臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

個人的職業發展與選擇可以說是存續於代間社會經濟不平等的結果，對於父母職業地位低的少年來說，他們更可能經歷到金錢不足、缺乏參與機會、就學升學能力落後等不利於累積人力資本的生活情況，這些貧窮匱乏的經驗形塑了日後他們成長的習慣與態度，亦會影響他們對日後生涯的規劃與行為特質。本研究站在職業發展的社會學觀點，透過由地位取得模型發展而來的職業抱負預測模型，檢視經濟弱勢少年的職業抱負概況，並探討影響其職業抱負發展之相關因素。

本研究採量化研究典範中的次級資料分析，使用家庭扶助基金會建立的「台灣貧窮兒少資料庫─2013年弱勢兒少生活趨勢調查報告」，選取其中在接受調查當年是國中生的968位少年為研究樣本，並以迴歸取向的路徑分析驗證研究架構。結果顯示，經濟弱勢少年的職業抱負多具有中高、或中低聲望，呈兩極化分布；在直接效果的部分，家長期待愈高、少年學業成就愈高，少年職業抱負之社會聲望也愈高；在間接效果的部分，家庭物質環境、家長對少年的教育期待皆能透過學業成就影響職業抱負之社會聲望；整體模型可以解釋少年職業抱負社會聲望13.7%的變異量。

根據上述研究結果，本研究建議少年就業方案的實務工作者將家長納入處遇計畫中，同時，也需要政府投入資源支持辦理方案的民間單位，以利工作者更深入協助少年與家庭，最後，若能在兒童時期介入，提供經濟弱勢家庭充足的教育資源，使其也有相同的機會培養兒童學前能力，將有助於日後的學業成就，進一步影響職業抱負的正向發展。

The occupational development and choice tends to be a result of socioeconomic inequality transmitted between generations. Youth whose parents are in low occupational status are more likely to go through the lack of financial resources and opportunities, and being left behind as to school capacities. These can be detrimental to their accumulation of human capitals. Experiences caused by poverty can influence their values and attitudes later in life, as well as their future career plannings. From the sociological perspective of occupational development, this study examined the occupational aspirations of economically-disadvantaged youth based on a model modified from the Status Attainment Model proposed by Schoon & Parsons (2002), so as to have an overview of factors associated with their occupational aspirations.

The study used data from the Taiwan Database of Children and Youth in Poverty - The Panel Study in 2013, set up by Taiwan CCF. A total of 968 junior high school students were selected as samples for this study. Path analysis with a regression approach was used to test the proposed model. The results indicated that most economically-disadvantaged youth aspired to have a job with either a high-intermediate or a low-intermediate prestige, which appeared to have a polarized phenomenon. Parental expectations and academic performance have direct and positive impacts on the prestige levels of their occupational aspirations. Furthermore, the impacts of family material conditions and parental expectations on occupational aspirations are mediated via academic performance. Overall, the model can explain 13.7% of the variance in occupational aspirations.

According to the findings, this study suggests that practitioners should involve parents in the job training programs. At the same time, the government also needs to invest resources to support the training programs to provide further assistance for the parents and the youth. Finally, it will be more desirable to intervene starting from the early childhood for those from economically-disadvantaged families. Through providing families with sufficient educational resources, allowing children to have equal opportunities for good education, their future academic performances can be enhanced. And following that, the positive development of occupational aspirations of youth is also expected.

口試委員會審定書…… i
誌謝…………… ii
中文摘要…………… iv
英文摘要……………… v

第一章 研究動機與目的……………… 01
第一節 研究動機……………………… 01
第二節 研究目的…………………… 03

第二章 文獻探討……………………… 07
第一節 職業抱負…………………… 07
壹、職業抱負定義…………………… 07
貳、兒少發展與職業抱負…………… 08
參、經濟弱勢少年的職業抱負……… 10
第二節 職業發展的社會學觀點……… 14
壹、地位取得模型…………………… 15
貳、職業抱負的預測模型……………… 17
第三節 影響經濟弱勢少年職業抱負的相關因素………… 20
壹、家庭背景的機會因素……………… 20
貳、家庭背景的過程因素……………… 21
參、少年的學業成就…………………… 22
第四節 文獻探討總結………………………… 23

第三章 研究方法…………… 25
第一節 研究架構…………………………… 25
第二節 研究假設………………………… 26
第三節 資料來源………………………… 27
第四節 研究變項與測量…………………… 27
第五節 資料分析方法………………………… 31
第六節 研究程序…………………………… 34
第七節 研究倫理……………………… 34

第四章 研究結果………………… 37
第一節 樣本資料描述……………… 37
壹、人口特質………………… 37
貳、研究變項描述………………………… 37
第二節 相關性分析…………………… 44
壹、控制變項與其他自變項、依變項之關係……………… 44
貳、其他自變項與依變項之關係…………………… 45
第三節 家庭機會因素、過程因素、少年學業成就與職業抱負之多元迴歸分析……………………………… 46
壹、少年學業成就中介效果之檢測……………… 46
貳、職業抱負社會聲望之路徑分析…………… 50
第四節 小結…………………………………… 53

第五章 結論與建議………………………… 55
第一節 研究發現與討論…………………… 55
壹、經濟弱勢少年的職業抱負……………… 55
貳、社經地位傳遞影響力的機制…………………… 57
參、學業成就的重要角色……………………… 58
肆、關注職業抱負社會聲望的意義………………… 59
第二節 建議……………………………………… 59
壹、與家庭工作的少年就業方案………………… 60
貳、及早投入質量兼顧的教育資源……………… 61
參、政府投入資源支持民間團體……………… 62
第三節 研究限制與未來展望…………………… 62
壹、研究限制………………………… 62
貳、未來展望………………………… 63

參考文獻……………………………… 65
附錄……………………………………… 73

Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 1-26. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Blau, P. M., & Duncan, O. D. (1967). The Process of Stratification. In P. M. Blau, & O. D. Duncan (Eds.), The American Occupational Structure (pp. 163-77, 199-205). NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Lukoff, I. F., & Gordon, A. S. (1979). Maternal and adolescent expectations and aspirations as related to sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 135(2), 209-216.
Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Peisach, E., & Deutsch, M. (1974). Aspiration levels of and for children: Age, sex, race, and socioeconomic correlates. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 124(1), 3-16. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.1.33
Brown, D. (2012). Learning Theory-Based, Postmodern, Socioeconomic, and Decision-Making Theories and Their Applications, 10th Edition. In D. Brown (Eds.), Career Information, Career Counseling, and Career Development (pp.59-79). Boston, MA: Pearson Education.
Choi, N., Chang, M., Kim, S., & Reio, T. G. (2015). A Structural Model of Parent Involvement with Demographic and Academic Variables. Psychology in the Schools, 52(2), 154-167. doi: 10.1002/pits.21813
Conroy, C. A. (1997, March). Predictors of Occupational Choice among Rural Youth: Implications for Career Education and Development Programming. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.
Dawkins, M. P. (1989). The persistence of plans for professional careers among Blacks in early adulthood. Journal of Negro Education, 58(2), 220-231. doi: 10.2307/2295595
Duncan, G. J., Yeung, W. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Smith, J. R. (1998). How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children?. American sociological review, 63(3), 406-423. doi: 10.2307/2657556
Fan, X., & Chen, M. (2001). Parental involvement and students'' academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational psychology review, 13(1), 1-22.
Fouad, N. A., & Kantamneni, N. (2008). Contextual factors in vocational psychology: Intersections of individual, group, and societal dimensions. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 408-425). NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Friesen, J. (1986). The role of the family in vocational development. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 9(1), 87-96. doi: 10.1007/BF00116437
Ganzeboom, H. B., De Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992). A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status. Social science research, 21(1), 1-56. doi: 10.1016/0049-089X(92)90017-B
Gore, J., Holmes, K., Smith, M., Southgate, E., & Albright, J. (2015). Socioeconomic status and the career aspirations of Australian school students: Testing enduring assumptions. The Australian Educational Researcher, 42(2), 155-177. doi: 10.1007/s13384-015-0172-5
Gottfredson, G. D. (2002). Interests, aspirations, self-estimates, and the Self-Directed Search. Journal of Career Assessment, 10(2), 200-208. doi: 10.1177/1069072702010002005
Gottfredson, G. D., & Holland, J. L. (1975). Vocational choices of men and women: A comparison of predictors from the Self-Directed Search. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22(1), 28-34. doi: 10.1037/h0076150
Gottfredson, L. S. (1981). Circumscription and compromise: A developmental theory of occupational aspirations. Journal of Counseling psychology, 28(6), 545-579. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.28.6.545
Gottfredson, L. S. (1996). Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise. Career choice and development, 3, 179-232.
Gottfredson, L. S., & Becker, H. J. (1981). A challenge to vocational psychology: How important are aspirations in determining male career development? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(2), 121-137.
Gysbers, N. C. (2004). A needed perspective for all counseling. In G. R. W, & J. C. B (Eds.), Vistas: Perspectives on counseling (pp. 79-87). Alexandria: American Counseling Association.
Halle, T. G., Kurtz-Costes, B., & Mahoney, J. L. (1997). Family influences on school achievement in low-income, African American children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(3), 527-537.
Hannah, J. S., & Kahn, S. E. (1989). The relationship of socioeconomic status and gender to the occupational choices of grade 12 students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 34(2), 161-178. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(89)90012-2
Hellenga, A., Aber, M. S., & Rhodes, J. E. (2002). African American adolescent mothers'' vocational aspiration-expectation gap: Individual, social and environmental influences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(3), 200-212. doi: 10.1111/1471-6402.00059
Helwig, A. A. (2001). A test of Gottfredson''s theory using a ten-year longitudinal study. Journal of Career Development, 2, 77-95. doi:10.1177/089484530102800201
Holland, J. L., & Gottfredson, G. D. (1975). Predictive value and psychological meaning of vocational aspirations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 6(3), 349-363. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(75)90007-X
Holland, J. L., & Lutz, S. W. (1967). Predicting a Student''s Vocational Choices. (ACT Research Report No. 18). Retrieved from Research & Development Division, American College Testing Program website: https://www.act.org/research/researchers/reports/pdf/ACT_RR18.pdf
Holland, J. L., Gottfredson, G. D., & Baker, H. G. (1990). Validity of vocational aspirations and interest inventories: Extended, replicated, and reinterpreted. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(3), 337-342.
Howard, K. A., Carlstrom, A. H., Katz, A. D., Chew, A. Y., Ray, G. C., Laine, L., & Caulum, D. (2011). Career aspirations of youth: Untangling race/ethnicity, SES, and gender. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 98-109. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.12.002
Johnson, M. K., & Mortimer, J. T. (2002). Career Choice and Development from a Sociological Perspective. In D. Brown (Eds.), Career choice and development, 4th Edition (pp. 37-81). NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Kerbo, H. R. (2003). Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in Historical, Comparative, and Global Perspective (5 ed.). Boston: MacGraw Hill.
MacBrayne, P. S. (1987). Educational and Occupational Aspirations of Rural Youth: A Review of the Literature. Research in Rural Education, 4(3), 135-141.
Mitchell, L. K., Krumboltz, J. D. (1990). Social learning approach to career decision making: Krumboltz’s theory. In S. D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds), Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theories to practice, 2nd Edition (pp. 145-196). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Fouad, N. A., & Kantamneni, N. (2008). Contextual factors in vocational psychology: Intersections of individual, group, and societal dimensions. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology, 4th Edtion (pp. 408-425). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Office of Head Start. (2016). Head Start Programs. Retrieved from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ohs/about/head-start
Rojewski, J. W. (2005). Occupational aspirations: Constructs, meanings, and application. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 131-154). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Rojewski, J. W. (2007). Occupational and Educational Aspirations. In V. B. Skorikov, & W. Patton (Eds.), Career Development in Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 87-104). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Rojewski, J. W., & Yang, B. (1997). Longitudinal analysis of select influences on adolescents'' occupational aspirations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51(3), 375-410. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1996.1561
Savickas, M. L. (2002). Career Construction: A Developmental Theory of Vocational Behavior. In D. Brown (Eds.), Career Choice and Development, 4th Edtion (pp. 149-205). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Schneider, B., & Stevenson, B. (1999). The ambitious generation: America’s teenagers, motivated but directionless. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Schoon, I., & Parsons, S. (2002). Teenage aspirations for future careers and occupational outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60(2), 262-288. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1867
Schulenberg, J. E., Vondracek, F. W., & Crouter, A. C. (1984). The influence of the family on vocational development. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46(1), 129-143.
Sewell, W. H., & Hauser, R. M. (1975). Social Psychological Factors in Achievement. In W. H. Sewell, & R. M. Hauser (Eds.), Education, Occupation, and Earnings. Achievement in the Early Career (pp. 89-112). NY: Academic Press.
Sewell, W. H., Haller, A. O., & Ohlendorf, G. W. (1970). The educational and early occupational status attainment process: Replication and revision. American Sociological Review, 1970, 1014-1027.
Sewell, W. H., Haller, A. O., & Portes, A. (1969). The educational and early occupational attainment process. American sociological review, 1969, 82-92.
Super, D. E. (1953). A theory of vocational development. American psychologist, 8(5), 185-190. doi: 10.1037/h0056046
Super, D. E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In S. D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds), Career choice and development: Applying contemporary theories to practice, 2nd Edition (pp. 197-261). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Trice, A. D. (1991). Stability of children''s career aspirations. The Journal of genetic psychology, 152(1), 137-139. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1991.9914684
Trice, A. D., Hughes, M. A., Odom, C., Woods, K., & McClellan, N. C. (1995). The origins of children''s career aspirations: IV. testing hypotheses from four theories. The Career Development Quarterly, 43(4), 307. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/219436833?accountid=14229
Vondracek, F. W., Lerner, R. M., & Schulenberg, J. E. (1986). Career development: A life-span developmental approach. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Wahl, K. H., & Blackhurst, A. (2000). Factors Affecting the Occupational and Educational Aspirations of Children and Adolescents. Professional School Counseling, 3(5), 367. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=3331735&site=ehostlive&scope=site
Walberg, H. J. (1989). Student Aspirations: National and International Perspectives. Research in Rural Education, 6(2), 1-6.
Watson, M., McMahon, M., Foxcroft, C., & Els, C. (2010). Occupational aspirations of low socioeconomic black South African children. Journal of Career Development, 37(4), 717-734. doi: 10.1177/0894845309359351
行政院青年輔導委員會（2010）。國中畢業未升學未就業青少年職能培訓輔導計畫（96至99年度）。取自http://www.hla.hlc.edu.tw/excellent/12%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%99/1210-4.pdf
李春玲、呂鵬（2008）。社會分層理論。北京：中國社會科學出版社。
邱皓政（2013）。量化研究與統計分析：SPSS(PASW)資料分析範例解析。臺北市：五南。
侯志瑾、梁湘明（2005）Gottfredson的職業抱負發展理論簡介與研究評述。心理科學進展，13(2)，201-210。
黃毅志（2008）。如何精確測量職業地位？「改良版台灣地區新職業聲望與社經地位量表」之建構。臺東大學教育學報，19(1)，151-159。
黃馨儀（2012）。未升學未就業青少年之生活經驗探討：社會排除觀點（碩士論文）。取自華藝線上圖書館系統。（系統編號U0001-0908201201162600）
廖月瑛、曾燦燈、洪明全、楊登順（2011）。學前弱勢家庭兒童到宅閱讀輔導之準實驗研究-以台南市個案為例。華醫學報，34，31-47。
蘇國賢（2007）。職業聲望分數與職業分類對照表。載於蔡勇美、廖培珊、林南（主編），社會學研究方法（457-475頁）。臺北市：唐山。