臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

論文摘要內容：
水稻强化栽培系统(System of rice intensification, SRI) 是一種對環境友善
之水稻生產系統，在提高產量和產量的同時，減少了用水量和成本。在
氣候變遷所引起之水資源日益短缺的情況下，該如何減少需水量已為長
期關注的研究課題。本研究採用乾濕交替灌溉法，透過觀察評估水稻在
旱季的生長參數和產量屬性以及灌溉水稻的相關水分生產力。本研究在
國立屏東科技大學灌溉試驗田進行實驗，旨在建立臺灣熱帶旱季灌溉條
件下，應用 SRI 之最適灌溉水深。實驗過程中對植物間距、幼苗密度、
種植時間、除草方法等 SRI 管理原則進行研究。測試了包括控制區在內
的五種不同的灌溉水深，並以地表出現髮絲狀裂縫作為加水依據。本研
究所進行之實驗包括被視為對照組之 3cm (SRI3)，與 2cm (SRI2)、4cm
(SRI4)和 5cm (SRI5) 的乾溼交替灌溉法 (Alternate wetting and drying,
AWD)，以及前人研究所指出之最佳灌溉水深每週 3cm 的灌水深度
(SRI3/w)進行比較。所觀測之項目包括生長參數有株高、葉面積指數
(LAI)、葉綠素含量，以及生產之效率包括分蘗數、生產分蘗數、分蘗效
率、穗數、穗長和重量、每千粒稻米重、總稻米產量和水分生產力等。
實驗成果顯示，SRI3 在大多數生長參數和產量屬性中均有最佳成果。調
查還發現，在生長參數評估和生產效率分析中，不同給水條件在某些發
育階段存在顯著差異。產量性狀如每平方公尺稻穗數和稻穗數百分比是
決定總產量之關鍵因素。與 SRI2 (3448kg/ha)、SRI3/w (3340kg/ha)、
SRI4 (3081kg/ha)和 SRI5 (2604kg/ha)相比，SRI3 為 4072kg/ha。而在土壤
含水量比較中，SRI3 的含水量最高(0.19kg/m 3 )，SRI2 和 SRI3/w 的含水量均爲 0.18kg/m 3 ，而 SRI4 及 SRI5 的水分生產率卻相對較低，分別爲
0.15kg/m 3 和 0.12kg/m 3 。其可能原因係在氣候條件對水稻生長週期的影
響以及對水稻施加的水分脅迫，導致產量下降和水分生產率較低。研究
結果顯示，在旱季土壤髮絲狀裂隙開始後以 3cm 水深灌溉是一種最佳的
給水條件。但仍需調整水稻種植週期，以避免臨界溫度。
關鍵字: 水道強化灌溉系統，土壤髮絲狀裂縫，農藝參數，生產效率，
最佳水深。

Abstract
The system of rice intensification (SRI) is a friendly-environment rice
production system that has been proved to reduce the water consumption and
production inputs when at the same time increase yield and water productivity.
With the increasing water scarcity due to climate change, water reduction in
production is a permanent research issue. The present investigation was
carried out to evaluate the effects of different water regimes on the growth
parameters and yield attributes of rice under SRI in dry season as well as their
related water productivity in irrigated rice, using alternate wetting and drying
water management by observation. The study aimed at finding out the
optimum irrigated water depth applied to SRI in Taiwan tropical dry season.
The experiment was conducted at irrigated rice field in National Pingtung
University of Science and Technology (NPUST). SRI management principles
such as plant spacing, seedling densities, duration of planting and weeding
method have been thoroughly conducted. Five (5) different water depths
including the control plots were tested. The control irrigated at 3cm water
depth at soil hairline cracks (SRI3) was compared to 2cm (SRI2), 4cm (SRI4)
and 5cm (SRI5) water depth under alternate wetting and drying (AWD)
irrigation based on visual observations, and also to 3cm water depth per week
(SRI3/w), previously identified as optimum water depth. Growth parameters
like plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content, and yield
attributes such as tillers number, productive tillers number, tillering efficiency,
panicles number, panicles length and weight, spikelets number, filled
spikelets ratio, 1,000 grains weight, total grain yields and water productivity
were assessed. The results showed that the application of 3cm at soil hairline
cracks (SRI3) recorded the highest values in most of the growth parameters as
well as in the yield attributes. The investigation revealed also that significant
differences were observed during some development stages between the different water treatments in the growth parameters assessment as well as in
the yield attributes analyses. Yield attributes like spikelets numbers per meter
square and filled spikelets percentage were determinant for the grain yield.
SRI3 yielded better with 4072kg/ha compared to SRI2 (3448kg/ha), SRI3/w
(3340kg/ha), SRI4 (3081kg/ha and SRI5 (2604kg/ha). The highest water
productivity was recorded in SRI3 at soil hairline cracks (0.19kg/m 3 ) whereas
SRI2 at soil hairline cracks and SRI3/w obtained both 0.18kg/m 3 . Even
though they received much water, SRI4 and SRI5 at soil hairline cracks
recorded the lowest water productivity with respectively 0.15kg/m 3 and
0.12kg/m 3 of water. The effects of weather conditions on the growing cycle,
added to the water stress imposed to rice, resulted in grain yield decline and
low water productivity. The findings suggested the application of 3cm water
depth after reduced soil hairline cracks as an optimum water treatment for SRI
in dry season. Rice cropping period should also be adjusted to avoid the
critical temperatures.
Key words: System of Rice Intensification (SRI), soil hairlines cracks,
growth parameters, yield attributes, optimum water depth.

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
LIST OF TABLES XIII
LIST OF FIGURES XVI
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS XVII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Study statement 1
1.2 Research objectives 8
1.3 Study outline and research Flow chart 8
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1 Conventional method (CM) versus alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) in rice production 11
2.2 The system of rice intensification (SRI) 15
4.1.1 History and background of SRI 15
4.1.2 Water management in SRI 19
4.1.3 Advantages of SRI 24
4.1.4 Constraints of SRI 26
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 27
3.1 Materials 27
3.1.1 Experimental Site, Climate and Soil 27
3.1.2 Experimental design 28
3.1.3 Land preparation 30
3.1.4 Crop installation and management 31
3.1.5 Soil analyses 35
3.2 Methods 38
3.2.1 Irrigation and water management 38
3.2.2 Soil moisture content measurement 42
3.2.3 Plant growth parameters (PGP) assessment 44
3.2.3.1 Plant height 44
3.2.3.2 Leaf area index (LAI) 45
3.2.3.3 Plant chlorophyll content 46
3.2.4 Yield attributes and grain yield assessment 47
3.2.4.1 Tillers number, productive tillers number and tillering efficiency 48
3.2.4.2 Panicles number, length and weight determination 48
3.2.4.3 Comparison of spikelets number/panicle, filled spikelets and 1,000 grains weight 48
3.2.4.4 Grain yield and water productivity (WP) 49
3.2.5 Data analysis 50
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. 51
4.1 Climatic conditions and water management subjected to the experiment 51
4.1.1 Climatic conditions during the experiment 51
4.1.2 Effects of temperature on the development of rice 53
4.1.3 Irrigation plan and rainwater during the cropping season 58
4.1.3.1 Water application rate according to the treatment 58
4.1.3.2 Rainfall distribution during the experiment 59
4.1.3.3 Irrigated water and rain water received by the plots 61
4.2 Soil analysis and soil moisture trend during the experimental period 62
4.2.1 Soil analyses 62
4.2.1.1 Sieve analysis 62
4.2.1.2 Soil liquid limit test 63
4.2.1.3 Soil plastic limit test 64
4.2.1.4 Particle size analysis results 66
4.2.2 Soil moisture content evolution during the experiment 66
4.3 The rice cropping cycle from transplanting to harvesting 69
4.3.1 Vegetative stage (from germination to panicle initiation) 69
4.3.2 Reproductive stage (from panicle initiation (PI) to heading). 70
4.3.3 Ripening or maturation stage (from heading to maturity). 70
4.4 Plant growth parameters comparison 73
4.4.1 Comparison of plant height 73
4.4.2 Evolution of leaf area index (LAI) during the cropping season 77
4.4.3 Comparison of leaves chlorophyll content 82
4.5 Yield attributes and grain yield at harvesting 87
4.5.1 Tillers number, productive tillers and tillering efficiency 88
4.5.2 Panicles number, length and weight 90
4.5.3 Comparison of spikelet numbers/panicle, filled spikelets and 1000 grains weight 92
4.5.4 Grain yield at harvest and water productivity 95
4.6 Pests and diseases control during rice crop cycle 103
4.6.1 Pests control 103
4.6.2 Plant diseases control 104
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 105
5.1 Conclusion 105
5.2 Recommendations 107
5.3 Limitations of the Study 107
REFERENCES 108
APPENDIX 115
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR 119

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