臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

Nanotechnology offers promising opportunities and unprecedented compatibilities in manipulating chemical and biological materials at the atomic or molecular scale for the development of novel functional materials. It plays a central role in the recent technological advances in biomedical technology, especially in the areas of implant material, drug delivery and cellular bioimaging for diagnosis. In this thesis, we demonstrated two field of nanomaterials for biomedical application namely, interacting and behavior of osteoblast cell line (MG-63) and human mesenchymal stem cell on titania nanotubes as extra cellular matrix. The second part is the effect of gold sandwich layer to tune plasmonic enhancement of up conversion nanoparticles Er doped with silica coated.
1. Osteoblast cell line MG-63 & hMSC behavior: proliferation, adhension, differentiation and migration on anodized TiO2 nanotubes.
Human osteosarcoma cells MG-63 and human mesenchymal stem cell were cultured on anodically etched titania nanotubes (TiO2 NT), with diameters ranging from 40-100 nm, to study the correlations between cell proliferation and adhesion on the 2.5 dimensional (2.5D) extracellular matrix (ECM). Unlike other reports, mostly based on mouse stem cells, and 2D cell culture, our studies indicate that the 2.5D NT promote higher proliferation and activity, but less 2D adhesion for MG-63 cell. Proliferation of the MG-63 cells was significantly higher in the NTs, the best being the 70 nm diameter sample, compared to planar titania (control). The cellular adhesion was stronger on TiO2 NT with increasing diameter, and highest on the control. On the other hand, a higher proliferation and adhesion of hMSC has been indicated on 2.5D NT. The proliferation and adhesion of the hMSC was significantly higher on the smallest diameter (40 nm) NTs, compared to 70, 100 nm NTs and planar titania (control). The cellular adhesion was obtain from paxilin imaging, and western blot measurements probing focal adhesion kinase, p130 CAS, and extracellular regulated kinase, in addition to cell morphology imaging by fluorescence microscopy and shear stress measurement. We evaluated differentiation of hMSCs into osteoblasts by using two conditions, in a presence and absent of osteogenic inducing media. The hMSC differentiation behavior in presence of osteogenic-inducing media showed a highest ALP protein deposit on smallest diameter NTs (40 nm diameter) compare than 70, 100 nm TiO2 NTs and control. Interestingly, a very dramatic change in hMSC behavior in a relatively narrow range of nanotube dimensions. Small (40-nm diameter) nanotubes promoted higher adhesion and lowest differentiation, whereas larger (100-nm diameter) nanotubes elicited a dramatic stem cell elongation, which induced cytoskeletal stress and triggered highest differentiation into osteoblast-like cells. The evidence in an agreement with the previous published result. We provide direct videography of cell migration of MG-63 and hMSC to show correlation between cell speed data on the TiO2 NT surfaces and cell-ECM adhesion force. This evidence was not available previously. The difference in the results, with those previously published, may be generally attributed to, among others, the use of mouse stem cells (human osteosarcoma and human mesenchymal stem cell used here), and unannealed as-grown TiO2 NTs used previously (annealed ECMs used here).
2. A plasmon-tuned ‘Gold sandwich’ for metal enhanced fluorescence in silica coated NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanoparticles.
The low quantum yield of luminescence from lanthanide doped up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) has been enhanced by using an optimized ‘gold sandwich’ with a transparent top layer and a reflecting bottom layer at the 980 nm excitation. Erbium (Er) doped UCNPs, NaYF4:Yb,Er core were synthesized by the thermal decomposition process, and coated with a silica to assist in metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF). A bottom layer of thick coalesced gold island film, acting as a mirror, increases the optical path length of the 980 nm radiation through the UCNP layer dispersed on it. This layer enhances the UCNP’s 540 nm green emission by a factor of 5-8 when compared in absence of the gold reflector. A thin nanoparticle-like gold layer on top of the UCNPs, with a surface plasmon absorption around ~550 nm, completes the sandwich which augments the luminescence enhancement by another factor of ~2.5 thus taking the net enhancement factor to ~13-19 when compared in absence of the gold-sandwich. The surface plasmon absorption in the top gold layer enhances the local electric field at the UCNPs to promote their radiative decay. Compared to previous reports, mostly in solution state, the current case study is a solid state measurement.

Acknowledgment................................................................................................ ii
Abstract............................................................................................................... iv
Outline of the thesis............................................................................................ vii
Table of contents................................................................................................. ix
List of figures...................................................................................................... xiv
List of tables….................................................................................................... xxiii
Chapter 1 – Nanomaterial for biomedical implants....................................... 1
1.1 Nanomaterial for biomedical implants: overview.......................................... 1
1.2 An introduction of titanium dioxide............................................................... 2
1.2.1 The structure of TiO2 ............................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Ionic properties......................................................................................... 4
1.2.3 Electronic properties................................................................................ 5
1.3 Titanium dioxide as biomaterial..................................................................... 7
1.4 Nanostructured TiO2....................................................................................... 8
1.5 Anodization of titanium.................................................................................. 9
1.5.1 Barrier layer types of anodic TiO2............................................................ 9
1.5.2 Porous/tubular layer type of anodic TiO2................................................. 10
1.6 Annealing of the TiO2 tubes........................................................................... 13
1.7 Applications of anodic TiO2 nanotube: an overview...................................... 14
1.7.1 Photo-catalytic......................................................................................... 14
1.7.2 Photovoltaic.............................................................................................. 15
1.7.3 Biomedical............................................................................................... 16
1.7.3.1 Implant materials................................................................................ 16
1.7.3.2 Drug delivery and the release of other payloads................................. 16
1.7.3.3 Other applications............................................................................... 18
1.8 Cellular nano-features and function of the cell.............................................. 18
1.9 Extracellular matrix (ECM) ........................................................................ 20
1.10 Cell – ECM interaction................................................................................ 22
1.11 Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC)...................................................... 24
1.12 Human osteosarcoma cell ........................................................................... 25
Chapter 2 – Nanoparticles for bioimaging....................................................... 26
2.1 Fluorescence .................................................................................................. 26
2.2 Multiphoton absorption ................................................................................. 27
2.3 Fluorescent nanoparticles............................................................................... 28
2.3.1 Organic dye ............................................................................................. 28
2.3.2 Organic dye doped nanoparticles............................................................. 29
2.3.3 Quantum dot............................................................................................. 29
2.3.4 Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)..................................................... 30
2.4 The classification of upconversion process.................................................... 34
2.4.1 Excited-state absorption (ESA) ............................................................... 34
2.4.2 Energy transfer upconversion (ETU) ...................................................... 35
2.4.3 Cooperative sensitization upconversion (CSU) ...................................... 38
2.4.4 Cross relaxation (CR) .............................................................................. 39
2.4.5 Photon avalanche (PA) ............................................................................ 39
2.5 Synthesis of upconversion nanoparticles....................................................... 40
2.6 Strategies to achieve high efficiency UCNPs................................................ 41
2.6.1 Selection of host materials....................................................................... 42
2.6.2 Tailoring local crystal field....................................................................... 44
2.6.3 Optimizing energy transfer....................................................................... 44
2.6.4 Suppression of surface related deactivations........................................... 45
2.6.5 Plasmonic enhancement........................................................................... 46
2.7 Excitation power dependence of upconversion luminescence intensity........ 48
2.7.1 Low excitation power regime................................................................... 50
2.7.2 High excitation power regime.................................................................. 51
2.8 Upconversion efficiency................................................................................ 51
2.9 Biocompatibility of UCNPs........................................................................... 52
2.9.1 Hydrophilic processing............................................................................ 52
2.9.2 Surface functionalization.......................................................................... 53
2.10 Biomedical applications............................................................................... 53
2.10.1 Cell imaging........................................................................................... 54
2.10.2 Cell tracking........................................................................................... 55
2.10.3 Tumor targeting...................................................................................... 56
2.10.4 Photodynamic therapy (PDT) ................................................................ 56
2.10.5 UCNPs-based nanocomposites for chemotherapy................................. 56
Chapter 3 Experimental details….................................................................... 58
3.1 Synthesis of TiO2 nanotube............................................................................ 58
3.1.1 Electrochemical cell................................................................................. 58
3.1.2 Power supply............................................................................................ 59
3.1.3 Anodization of titanium in fluoride-based electrolytes............................ 59
3.1.4 Post-treatment: annealing of the nanotubes............................................. 60
3.2 Isolation and cell culture................................................................................ 60
3.2.1 MG-63 cell............................................................................................... 60
3.2.2 Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC).................................................. 61
3.3 Immunofluorescence of cell structure on TiO2 nanotubes............................. 62
3.4 MG-63 cell shear stress resistance assay...................................................... 62
3.5 Western blot cell adhesion protein analysis................................................... 64
3.6 Immunocytochemistry of focal adhesion protein........................................... 65
3.7 Cell proliferation assay.................................................................................. 65
3.8 Alkaline phosphatase activity......................................................................... 66
3.9 Live cell imaging of cell migration observation.......................................... 67
3.10 Synthesis of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ core nanoparticles...................................... 67
3.11 Synthesis of the SiO2 shell on the NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles............ 68
3.12 Synthesis and preparation of single and sandwich layer of gold-coated Si
and NaYF4:Yb,Er/SiO2 nanoparticles..........................................................
70
3.13 Characterization technique........................................................................... 70
3.13.1 Morphology characterization…............................................................. 70
3.13.2 Structure & optical properties characterization...................................... 71
3.13.3 Photoluminescence emission.................................................................. 72
Chapter 4 – Osteoblast cell line MG-63 and hMSC behavior: proliferation, adhension and migration on anodized TiO2 nanotubes .................................
74
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 74
4.2 Materials and methods................................................................................... 76
4.3 Results and discussion.................................................................................... 77
4.3.1 Structures and surface characterization of TiO2 nanotubes...................... 77
4.3.2 The cellular interactions between cell and ECM...................................... 81
4.3.2.1 MG-63 cell – TiO2 NTs interactions................................................... 81
4.3.2.2 hMSC – TiO2 NTs interactions........................................................... 84
4.3.3 Cell proliferation...................................................................................... 86
4.3.3.1 MG-63 proliferation............................................................................ 87
4.3.3.2 hMSC proliferation............................................................................. 89
4.3.4 Cell adhesion on TiO2 nanotubes............................................................. 90
4.3.4.1 Shear stress measurement of MG-63 cell on TiO2 NTs...................... 91
4.3.4.2 Immunogold staining of paxilin.......................................................... 92
4.3.4.3 Focal adhesion mapping by immunocytochemistry............................ 94
4.3.4.4 Western blott measurement................................................................. 97
4.3.5 MG-63 cell & hMSC motility on TiO2 nanotubes................................... 100
4.3.6 Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in hMSC osteogenic differentiation....... 102
4.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 105
Chapter 5 – A plasmon-tuned ‘Gold sandwich’ for metal enhanced fluorescence in silica coated NaYF4:Yb, Er upconversion nanoparticles.....
106
5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 106
5.2 Materials and methods................................................................................... 108
5.3 Results and discussion.................................................................................... 110
5.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 126
Chapter 6 – Summary and future direction.................................................... 128
References........................................................................................................... 132
List of publications............................................................................................. 149

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