe. 1993. Abortion and determination of stages for embryo rescue in crosses between sweet-potato, Ipomoea batatas Lam. (2n = 6x = 90) and its wild relative, I. trifida (H. B. K) G. Don. (2n = 2x = 30). Sex Plant Reprod 6: 176-182.
Morgan, E. R., G. K. Burge, J. F. Seelye, M. E. Hopping, J. E. Grant, A. G. F. Warren, and D. Brundell. 2001. Wide crosses in the Colchicaceae: Sandersonia aurantiaca (Hook.) × Littonia modesta (Hook.). Euphytica 121: 343-348.
Morita, Y., R. Saito, Y. Ban, N. Tanikawa, K. Kuchitsu, T. Ando, M. Yoshikawa, Y. Habu, Y. Ozeki, and M. Nakayama. 2012. Tandemly arranged chalcone synthase a genes contribute to the spatially regulated expression of siRNA and the natural bicolor floral phenotype in Petunia hybrida. Plant J. 70: 739-749.
Murashige, T. and F. Skoog. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant 15: 473-97.
Nakayamai, M. 2014. A research strategy to understand the mechanisms that govern flower color pattern formation. Jpn. Agr. Res. Q. 48: 271-277.
Nakazawa, D., T. Kishimoto, T. Sato, T. Saito, J. Amano, S. Kuwayama, H. Okuno, T. Godo, Y. Watanabe, D. S. Han, and M. Nakano. 2011. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis of intergeneric hybrids in Colchicaceae. Euphytica 181: 197-202.
Narusawa, H., Y. Tamaki, and T. Miyazaki. 2012. Development of an experimental phosphate-calcium cement with a whisker-like structure. Materials Sci. Appl. 3: 763-767.
Nielsen, M. D., B. Farestveit, and A. S. Andersen. 2003. Adventitious shoot development from decapitated plants of periclinal chimeric poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd ex Klotsch). Europ. J. Hort. Sci. 68: 161-168.
Nimura, M., J. Kato, H. Horaguchi, M. Mii, K. Sakai, and T. Katoh. 2006. Induction of fertile amphidiploids by artificial chromosome-doubling in interspecific hybrid between Dianthus caryophyllus L. and D. japonicas Thunb. Breeding Sci. 56: 303-310.
Noda, K. I., B. J. Glover, P. Linstead, and C. Martin. 1994. Flower colour intensity depends on specializes cell shape controlled by a Myb-related transcription factor. Nature 369: 661-664.
Oates, K. M., T. G. Ranney, and D. H. Touchell. 2012. Influence of induced polyploidy on fertility and morphology of Rudbeckia species and hybrids. Hort. Sci. 47: 1217-1221.
Osborn, T. C., J. C. Pires, J. A. Birchler, D. L. Auger, Z. J. Chen, H. S. Lee. 2003. Understanding mechanisms of novel gene expression in polyploids. Trends Genetics 19: 141-147.
Papiorek, S., R. R. Junker, and K. Lunau. 2014. Gloss, colour and grip: multifunctional epidermal cellshapes in bee- and bird-pollinated flowers. PLoS ONE 9: 1-7.
Parton, E., I. Vervaeke, R. Delen, R. Deroose, and M. De Proft. 2002. Viability and storage of bromeliad pollen. Euphytica 125: 155-161.
Pickens, K. A. and Z. M. Cheng. 2006. Effect of colchicine and oryzalin on callus and adventitious shoot formation of Euphorbia pulchurrima ʻWinter Rose’. Hort. Sci. 41: 1651-1655.
Pina-Escutia, J. L., L. M. Vazquez-Garcia, and A. M. rzate-Fernandez. 2013. Interspecific hybridization between Tigridia pavonia and T. augusta through ovary slice culture. Genet. Mol. Res. 12: 15-22.
Porter, C. L. 1966. Order euphorbiales. Taxonomy of Flowering Plants. Central Bool Co. R. O. C. p. 337-338.
Preil, W. 1994. The study of chimerism, elimination of virus, and the induction of mutagenesis in poinsettia. In: Agricultural University of Norway Advisory Service. p. 57-63.
Prosevicius, J. and L. Strikulyte. 2004. Interspecific hybridization and embryo rescue in breeding of lilies. Acta Universitatis Latviensis, Biology, 676: 213-217.
Raghavan, V. and J. G. Torrey. 1963. Growth and morphogenesis of globular and older embryos of Capsella in culture. Amer. J. Bot. 50: 540-551.
Ranney, T. G. 2006. Polyploidy: from evolution to new plant development. Proc. Int. Plant Propagator soc. 56: 137-142.
Richards, A. J. 2003. Apomixis in flowering plants: an overview. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 358: 1085-1093.
Roux, N., A. Toloza, Z. Radecki, F. J. Zapata-Arias, and J. Dolezel. 2003. Rapid detection of aneuploidy in Musa using flow cytometry. Plant Cell Rep. 21: 483-490.
Sedgley, M. and C. M. Annells. 1981. Flowering and fruit-set response to temperature in the avocado cultivar Hass. Sci. Hort. 14: 27-33.
Sekine, D., T. Ohnishi, H. Furuumi, A. Ono, T. Yamada, N. Kurata, and T. Kinoshita. 2013. Dissection of two major components of the post-zygotic hybridization barrier in rice endosperm. Plant J. 76: 792-799.
Selbo, S. M. and J. S. Carmichael. 1999. Reproductive biology of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.): breeding system analysis. Can. J. Bot. 77: 1684-1688.
Shii, C. T. 1983. The distribution and variation of Lilium formosanum Wall. and L. longiflorum Thunb. in Taiwan. The North American Lily Society Year book 36: 48-51.
Shivanna, K. R. and B. M. Johri. 1985. The angiosperm pollen: structure and fuction. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.
Sigurbiornsson, B. and A. Micke. 1969. Progress in mutation breeding. In: Induced mutations in plants. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. p. 673-698.
Slatnar, A., M. Mikulic-Petkovsek, R. Veberic, F. Stampar, and V. Schmitzer. 2013. Anthocyanin and chlorophyll content during poinsettia bract development. Sci. Hort. 150: 142-145.
Songlin, X., S. M. S. Ramanna, R. G. F. Visser, P. Arens, and J. M. van Tuyl. 2013. Elucidation of intergenomic recombination and chromosome translocation: meiotic evidence from interspecific hybrids of Lilium through GISH analysis. Euphytica 194: 361-370.
Steinmann, V. W. and J. M. Porter. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and ndhF sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 89: 453-490.
Stewart, R. N. 1951. Colchicine induced tetraploids in carnations and poinsettias. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 57: 408-410.
Stewart, R. N. 1965. Inheritance of bract color in poinsettia. J. Hered.51: 175-177.
Stewart, R. N. and T. Arisumi. 1966. Genetic and histogenic determintation of pink bract color in poinsettia. J. Hered. 57: 216-220.
Sun, C. Q., Z. Z. Huang, Y. L. Wang, F. D. Chen, N. J. Teng, W. M. Fang, and Z. L. Liu. 2011. Overcoming pre-fertilization barriers in the wide cross between Chrysanthemum grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura and C. nankingense (Nakai) Tzvel. by using special pollination techniques. Euphytica 178: 195-202.
Swanson, R., A. F. Edlund, and D. Preuss. 2004. Species specificity in pollen-pistil interactions. Annu. Rev. Genet. 38: 793-818.
Tanga, F., H. Wanga, S. Chena, F. Chena, N. Tenga, and Z. Liu. 2012. First intergeneric hybrids within the tribe Anthemideae Cass. III.Chrysanthemum indicum L. Des Moul. × Opisthopappus taihangensis (Ling) Shih. Biochem. Syst. Eco. 43: 87-92.
Taylor, J. M., R. G. Lopez, C. J. Currey, and J. Janick. 2011. The poinsettia: history and transformation. Chronica Hort. 51: 23-27.
Thorpe, T. A. and E. C. Yeung. 2011. Plant embryo culture methods and protocols. Springer New York London Dordrecht Heidelberg.
Trejo, L., T. P. Feria Arroyo, K. M. Olsen, L. E. Eguiarte, B. Arroyo, J. A. Gruhn, and M. E. Olson. 2012. Poinsettia’s wild ancestor in the mexican dry tropics: historical, genetic, and environmental evidence. Am. J. Bot. 99: 1146-1157.
USDA. 2014. Floriculture Crops 2013 Summary. June 2014.
Van Creij, M. G. M., D. M. F. J. Kerckhoffs, and J. M. van Tuyl. 2000. Application of four pollination techniques and of hormone treatment for bypassing interspecific crossing barriers in Lilium L. J. Acta Hortic. 508: 267-274.
Van Tuyl, J. M., M. P. Van Dien, M. G. M. Van Creij, T. C. M. Van Kleinwee, J. Franken, and R. J. Bino. 1991. Application of in vitro pollination, ovary culture, ovule culture and embryo rescue for overcoming incongruity barriers in interspecific Lilium crosses. Plant Sci. 74: 115-126.
Watanabe, K. N., M. Orrillo, S. Vega, R. Masuelli, and K. Ishiki. 1994. Potato germplasm enhancement with disomic tetraploid Solanumacaule. II. Assessment of breeding value of tetraploid F1, hybrids between tetrasomic tetraploid S. tuberosum and S. acaule. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88: 135-140.
Webster, G. L. 1967. The genera of Euphorbiaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold. Arb. 48: 303-361.
Webster, G. L., W. V. Brown, and B. N. Smith. 1975. Systematics of photosynthetic carbon fixation pathways in Euphorbia. Taxon 24: 27-33.
Weinbaum, S. A., D. E. Parfitt, and V. S. Polito. 1984. Differential cold sensitivity of pollen grain germination in two Prunus species. Euphytica 33: 419-426.
Werener, D. J, and J. K. C. Sink. 1977. Possible use of chromatographic analysis of phenols for poinsettia cultivar identification. Hort. Sci. 12: 449-451.
White, A., R. A. Dyer, and B. L. Sloane. 1941. The succulent Euphorbieae (Southern Africa), vols. 1–2. Abbey Garden Press, Pasadena, California.
Yang, N., Y. Sun, Y. Wang, C. Long, Y. Li, and Y. Li. 2013. Proteomic analysis of the low mutation rate of diploid male gametes induced by colchicine in Ginkgo biloba L. PLoS ONE 8: 1-8.
Ye, M. Y., J. Tong, X. P. Shi, W. Yuan, and G. R. Li. 2010. Morphological and cytological studies of diploid and colchicines-induced tetraploid lines of crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.). Sci. Hort. 124: 95-101.
Zhou, H., Q. Liu, J. Li, D. Jiang, L. Zhou, P. Wu, S. Lu, F. Li, L. Zhu, Z. Liu, L. Chen, Y. G. Liu, and C. Zhuang. 2012. Photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive genic male sterility in rice are caused by a point mutation in a novel noncoding RNA that produces a small RNA. Cell Research 22: 649-660.
Zhou, X., M. Gui, D. Zhao, M. Chen, S. Ju, S. Li, Z. Lu, X. Mo, and J. Wang. 2013. Study on reproductive barriers in 4x–2x crosses in Dianthus caryophyllus L. Euphytica 189: 471-483.
Zimmerman, J. L. 1993. Somatic Embryogenesis: A model for early development in higher plants. Plant Cell 5: 1411-1423.
http://newplant.afa.gov.tw/。2015年6月。植物品種權公告查詢系統。農糧署全球資訊網。
http://tydares.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=4937/。2015年3月。104年聖誕紅產銷檢討座談會。行政院農業委員會桃園區農業改良場。
http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7/index.htm。2015年5月。地區年均溫。中央氣象局全球資訊網。
http://ecke.com/poinsettias/cropinformation/freedomfamily/. May 2015. Freedom™ Family. Encinitas, CA. Ecke Ranch.
http://ecke.com/poinsettias/cropinformation/peterstar. May 2015. Peterstar™ Family. Encinitas, CA. Ecke Ranch.
http://www.ecke.com/poinsettias/cropinformation/winterroseearly/. May 2015. Winter Rose™ Early Family. Encinitas, CA. Ecke Ranch.
http://www. princettia. eu. May 2015. Prinsettia. Suntory eu.